Juniperus procera

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Family Cupressaceae

Trees or shrubs evergreen , monoecious or dioecious. Leaves decussate or in whorls of 3, scalelike and then often dimorphic with flattened facial leaves and keeled lateral leaves, or needlelike particularly in juvenile plants , often with an abaxial resin gland . Pollen cones terminal or axillary , solitary, maturing and shed annually; microsporophylls 6-16, decussate or whorled , each bearing (2 or) 3-6(-9) pollen sacs ; pollen wingless. Seed cones usually terminal, solitary, globose , ovoid , or oblong , dehiscent or indehiscent when mature in 1st or 2nd(or 3rd) year; cone scales developing after ovules originate in bract axils; bracts almost completely enveloped by cone scales, free only at apex; ovules 1-numerous per bract axil, erect ; cone scales of mature cones 3-16, flat or peltate, woody, leathery, or succulent, 1-20-seeded. Seeds winged or not; wings derived from seed coat . Cotyledons usually 2, rarely 3-6. Germination epigeal.

Nineteen genera and ca. 125 species: worldwide; eight genera (one introduced ) and 46 species (16 endemic, 13 introduced) in China.[1]

Genus Juniperus

Shrubs or trees evergreen . Branchlets terete , 3--6 angled , variously oriented, but not in flattened sprays . Leaves opposite in 4 ranks or in whorls of 3. Adult leaves closely appressed to divergent, scalelike to subulate , free portion to ca. 10 mm (to ca. 15 mm in Juniperus communis ) ; abaxial gland visible or not, elongate to hemispheric ( J. ashei ), sometimes exuding white crystalline deposit. Pollen cones with 3--7 pairs or trios of sporophylls, each sporophyll with 2--8 pollen sacs . Seed cones maturing in 1 or 2 years, globose to ovoid and berrylike, 3--20 mm, remaining closed , usually glaucous; scales persistent , 1--3 pairs, peltate, tightly coalesced , thick and fleshy or fibrous to obscurely woody. Seeds 1--3 per scale, round to faceted , wingless; cotyledons 2--6. x = 11.

Species ca. 60: primarily Northern Hemisphere, 1 in e Africa.

Juniperus is the only dioecious (sometimes monoecious) genus of Cupressaceae in the flora . Cones, generally terminal , are axillary in J. communis.

Numerous cultivars of Juniperus species are widely used for landscaping. Mutants , or "sports," affecting plant habit and foliage are present in all species and are likely related to single-gene mutations . Many have been given formal names or incorrectly ascribed to hybridization. Gymnocarpy (bare seeds protruding from the cone), caused by insect larvae (T. A. Zanoni 1978), is occasionally found in most junipers, particularly in the southwestern United States. Specimens with such aberrations may be almost impossible to identify without chemical data.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Ecology: This large tree is found in mountainous areas on rocky ground , mostly between 1,750 and 2,500 m. [3]

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 20-30' apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Juniperus abyssinica hort. ex K. Koch
2. Juniperus hochstetteri Antoine
3. Sabina procera (Hochst. Ex Endl.) Antoine

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: Farjon A., 11-Jan-2006

Similar Species

Members of the genus Juniperus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 913 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

