Juglans californica

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Vulnerable

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Juglandaceae

Trees or rarely shrubs , deciduous, semievergreen, or evergreen , monoecious or rarely dioecious; bark tight (or exfoliating) . Branchlets with solid or chambered pith . Terminal buds subglobose or ovoid to oblong , naked or with scales . Stipules absent. Leaves alternate (or opposite), odd- or even-pinnate, sometimes trifoliolate , rarely simple ; leaflets with glandular , peltate scales, often resinous and aromatic , particularly conspicuous abaxially on young leaves and twigs , margin serrate or rarely entire. Inflorescences pendulous or sometimes erect , lateral or terminal, on reduced shoots arising on branchlets of previous year (old growth) or on current year’s growth (new growth), of several types: androgynous panicle with male, lateral spikes and female, central spike; androgynous panicle with male, mainly lateral spikes and female, central spike male at apex; cluster of male spikes and solitary female spike; or solitary male and female spikes. Flowers unisexual , anemophilous , rarely entomophilous. Male flowers subtended by an entire or 3-lobed bract; bracteoles 2 or absent; sepals 0-4, adnate to receptacle when present; stamens 3-40(-100), inserted on receptacle; filaments short to nearly absent, free or united at base ; anthers glabrous or pubescent , 2-loculed, dehiscing longitudinally. Female flowers with an entire or 3-lobed bracts; bracteoles 2 or 3 (or absent) ; sepals 0-4, adnate to ovary, free at apex; gynoecium of 2 carpels united into an inferior ovary , 1-loculed, but at base 2-4(-8) -loculed; style 1, short or elongate , rarely absent; stigmas 2, carinal or commissural , sometimes 4-lobed, plumose or fleshy ; ovule 1, orthotropous . Fruiting spike elongate, and pendulous or short and erect, rarely conelike. Fruit a drupelike nut, 2-4(-8) -chambered at base, with a dehiscent or indehiscent husk , or a 2- or 3-winged or disc-winged nutlet . Seed solitary, without endosperm. Cotyledons 4-lobed, much contorted. Germination hypogeal or epigeal. 2n = (28), 32, (64) .

Nine genera and 60 or more species: mostly in temperate and subtropical regions of the N hemisphere; seven genera (one endemic) and 20 species (seven endemic, one introduced ) in China.[1]

Genus Juglans

Shrubs or trees , 3-50 m. Bark light to dark gray or gray-brown, smooth or split into ridges or plates . Twigs purplish brown, terete , stout, sparsely to densely covered with glands and capitate-glandular hairs , sometimes also with scales or fasciculate hairs, early in season with multiradiate hairs; leaf scars triangular or 3-lobed, large; pith chambered . Bud scales valvate , densely hirsute . Leaves usually odd-, sometimes even-pinnate; petiole and rachis with indument as twigs. Leaflets 5-25, sessile or subsessile , often aromatic , uniform in size or median leaflets largest, (2.5-) 4.3-15(-17.5) × 0.8-6.5 cm; surfaces usually with nonglandular hairs (simple and/or fasciculate), glandular hairs, sessile glands, and/or scales, sometimes glabrous . Staminate catkins solitary from 2d-year twigs, sessile; stamens 7-50 per flower, glabrous or pilose . Pistillate flowers solitary or in terminal racemes . Fruits nuts enclosed in husks , not compressed ; husks thick, indehiscent; nuts tan, neither compressed nor angled , grooved , ridged , rugulose , or smooth; shells thick. Seeds sweet. x = 16.

Species 21: North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Eurasia .

Juglans is a very important source of edible nuts, dyes, and wood for cabinet work, furniture, and construction. Juglans regia Linnaeus, the walnut of commerce, is widely cultivated in California; it is easily distinguished from native species by its leaves with 5-11 broad, entire leaflets and nuts with thin rugulose shells, not grooved or ridged. Because of its sensitivity to native pathogens , J. regia is usually grown as stem-grafts on roots of native or hybrid walnuts (see discussion under J. hindsii). Occasional seedlings of J. regia have been reported from the vicinity of cultivated plants , but these seldom, if ever, live to maturity.

The growth form , bark, and fruit are important taxonomically in Juglans, but these usually are not available on herbarium specimens. As with many woody plants , the first one or two leaves of the season (i.e. , the lowermost leaves on the twig ) are sometimes atypical in structure, having broader, blunter leaflets. The fasciculate hairs on the veins normally have more rays than those on the blade . In addition to the types of hairs described below, small multiradiate hairs are found on the immature twigs, petioles, rachises, and midribs . They are usually gone when the leaf is fully expanded, but they may persist for a short time afterwards.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Hillsides and canyons ; 30-900 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,278 meters (0 to 4,193 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 30-40' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 6.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Juglans rupestris Engelm. ex Torr. var. major Torr.

