Juglans acuminata

• Interesting Facts
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Description

Family Juglandaceae

Trees or rarely shrubs , deciduous, semievergreen, or evergreen , monoecious or rarely dioecious; bark tight (or exfoliating) . Branchlets with solid or chambered pith . Terminal buds subglobose or ovoid to oblong , naked or with scales . Stipules absent. Leaves alternate (or opposite), odd- or even-pinnate, sometimes trifoliolate , rarely simple ; leaflets with glandular , peltate scales, often resinous and aromatic , particularly conspicuous abaxially on young leaves and twigs , margin serrate or rarely entire. Inflorescences pendulous or sometimes erect , lateral or terminal, on reduced shoots arising on branchlets of previous year (old growth) or on current year’s growth (new growth), of several types: androgynous panicle with male, lateral spikes and female, central spike; androgynous panicle with male, mainly lateral spikes and female, central spike male at apex; cluster of male spikes and solitary female spike; or solitary male and female spikes. Flowers unisexual , anemophilous , rarely entomophilous. Male flowers subtended by an entire or 3-lobed bract; bracteoles 2 or absent; sepals 0-4, adnate to receptacle when present; stamens 3-40(-100), inserted on receptacle; filaments short to nearly absent, free or united at base ; anthers glabrous or pubescent , 2-loculed, dehiscing longitudinally. Female flowers with an entire or 3-lobed bracts; bracteoles 2 or 3 (or absent) ; sepals 0-4, adnate to ovary, free at apex; gynoecium of 2 carpels united into an inferior ovary , 1-loculed, but at base 2-4(-8) -loculed; style 1, short or elongate , rarely absent; stigmas 2, carinal or commissural , sometimes 4-lobed, plumose or fleshy ; ovule 1, orthotropous . Fruiting spike elongate, and pendulous or short and erect, rarely conelike. Fruit a drupelike nut, 2-4(-8) -chambered at base, with a dehiscent or indehiscent husk , or a 2- or 3-winged or disc-winged nutlet . Seed solitary, without endosperm. Cotyledons 4-lobed, much contorted. Germination hypogeal or epigeal. 2n = (28), 32, (64) .

Nine genera and 60 or more species: mostly in temperate and subtropical regions of the N hemisphere; seven genera (one endemic) and 20 species (seven endemic, one introduced ) in China.[1]

Genus Juglans

Shrubs or trees , 3-50 m. Bark light to dark gray or gray-brown, smooth or split into ridges or plates . Twigs purplish brown, terete , stout, sparsely to densely covered with glands and capitate-glandular hairs , sometimes also with scales or fasciculate hairs, early in season with multiradiate hairs; leaf scars triangular or 3-lobed, large; pith chambered . Bud scales valvate , densely hirsute . Leaves usually odd-, sometimes even-pinnate; petiole and rachis with indument as twigs. Leaflets 5-25, sessile or subsessile , often aromatic , uniform in size or median leaflets largest, (2.5-) 4.3-15(-17.5) × 0.8-6.5 cm; surfaces usually with nonglandular hairs (simple and/or fasciculate), glandular hairs, sessile glands, and/or scales, sometimes glabrous . Staminate catkins solitary from 2d-year twigs, sessile; stamens 7-50 per flower, glabrous or pilose . Pistillate flowers solitary or in terminal racemes . Fruits nuts enclosed in husks , not compressed ; husks thick, indehiscent; nuts tan, neither compressed nor angled , grooved , ridged , rugulose , or smooth; shells thick. Seeds sweet. x = 16.

Species 21: North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Eurasia .

Juglans is a very important source of edible nuts, dyes, and wood for cabinet work, furniture, and construction. Juglans regia Linnaeus, the walnut of commerce, is widely cultivated in California; it is easily distinguished from native species by its leaves with 5-11 broad, entire leaflets and nuts with thin rugulose shells, not grooved or ridged. Because of its sensitivity to native pathogens , J. regia is usually grown as stem-grafts on roots of native or hybrid walnuts (see discussion under J. hindsii). Occasional seedlings of J. regia have been reported from the vicinity of cultivated plants , but these seldom, if ever, live to maturity.

The growth form , bark, and fruit are important taxonomically in Juglans, but these usually are not available on herbarium specimens. As with many woody plants , the first one or two leaves of the season (i.e. , the lowermost leaves on the twig ) are sometimes atypical in structure, having broader, blunter leaflets. The fasciculate hairs on the veins normally have more rays than those on the blade . In addition to the types of hairs described below, small multiradiate hairs are found on the immature twigs, petioles, rachises, and midribs . They are usually gone when the leaf is fully expanded, but they may persist for a short time afterwards.[2]

Taxonomy

Similar Species

Members of the genus Juglans

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 82 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

J. ailanthifolia (Japanese Walnut) · J. ailanthifolia var. cordiformis (Heartnut) · J. ailantifolia (Japanese Walnut) · J. australis (Nogal Criollo) · J. bixbyi (Bixby Walnut) · J. boliviana (Bolivian Walnut) · J. californica (Northern California Black Walnut) · J. californica S.Watson var. californica S.Watson (Southern California Black Walnut) · J. californica var. californica (California Walnut) · J. cinerea (Butternut) · J. cinerea 'Bountiful' (Butternut) · J. cinerea 'Loumis' (Butternut) · J. cordiformis 'Campbell Cw1' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Campbell Cw3' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Campbell Cww' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Frank' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Imshu' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Locket' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Marvel' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Mitchell Hybrid' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Rhodes' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Simcoe' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Stealth' (Heartnut) · J. cordiformis 'Wright' (Heartnut) · J. hindsii (Northern California Black Walnut) · J. illinoinensis (Pecan) · J. intermedia (Intermediate Walnut) · J. jamaicensis (Walnut) · J. major (Arizona Black Walnut) · J. mandshurica (Manchurian Walnut) · J. microcarpa (Little Walnut) · J. microcarpa var. microcarpa (Little Walnut) · J. microcarpa var. stewartii (Stewarts Little Walnut) · J. microcarpa var. stewartii (I.M.Johnst.) W.Manning (Stewart's Little Walnut) · J. microcarpa subsp. major (Little Walnut) · J. neotropica (Andean Walnut) · J. nigra (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Beineke 11' (Black Walnut 'beineke 11') · J. nigra 'Black Gem' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Daniels' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Emma Kay' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Football 2' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Krause' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Kwik Krop' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Laciniata' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Lamb's Curly' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Ridgeway' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Rowher' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Sauber 1' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Schrieber' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Sparrow' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Surprise' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Thomas Black' (Black Walnut) · J. nigra 'Thomas Myers' (Black Walnut) · J. regia (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia var. Carpathian (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Allegheny' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Bedco 1' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Broadview' (Dwarf English Walnut) · J. regia 'Cascade' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Champion' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'China-B' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Coble #2' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Colby' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Greenhaven' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Hansen' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Kaiser' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Ky Giant' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Lake' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Looking Glass' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Mckinster' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Northern Prize' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Perry' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Purpurea' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Reda' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'S-1' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Shiawassee' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Somers' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. regia 'Utah Giant' (Carpathian Walnut) · J. × bixbyi (Bixby Walnut) · J. x intermedia (Intermediate Walnut) · J. 'Royal' (Walnut)

