Juncus effusus

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Juncaceae

Herbs, very rarely shrublike, perennial or annual , tufted or with erect or creeping rhizome. Stems erect, terete or laterally flattened. Leaves occasionally reduced to a bladeless or nearly bladeless sheath at base of stem (cataphyll) ; leaf sheath often shortly prolonged on both sides into a pair of auricles at leaf blade juncture; leaf blade of basal and cauline leaves usually linear or filiform , grasslike and flat, or terete, glabrous except for pilose margin on some grasslike blades. Inflorescence a panicle, corymb, or 1-flowered. Flowers bisexual or unisexual and plants dioecious, mostly wind pollinated, regular, usually small, usually 1- or 2-bracteolate at base. Perianth segments (3 or) 6, in (1 or) 2 whorls, free , usually greenish to brownish or blackish, rarely white or yellowish, glumelike. Stamens 3 or 6, if 6 then 3 opposite outer perianth segments; filaments thin; anthers basifixed , 2-loculed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits; pollen grains in tetrads . Ovary superior, 1-loculed, or divided by 3 septa and 3-loculed, or incompletely septate ; ovules 3 and inserted at base of ovary, or numerous and biseriate on 3 parietal placentas. Stigmas 3, papillose . Fruit a capsule, 1--3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds globose , ovoid , or fusiform , small, sometimes appendaged; appendage caudate ; embryo straight, minute, enclosed by fleshy endosperm.

About eight genera and ca. 400 species: widely distributed in temperate and cold regions of both hemispheres, in tropical regions restricted to high elevations ; two genera and 92 species (33 endemic) in China.[1]

Genus Juncus

Herbs, perennial or rarely annual , rhizomatous or cespitose. Culms round or flattened in cross section . Cataphylls often present at culm base. Leaves: sheaths open; blade flat, channeled , ensiform or terete , sometimes septate , margins involute . Inflorescences terminal or pseudoaxillary, monochasia or dichasia, usually with monochasial branches, cymes or 1--many heads in racemes or panicles; bracteoles 2 or absent. Flowers: tepals (4--) 6 in 2 whorls; stamens (2--) 3--6. Capsules 1-locular or 3-locular, septicidal . Seeds many, ellipsoid to ovoid , sometimes tailed .

Species ca. 300: worldwide except Antarctica.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Swamps and their edges , marshes, moist meadows, and moist or saturated soils, often conspicuous in pasture meadows where it is shunned by grazing animals; Habitat??; 0--2500 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 18-24" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 4.6 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Light Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. J. effusus var. brunneus Engelmann
2. J. effusus var. caeruleomontanus H. St. John
3. J. effusus var. conglomeratus (Linnaeus) Engelmann
4. J. effusus var. costulatus Fernaldst. John
5. J. effusus var. dicipiens Buchenau
6. J. effusus var. exiguus Fernald & Wiegand
7. J. effusus var. gracilis Hooker, J. Effusus Var. pacificus Fernald & Wiegand
8. J. effusus var. pylaei (Laharpe) Fernald & Wiegand
9. J. effusus var. solutus Fernald & Wiegand
10. J. effusus var. subglomeratus Lamarck & De Candolle
11. J. griscomii Fernald, J. Pylaei Laharpe
12. Juncus acutiflorus effusus G. Mey.
13. Juncus communis E. Mey.
14. Juncus communis effusus (L.) Celak
15. Juncus conglomeratus Linnaeus
16. Juncus conglomeratus var. effusus (L.) Kostel.
17. Juncus effusus var. macranthelus K. Koch
18. Juncus laevis var. effusus (L.) Wallr.
19. Juncus laevis Wallr.

Notes

Publishing author : Hort.Angl. ex Andre Publication : Illustr. Hortic. xxvii. (1880) t. 393 Publishing author: Graebner Publication: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xlviii. 506 (1912) Publishing author: Bojer Publication: Hort. Maurit. 360 Publishing author: Colenso Publication: in Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 1886 (1887) 269; Buchenau, in Bot, Jahrb. xii. (1890)232. Publishing author: Burnham Publication: Trans. Linn. Soc. xix. (1845) 492 Publishing author: Robyns & Tournay Publication: in Bull . Jard. Bot. Brux. xxv. 252 (1955). Publishing author: Guss. Publication: Fl. Sic . Prod. 431 Publishing author: Willd. ex E.Mey. Publication: Syn. Luzul. 29 1823 Publishing author: H.B. & K . Publication: Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] i. 235 Publishing author: Lej. Publishing author: Buchenau. Publication: Krit. Verz. Juncac. 11 1880 Basionym author: (Willd. ex E.Mey.) Publishing author: H.St.John. Publication: Res. Stud. State Coll. Wash . 2: 110 1931 Publishing author: Farw. Publication: Amer. Midl. Naturalist 10: 206 1927 Publishing author: Fernald & Wiegand. Publication: Rhodora 12: 90 1910 Publishing author: Fernald & Wiegand. Publication: Rhodora 12: 89 1910 Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: Wilson K.L.