Notes

Publishing author : S.Watson Publication : Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts x . (1875) 349.

Similar Species

Members of the genus Juglans

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 82 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

J. ailanthifolia (Japanese Walnut) · J. ailanthifolia var. cordiformis (Heartnut) · J. ailantifolia (Japanese Walnut) · J. australis (Nogal Criollo) · J. bixbyi (Bixby Walnut) · J. boliviana (Bolivian Walnut) · J. californica (Northern California Black Walnut) · J. californica S.Watson var. californica S.Watson (Southern California Black Walnut) · J. californica var. californica (California Walnut) · J. cinerea (Butternut) · J. cinerea 'Bountiful' (Butternut) · J. cinerea 'Loumis' (Butternut) · J. cordiformis 'Campbell Cw1' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Campbell Cw3' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Campbell Cww' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Frank' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Imshu' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Locket' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Marvel' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Mitchell Hybrid' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Rhodes' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Simcoe' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Stealth' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Wright' (Heartnut) · J. hindsii (Northern California Black Walnut) · J. illinoinensis (Pecan) · J. intermedia (Intermediate Walnut) · J. jamaicensis (Walnut) · J. major (Arizona Black Walnut) · J. mandshurica (Manchurian Walnut) · J. microcarpa (Little Walnut) · J. microcarpa var. microcarpa (Little Walnut) · J. microcarpa var. stewartii (Stewarts Little Walnut) · J. microcarpa var. stewartii (I.M.Johnst.) W.Manning (Stewart's Little Walnut) · J. microcarpa subsp. major (Little Walnut) · J. neotropica (Andean Walnut) · J. nigra (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Beineke 11' (Black Walnut 'beineke 11') · J. nigra 'Black Gem' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Daniels' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Emma Kay' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Football 2' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Krause' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Kwik Krop' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Laciniata' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Lamb's Curly' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Ridgeway' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Rowher' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Sauber 1' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Schrieber' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Sparrow' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Surprise' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Thomas Black' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Thomas Myers' (Black Walnut) · J. regia (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia var. Carpathian (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Allegheny' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Bedco 1' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Broadview' (Dwarf English Walnut) · J. regia 'Cascade' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Champion' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'China-B' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Coble #2' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Colby' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Greenhaven' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Hansen' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Kaiser' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Ky Giant' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Lake' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Looking Glass' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Mckinster' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Northern Prize' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Perry' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Purpurea' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Reda' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'S-1' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Shiawassee' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Somers' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Utah Giant' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. × bixbyi (Bixby Walnut) · J. x intermedia (Intermediate Walnut) · J. 'Royal' (Walnut)