J. abyssinica · J. alba · J. alpina · J. alvordensis · J. angosturana · J. arborea · J. argaea · J. argentea · J. arizonica · J. armstrongi · J. aromatica · J. ashei (Ashe´s Juniper) · J. attica · J. badia · J. barbadensis · J. barbadensis L. var. barbadensis · J. barbadensis var. barbadensis · J. barbadensis var. lucayana · J. bedfordiana · J. bermudiana (Bermuda Juniper) · J. biasoletti · J. blancoi · J. blancoi var. blancoi · J. blancoi var. mucronata · J. bregeoni · J. bregeonii · J. brevifolia · J. caesia · J. californica (California Juniper) · J. californica utahensis · J. californica var. osteosperma · J. californica var. siskiyouensis · J. californicus · J. canadensis · J. canescens · J. caucasica · J. cedrosiana · J. cedrus (Canary Islands Juniper) · J. cerrosianus · J. chinensis (Gold Tip Pfitzeriana Juniper) · J. chinensis 'Alba Recurva' · J. chinensis 'Ames' · J. chinensis L. 'Ames' (Chinese Juniper) · J. chinensis 'Armstrong' · J. chinensis 'Aurea' (Gold Coast Chinese Juniper) · J. chinensis 'Aureo-globosa' · J. chinensis L. 'Aureovariegata' · J. chinensis 'Bakaurea' (Gold Star® Juniper) · J. chinensis 'Belvedere' · J. chinensis L. 'Blaauws Varietat' · J. chinensis 'Blaauw' · J. chinensis L. 'Blauws' · J. chinensis 'Blue Alps' (Chinese Juniper) · J. chinensis 'Blue and Gold' · J. chinensis L. 'Blue Cloud' · J. chinensis 'Blue Point' (Blue Point Juniper) · J. chinensis 'Blue Vase' · J. chinensis L. var. chinensis · J. chinensis 'Columnaris' · J. chinensis 'Columnaris Glauca' · J. chinensis 'Compressa' (Chinese Juniper) · J. chinensis 'Daub' (Daub's Frosted Juniper) · J. chinensis 'Densa' · J. chinensis 'Densa Spartan' · J. chinensis L. 'Den Boer' · J. chinensis 'Dropmore' · J. chinensis 'Echiniformis' · J. chinensis L. 'Excelsior' · J. chinensis 'Expansa Aureospicata' · J. chinensis 'Expansa Variegata' · J. chinensis L. 'Fairview' · J. chinensis 'Fastigiata' · J. chinensis 'Femina' (Chinese Juniper) · J. chinensis 'Ferngold' · J. chinensis L. var. gaussenii (W.C.Cheng) Silba · J. chinensis globosa · J. chinensis 'Globosa Cinerea' · J. chinensis 'Golden Blaauw' (Chinese Juniper) · J. chinensis L. 'Golden Sovereign' · J. chinensis 'Gold Coast' (Chinese Juniper) · J. chinensis 'Gold Lace' · J. chinensis 'Gold Star' · J. chinensis 'Gold Tip' · J. chinensis 'Hetzii' · J. chinensis 'Hetzii Columnaris' (Hetzs Green Columnar Juniper) · J. chinensis 'Hetzii Glauca' (Hetz Chinese Juniper) · J. chinensis L. 'Hicksii' · J. chinensis holbert (Chinese Juniper) · J. chinensis 'Hook's #6' (Hook's #6 Juniper) · J. chinensis 'Iowa' · J. chinensis L. 'Jacobiniana' · J. chinensis L. 'Japonica Aurea' · J. chinensis 'Japonica Aureovariegata' · J. chinensis 'Japonica Variegata' · J. chinensis 'Kaizuka' (Chinese Juniper) · J. chinensis 'Kaizuka Variegata' (Variegated Hollywood Juniper) · J. chinensis 'Keteleeri' · J. chinensis L. 'Keteleerii' · J. chinensis 'Kuriwao Gold' · J. chinensis 'Kuriwao Sunbeam'

