Iris graminea (Fleur-De-Lis)

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Fleur-De-Lis, Grass-Leaved Flag, Sword Lily

Description

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Family Iridaceae

Herbs perennial (or shrubs or annuals ), with rhizomes, bulbs, or corms. Leaves alternate, often 2-ranked, often oriented edgewise to aerial stem, usually sword-shaped to linear , parallel veined, base sheathing . Inflorescence sometimes a spike or reduced to a solitary flower, more often of monochasial , umbellate cymes, each enclosed in 2 opposed bracts (spathes ) and termed a rhipidium, which may be solitary and terminal or numerous and variously arranged in racemes or panicles; bracts 1 to several. Flowers bisexual , showy, usually actinomorphic (often zygomorphic elsewhere) . Perianth segments 6, in 2 whorls, inner and outer ones equal or differing in size and/or color; tube filiform or trumpet-shaped. Stamens (2 or) 3; anthers extrorse . Ovary inferior (or superior), 3-loculed; ovules few to many; placentation axile . Style with filiform, slender, or petaloid branches. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with or without aril and wings .

Between 70 and 80 genera and ca. 1800 species: nearly worldwide, especially S Africa, Asia, and Europe; three genera and 61 species (21 endemic, one introduced ) in China.[1]

Genus Iris

Herbs, perennial , from rhizomes [bulbs or fascicles of fleshy roots ]; rhizomes homogeneous with branches like primary in size and texture , or heterogeneous , branches cordlike with scalelike leaves, enlarging at apex to produce vegetative leaves, additional cordlike branches, and flowering stems. Flowering stems simple or branched, erect (declining or semierect and obviously zigzag in I. brevicaulis and some of its hybrids), solid or hollow, terete or slightly flattened. Leaves: basal 3-10, in fan; blade monofacial (except at base ), smooth or ridged , sometimes centrally thickened, veins obscure to prominent ; cauline 0-4 on branched stems, usually similar to basal, subtending each branch , decreasing in length distally, sometimes bracteiform and sheathing stem. Inflorescences rhipidiate, units 1 or more-flowered, spathaceous ; spathes 2, herbaceous with scarious tips , or completely scarious, with or without distinct keel, often persisting and enclosing capsule(s) at maturity. Flowers lasting 1-4 days, upward-facing, usually somewhat fragrant (odor extremely unpleasant in I. foetidissima), pedicellate or sessile; perianth epigynous , white, yellow, tan, brown, copper-red, maroon, blue, blue-violet, or purple, often with markings of contrasting colors, differentiated into sepals and petals, actinomorphic , 4-18 cm diam.; floral tube distal to ovary, terete or occasionally ridged, solid proximally, hollow distally; sepals 3, spreading or reflexed , expanding either gradually or abruptly from claw into broader limb, with signal of prominent ridge, crest , distinct lines or dots, pubescence , or band of multicellular hairs (beard ) along midline of claw and for short distance along midrib of limb; petals 3, erect, spreading or rarely reflexed, sometimes very reduced and mostly hidden by sepal bases; stamens opposite sepals, free but appressed to style branches; style dividing distally into petaloid branches, these arching outward and over stamens and claws of sepals, dividing at apex into 2 rounded or triangular lobes (style crests) ; stigma a lip of tissue on adaxial surface of style arm at base of crest; ovary terete or roundly 3- or 6-angled or -grooved. Fruits capsular , wall papery or becoming dry and hardened, sometimes indehiscent (in I. giganticaerulea) . Seeds 4-20, in 1-2 rows per locule, often flattened in contact with others, rounded on outer surface; seed coat tan to dark brown (red in I. foetidissima), thin, membranous, and smooth, or conspicuously roughened to extensively corky (usually in wetland species), with or without obvious aril. x = uncertain.

Species ca. 280: Northern Hemisphere.