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Further Reading

• A catalogue of the Cretaceous and Tertiary plants of North America by Frank Hall Knowlton. Washington: G.P.O., 1898. url .
• A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- url p. 365.
• A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations, by L.H. Pammel Cedar Rapids, Ia., The Torch press, 1911. url p. 947.
• A phytogeographic and taxonomic study of the southern California trees and shrubs. New York, 1910 url p. 313, p. 315, p. 341.
• American breeders magazine / American Breeders Association. [Washington, D.C.: ]The Association, url p. 200.
• American forest trees, by Henry H. Gibson; ed. by Hu Maxwell. Chicago, Hardwood record, 1913. url , p. 12, p. 351, p. 351.
• American forest trees; edited by Hu Maxwell. ChicagoHardwood Record1913 url , p. 351.
• American forestry. Washington, D.C.: American Forestry Association, 1910-1923. url p. 160.
• American forests. Washington [etc.]American Forestry Association [etc.] url p. 160.
• American men of science; a biographical directory, ed. by J. McKeen Cattell and Dean R. Brimhall. Garrison, N.Y., The Science Press, 1921. url p. 24.
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• An introduction to California plant life Berkeley: University of California Press, [c1974] url p. 149.
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• Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 6 1908-1910 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., url p. 313, p. 315, p. 341.
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• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 44 1917 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870-1996 url p. 111, p. 311, p. 481, p. 49, p. 592.
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• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 17 1913-1916 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 127, p. 129, p. 18, p. 23, p. 44, p. 635, p. 7, p. 84, p. 96.
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• Evolution and animal life; an elementary discussion of facts, processes, laws and theories relating to the life and evolution of animals, by David Starr Jordan. .. and Vernon Lyman Kellogg. .. New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1907. url p. 97.
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• Forest trees of the Pacific slope, by George B. Sudworth. WashingtonGovt. Print. Off.1908 url p. 5.
• Forest trees of the Pacific slope. By George B. Sudworth. .. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1908. url p. 5.
• Fossil flora of the Yellowstone National Park, by Frank Hall Knowlton. Washington, Govt. Print Off., 1899. url p. 687, p. 779.
• Genetics and eugenics; a text-book for students of biology and a reference book for animal and plant breeders, by W. E. Castle. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1921 [c1916] url p. 355.
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• Hand-list of trees and shrubs, excluding Coniferae, grown in Arboretum. LondonPrinted for H.M. Stationery Off., by Darling1902 url p. 645.
• Hardwood record. Chicago: Hardwood Co., 1902-1939. url , p. 21.
• Hydration and growth, Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1920. url .
• Hydration and growth, by D. T. MacDougal. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1920. url p. 162.
• Identification of the economic woods of the United States, including a discussion of the structural and physical properties of wood, New York, John Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1919. url .
• International catalogue of scientific literature. London: Published for the International Council by the Royal Society of London, 1902-1919. url p. 36, p. 378, p. 487.
• Journal of economic entomology. [College Park, Md., etc.]Entomological Society of America [etc.] url p. 132, p. 402.
• List of the Coleoptera of Southern California, with notes on habits and distribution and descriptions of new species. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences, 1901. url p. 116.
• List of the Coleoptera of southern California, with notes on habits and distribution and descriptions of new species, by H. C. Fall. San Francisco, California academy of sciences, 1901. url p. 116.
• Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) by Charles Sprague Sargent, with seven hundred and eighty-three illustrations from drawings by Charles Edward Faxon and Mary W. Gill. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin company, 1922. url p. 169, p. 175, p. 175, p. 904, p. 904.
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• Monographs of the United States Geological Survey. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1882- url p. 687, p. 779, p. 790.
• Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1938. url , p. 145.
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• Nut growing. New York, The Macmillan company, 1921. url p. 195.
• Pamphlets on forestry in California. [1900?- url , p. 111, p. 203.
• Pamphlets on silviculture. [1899- url .
• Plants for California landscapes: a catalog of drought tolerant plants. [Sacramento, Calif.]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Water Resources, [1979] url p. 23.
• Pomona College journal of entomology. Claremont, Calif., U.S.A.: Published under the patronage of Ontario-Cucamonga Citrus Association by the Dept. of Biology of Pomona College, [1909?-1912?] url p. 764, p. 764, p. 827, p. 827, p. 828, p. 828.
• Proceedings - California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 415, p. 52.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 164, p. 415, p. 52.
• Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences. Davenport, Ia., Academy of Natural Sciences [etc.] url p. 322.
• Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington url p. 582, p. 595, p. 600.
• Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington, Washington Academy of Sciences. url .
• Progress of plant breeding in the United States. Washington?1899? url p. 474.
• Report of the proceedings at the. .. annual meeting / Northern Nut Growers Association. Ithaca, N.Y.: The Association, [1910?-1941?] url p. 132.
• Science. New York, N.Y.: [s.n.]1880- url p. 614, p. 63.
• Shade and ornamental trees of California, by Merritt B. Pratt, state forester. Sacramento?1922? url p. 110, p. 110, p. 132.
• Studies in heredity as illustrated by the trichomes of species and hybrids of Juglans, Oenothera, Papaver, and Solanum, Washington, D. C., Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1909. url , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
• Text-book of pastoral and agricultural botany, for the study of the injurious and useful plants of country and farm, by John W. Harshberger. .. with 121 illustrations. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co., [c1920] url p. 283.
• Textbook of pastoral and agricultural botany, for the study of the injurious and useful plants of country and farm, by John W. Harshberger. .. with 121 illustrations. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co., [c1920] url p. 283, p. 283.
• The American woods: exhibited by actual specimens and with copious explanatory text / by Romeyn B. Hough. Lowville, N.Y.: Pub., and sections prepared by the author, 1910, c1888 url , , p. 4, p. 4, p. 45, p. 62.
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Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Juglans californica. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 01, 2008:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645912
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-19249
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13731952
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:289297-2
• GRIN Nomen Number: 20728
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 19249
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 30014392
• IUCN ID: 217049
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDJUG02020
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: JUCA
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 44785

Footnotes

1. Anmin Lu, Donald E. Stone & L. J. Grauke "Juglandaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 277. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Alan T. Whittemore & Donald E. Stone "Juglans". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Juglans californica". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 158.660 meters (520.538 feet), Standard Deviation = 416.210 based on 41 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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