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Further Reading

• Allgemeine botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie etc. Karlsruhe: J.J. Reiff, 1895-1928. GER url p. 165.
• An outline of plant geography, by Douglas Houghton Campbell. New York, The Macmillan company, 1926. ENG url p. 171.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 119.
• Annali di botanica. Roma, Tipografia F. Failli [etc.] ITA url p. 119, p. 123.
• Annals of applied biology. [Wellesbourne, Warwick, etc.]Association of Applied Biologists [etc.] ENG url p. 94, p. 95.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 124, p. 126, p. 195, p. 207, p. 409, p. 64, p. 77, p. 84, p. 90.
• Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Andover: Intercept. ENG url p. 53, p. 57, p. 63.
• Der Tropenpflanzer; zeitschrift fr tropische landwirtschaft. Berlin. GER url p. 216, p. 338.
• Der Zauber des Elelescho. Von K. G. Schillings Leipzig, R. Voigtler, 1906. GER url p. 185.
• Die Gartenwelt. Berlin: G. Schmidt, [1897- GER url p. 374.
• Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs: versuch einer Technischen Rohstofflehre des Pflanzenreiches / Unter Mitwirkung von Max Bemberger, von Julius von Wiesner. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1914. GER url p. 497.
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. ENG url p. 453.
• FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. FAO, Rome.
• Farjon, A. 1993. The taxonomy of multi-seed junipers (Juniperus sect. Sabina) in SW Asia and East Africa. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 49(3): 251-283.
• Friis, I. 1992. Forests and forest trees of Northeast Tropical Africa. Their natural habitats and distribution patterns in Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. HMSO, Middlesex, UK.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 1293.
• Handwörterbuch der naturwissenschaften / hrsg. von prof. dr. E. Korschelt (zoologie) prof. dr. G. Linck (mineralogie und geologie) prof. dr. F. Oltmanns (botanik) prof. dr. K. Schaum (chemie) prof. dr. H. Th. Simon (physi Jena: G. Fischer, 1912-1915. GER url p. 840.
• International catalogue of scientific literature. London: Published for the International Council by the Royal Society of London, 1902-1919. ENG url p. 506.
• Inventory of seeds and plants imported / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1914-1924. ENG url p. 60, p. 7, p. 89, p. 92, p. 92.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 1070, p. 1185, p. 124, p. 1319, p. 141, p. 148, p. 148, p. 1843, p. 202, p. 206, p. 251, p. 280, p. 355, p. 356, p. 384, p. 387, p. 416, p. 507, p. 547, p. 549, p. 550, p. 59, p. 709, p. 958, p. 985.
• Katende, A.B. 1993. Annotations to: TPU conservation status report for Uganda dated 29 Jun 1993.
• L'Agricoltura coloniale. Firenze, Istituto agronomico per l'Africa italiana [etc.] ITA url p. 11, p. 173, p. 286.
• Life-histories of African game animals, by Theodore Roosevelt and Edmund Heller; with illustrations from photographs, and from drawings by Philip R. Goodwin; and with forty faunal maps New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1914. ENG url p. 790.
• Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau: wöchentliche Berichte über die Fortschritte auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Naturwissenschaften. Braunschweig: Druck und verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1886- GER url p. 21.
• Plant-geography upon a physiological basis. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903. ENG url p. 735.
• Scientific results of the Zoological Expedition to British East Africa and Uganda made by Prof. V. Dogiel and I. Sokolow in the year 1914. [Petrograd, 1916- ENG url p. 41, p. 42, p. 84.
• Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands / New York Academy of Sciences. New York, N.Y.: The Academy, 1919- url p. 329, p. 567.
• Seeds and plants imported / U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1903-1913. ENG url p. 14, p. 31, p. 84.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. ENG url p. 10.
• The Country gentleman's magazine. London, S. Marshall & Co. ENG url p. 493.
• The Journal of travel and natural history / edited by Andrew Murray. London: Williams & Norgate, 1868-9 [i.e. 1869?] ENG url p. 313.
• Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. and Webb, D.A. (eds) 1995. Flora Europaea Volumes 1-5. Electronic dataset supplied by R.J Pankhurst, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
• Wild, H. and Müller, T. 1979. Rhodesia. Part of appendix to: Possibilities and needs for conservation of plant species and vegetation in Africa. In: I. Hedberg, (ed.) Systematic Botany, Plant Utilization and Biosphere Conservation, pp.99-100. Almqvist and Wiksell International, Stockholm.
• Wild, H. and Müller, T. 1979. Rhodesia. Part of appendix to: Possibilities and needs for conservation of plant species and vegetation in Africa. In: I. Hedberg, (ed.) Systematic Botany, Plant Utilization and Biosphere Conservation, pp.99-100. Almqvist and Wiksell International, Stockholm.
• Wang Wen-tsai, Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo & Chu Cheng-de. 1978. Cupressaceae. In: Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 313-398.
• Adams, R. P. 1969. Chemosystematic and Numerical Studies in Natural Populations of Juniperus. Ph.D. thesis. University of Texas.
• Adams, R. P. and T. A. Zanoni. 1979. The distribution, synonymy, and taxonomy of three junipers of the southwest United States and northern Mexico. SouthW. Naturalist 24: 323--330.
• Adams, R. P., E. von Rudloff, and L. Hogge. 1983. Chemosystematic studies of the western North American junipers based on their volatile oils. Biochem. Syst. & Ecol. 11: 85--89.
• Fassett, N. C. 1945. Juniperus virginiana, J. horizontalis, and J. scopulorum. V. Taxonomic treatment. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 72: 480--482.
• Hall, M. T. 1952. Variation and hybridization in Juniperus. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 39: 1--64.
• Van Haverbeke, D. F. 1968. A population study of Juniperus in the Missouri River basin. Univ. Nebraska Stud., n. s. 38: 1--82.
• Vasek, F. C. 1966. The distribution and taxonomy of three western junipers. Brittonia 18: 350--372.
• Zanoni, T. A. 1978. The American junipers of the section Sabina (Juniperus, Cupressaceae)---A century later. Phytologia 38: 433--454.
• Zanoni, T. A. and R. P. Adams. 1979. The genus Juniperus (Cupressaceae) in Mexico and Guatemala: Synonymy, key, and distributions of the taxa. Bol. Soc. Bot. México 38: 83--131.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 19, 2007.
• Conifer Database 2006.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 20, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 3 providers.
• World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 20, 2007:

• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3497164
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14706065
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262311-1
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 262311-1
• IUCN ID: 33217
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 645866

Footnotes

1. Liguo Fu, Yong-fu Yu, Robert P. Adams & Aljos Farjon "Cupressaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 62. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Robert P. Adams "Juniperus". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008. [back]

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