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Further Reading

• A catalogue of the Cretaceous and Tertiary plants of North America by Frank Hall Knowlton. Washington: G.P.O., 1898. url .
• A monograph of Ebenaceae. Cambridge, Eng., University Press, 1873 url , .
• Annual report Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1867-1883. url p. 96.
• Annual report. United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. 1st-12th, 1867-1878. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1867-83. url , p. 196, p. 294, p. 294, p. 382, p. 387, p. 388, p. 389, p. 390, p. 408, p. 517, p. 539, p. 711, p. 96.
• Asiatic herpetological research. 4 1992 Berkeley, Calif.: Asiatic Herpetological Research Society; c1990- url fig. 1, page 77.
• Bartonia;proceedings of the Philadelphia botanical club. .. 1944-1945 Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, Academy of Natural Sciences. url p. 34, p. 58.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 198.
• Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. [New York: The Society], 1890-1960. url p. 134.
• Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories / Department of the Interior. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1874- url p. 60.
• Contributions to the fossil flora of the western territories. .. By Leo Lesquereux. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1874-1883. url p. 190, p. 280.
• Flora of the U.S.S.R. [Springfield, Va.: Israel Program for Scientific Translations; 1968- url p. 195.
• Forests and forestry of northern Russia and lands beyond / comp. by John Croumbie Brown. Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd; [etc., etc.]1884- url p. 229.
• Fossil flora of the John Day basin, Oregon, by Frank Hall Knowlton. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1902. url p. 122, p. 152, p. 5.
• Harriman Alaska series. vol. I-V, VIII-XIV Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution, 1910-14 url , p. 152, p. 159, p. 161, p. 162, p. 168.
• Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, at Harvard College / published by order of the Legislature of Massachusetts. Cambridge: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1865-1875. url p. 34, p. 44, p. 45.
• Index to the known fossil insects of the world: including myriopods and arachnids / by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior, Geological Survey: 1891. url p. 613, p. 676.
• Index to the stratigraphy of North America, Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1912. url .
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. 4 1866 London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. url p. 311.
• Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihrem Übergang aus Asien nach Griechenland und Italien sowie in das übrige Europa; historisch-linguistische Skizzen von Victor Hehn. Berlin, Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1902. url p. 394.
• Manual of the natural history, geology and physics of Greenland and the neighbouring regions / prepared for the use of the Arctic expedition of 1875, under the direction of the Arctic Committee of the London: Printed for H.M.S.O., 1875. url , .
• Maryland geological survey. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1901-1923. url p. 220.
• Meddelelser om Grønland. København, C. A. Reitzels Forlag, 1879-1979. url p. 156, p. 164.
• Monographs of the United States Geological Survey. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1882- url p. 69.
• On the cretaceous and tertiary floras of British Columbia and the North-West Territory by J.W. Dawson. S.l.: s.n., 1883? url .
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 11 1888 Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 22, p. 34, p. 40, p. 686, p. 748, p. 751.
• Report of the United States Geological Survey of the territories. F.V. Hayden, United States geologist in charge. .. [Final reports or monographs. vol. I]-III, V-XIII. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1873-90. url , , p. 285, p. 286.
• Report on Tertiary plants of British Columbia collected by Lawrence M. Lambe in 1906, together with a discussion of previously recorded Tertiary floras, Ottawa, Government Printing Bureau, 1908. url , , .
• Report on an exploration in the Yukon district, N.W.T., and adjacent northern portion of British Columbia, 1887 by George M. Dawson. Montreal: Dawson, 1888. url .
• Report on the fossil plants of the auriferous gravel deposits of the Sierra Nevada / by Léo Lesquereux. 6 1878 Cambridge: Welch, Bigelow, and Company, University Press, 1878. url p. 34, p. 44.
• Shorter contributions to general geology, 1919 / Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1920. url p. 8.
• The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History. London, Taylor and Francis, Ltd. url p. 344, p. 367, p. 367.
• The Journal of geology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1893- url p. 575.
• The Laramie flora of the Denver basin, with a review of the Laramie problem, Washington, Govt. print. off., 1922. url , .
• The Quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London. London [etc.] url p. 5.
• The flora of the Dakota group, a posthumous work, by Leo Lesquereux. Ed. by F.H. Knowlton. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1891. url p. 69.
• The lower Eocene floras of southeastern North America, by Edward W. Berry. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1916. url .
• The primaeval world of Switzerland by Professor Heer; edited by James Heywood. London: Longmans, Green, 1876. url p. 109, p. 120.
• Tree ancestors; a glimpse into the past, by Edward Wilber Berry. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1923. url p. 78.
• Works on forestry [by] J.C. Brown. Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd; [etc., etc.]1883-87. url p. 229.
• Kuang Ko-zen & Lu An-ming. 1979. Juglandaceae. In: Kuang Ko-zen & Li Pei-chun, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 21: 6-44.
• McGranahan, G. H. and P. B. Catlin. 1987. Juglans rootstocks. In: R. C. Rom and R. F. Carlson, eds. 1987. Rootstocks for Fruit Crops. New York. Pp. 411-450.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 16, 2007:

• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Yale University Peabody Museum, Yale Peabody Museum - Invertebrate Paleontology DiGIR provider service

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 10886264
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 16413271
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 2529430

Footnotes

1. Anmin Lu, Donald E. Stone & L. J. Grauke "Juglandaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 277. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Alan T. Whittemore & Donald E. Stone "Juglans". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.