Place of publication: Sp. pl. 1:326. 1753

Name verified on 21-Sep-2000 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 21-Sep-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Juncus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1350 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

J. abjectus · J. abortivus · J. acicularis · J. acumiantus · J. acuminatus (Sharp-Fruit Rush) · J. acuminatus debilis · J. acuminatus f. sphaerocephalus · J. acuminatus legitimus · J. acuminatus robustus · J. acuminatus var. paradoxus · J. acuminatus var. sensu · J. acutangulus · J. acutiflorus (Sharp-Flower Rush) · J. acutiflorus acutiflorus (Sharpflower Rush) · J. acutiflorus rugosus · J. acutiflorus × articulatus · J. acuto-maritimus · J. acutus (Sharp Rush) · J. acutus acutus (Spiny Rush) · J. acutus f. xanthosus (Spiny-Rush) · J. acutus leopoldii (Spiny Rush) · J. acutus littoralis · J. acutus sphaerocarpus · J. acutus subsp. leopoldii · J. adscendens · J. aemulans (Common Rush) · J. affinis · J. agrostophyllus · J. alatus · J. albescens · J. albicans · J. albidus · J. albus · J. aletaiensis · J. alexandri · J. alexandri alexandri · J. alexandri melanobasis · J. alexandri subsp. melanobasis · J. allioides · J. alpestris · J. alpiarticulatus · J. alpigenus · J. alpiniformis (Alpine Rush) · J. alpino · J. alpino-articulatus · J. alpinoarticulatus (Northern Green Rush) · J. alpinoarticulatus alpestris · J. alpinoarticulatus alpinoarticulatus · J. alpinoarticulatus americanus · J. alpinoarticulatus fischeranus · J. alpinoarticulatus fischerianus · J. alpinoarticulatus fuscencens · J. alpinoarticulatus fuscescens · J. alpinoarticulatus nodulosus (Alpine Rush) · J. alpinoarticulatus rariflorus · J. alpinoarticulatus subsp. alpestris · J. alpinoarticulatus subsp. americanus · J. alpinoarticulatus subsp. fischeranus · J. alpinoarticulatus subsp. fuscencens · J. alpinoarticulatus subsp. fuscescens · J. alpinoarticulatus var. macrocephalus (Northern Green Rush) · J. alpinus · J. alpinus alpinus · J. alpinus and · J. alpinus australis · J. alpinus f. obtusatus · J. alpinus fuscescens · J. alpinus insignis · J. alpinus nodulosus · J. alpinus subsp. turczaninovii · J. alpinus turczaninovii · J. alpinus var. americana · J. altus · J. amabilis · J. ambiguus (Seasice Rush) · J. ambiguus turkestanicus · J. ambiguus var. ossoraicus (Rush) · J. amplifolius · J. amuricus · J. anatolicus · J. anceps · J. andersonii · J. andicola · J. andicolus · J. angustifolius · J. annuus · J. anonymus · J. antarcticus · J. anthelatus (Greater Poverty Rush) · J. aquarrosus · J. aquaticus · J. arabicus · J. arcticus (Arctic Rush) · J. arcticus alaskanus · J. arcticus arcticus (Arctic Rush) · J. arcticus balticus · J. arcticus grubovii · J. arcticus littoralis (Arctic Rush) · J. arcticus mexicanus · J. arcticus pyrenaeus

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 29, 2007.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed June 27, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• IOPI Global Plant Checklist 2005.
• IOPI-GPC
• "Juncus effusus". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 28, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 19, 2007:

• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• The New York Botanical Garden, Vascular Plant Type Specimens
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Dorset Environmental Records Centre - Bryophyte Survey of the Poole Basin Mires - NBN South West Pilot Project Case Studies
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2659893
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: IOP-392
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13691971
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:442918-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 20791
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 39232
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 135130-3
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMJUN01110
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: JUEFS2 JUE
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 44843

Footnotes

1. Guofang Wu & Steven E. Clemants "Juncaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 44. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Ralph E. Brooks, Steven E. Clemants "Juncus". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Juncus effusus". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 129.720 meters (425.591 feet), Standard Deviation = 227.640 based on 20,000 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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