Because irises have large, handsome flowers, have many different forms, colors, and color patterns , and are easily grown and propagated, they have become popular garden ornamentals . Many non-native irises may be found in the flora area, not only in specialized gardens, but in casual plantings and persisting around old dwellings, in cemeteries, and along roadsides. These include not only the more common bearded irises, but members of the Sibirian, Spuria, Japanese, and Dutch groups. In the Pacific Coast and southeastern areas of the flora, repeated hybridization, both natural and artificial, of some of the local species has produced hundreds of garden forms that have added greatly to the popularity of this genus. Asexual reproduction in many Iris species may be more important than sexual reproduction in their persistence , and many hybrid clones may persist for decades in sites no longer cultivated.

The species of Iris differ from members of other native genera of the Iridaceae in North America in three ways: 1) the sets of outer and inner perianth members (sepals and petals herein) differ from each other in shape , orientation, and, in some cases, coloration ; 2) the parts of the flowers€”petals, sepals, stamens, and styles€”are united basally into a floral tube that surmounts the ovary; and 3) the styles are petaloid and modified with some specialized structures to insure cross pollination .

T. Holm (1929) restricted the term rhizome to a horizontal, usually subterranean , stem that produces roots from its lower surface and green leaves from its apex, developed directly from the plumule of the embryo. He recognized stolons as axillary , subterranean branches that do not bear green leaves but only membranaceous , scalelike ones. The rhizomes of Iris are of two basic kinds: homogeneous, with the branches like the primary one in size and texture, and heterogeneous, with the branches of the primary rhizome like stolons with scalelike leaves. These enlarge at the apex to produce green leaves and more stolonlike branches.

According to B . Mathew (1990), Iris includes six subgenera . Species of subgenera Iris and Limniris are rhizomatous ; the others are either bulbous or perennial from a fascicle of fleshy roots. Three species of subg. Iris are sometimes found naturalized from cultivation in the flora area. Other species of the subgenus are found here only in cultivation or as waifs . The native North American species of Iris all belong to subg. Limniris, usually referred to as the beardless irises. The four other subgenera, which are found in the flora area only in cultivation or as waifs, have all been recognized sometimes as separate genera: subg. Nepalensis (Dykes ) Lawrence as Junopsis Schulze; subg. Xiphium (Miller) Spach as Xiphion Miller; subg. Scorpiris Spach as Juno Trattinnick; and subg. Hermodactyloides Spach as Iridodictyum Rodionenko. F. Köhlein (1987) accepted these four segregate genera; however, most current authors circumscribe Iris in the broad sense, as here.

Elevation is unimportant in the taxonomy and ecology of Iris, and very rarely is it recorded on specimen labels. Consequently, elevations are not reported in the species treatments that follow.[2]

Physical Description

Flowers: Bloom Period: April, May. • Flower Color: lavender, violet

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 6-12" tall.

Biology

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Growth

Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Liliidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Lilianae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Asparagales () - Bromhead, 1838
        Family: Iridaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789 - Iris Family
        Subfamily: Iridoideae ()
        Tribe: Irideae ()
        Genus: Iris () - C. Linnaeus, 1753
        Subgenus: nom ()
        Specific epithet: graminea - Georgi
        Botanical name: - Iris graminea Georgi

Notes

Publishing author : Georgi Publication : Bemerk. Reise Russ. Reich 1: 196 1775

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Iris

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 12763 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 11, 2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 04, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 5 providers.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Release date: November 27, 2009

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 04, 2008:

Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland: Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
European Environment Agency: EUNIS
GBIF-Spain: Univ. Herbarium SALAMANCA: SALA
GBIF-Spain: Universidad de Oviedo. Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas: FCO
GBIF-Sweden: Herbarium of Oskarshamn (OHN)
Natural History Museum, Vienna - Herbarium W: Herbarium W
Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 5840289
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-321895
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13745793
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:438664-1
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 438660-1
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 746503

Footnotes

Yu-tang Zhao, Henry J. Noltie & Brian F. Mathew "Iridaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 297. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Iris&search=Search [back]

Iris graminea

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Iridaceae

Genus Iris

Physical Description

Size/Age/Growth

Biology

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Iris

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes