Overview
Vine , Climber . I. aquatica is commonly introduced by immigrants as a native herb rich in iron and with medicinal properties. However the plant is highly invasive, forming dense mats over the surface of water bodies such as lakes , ponds , marshes, canals, and ditches. It is also found in very moist soils such as the muddy banks along streams . The weed spreads rapidly from plant fragments and its floating seeds allow effective colonisation of new areas. Aquatic herbicides , whilst generally effective, are not specific enough to be used in many sensitive areas such as the Everglades , making eradication very difficult. Commonly used as a food plant in Asia (PIER , 2003). Popular among some recent immigrants as a common potherb from the homeland and has been studied in Florida as a vegetable crop . This is because the plant of its rich iron content (Langeland K .A. and Burks K.C, 1999). I. aquatica is relatively rich in S-methyl methionine (Vitamin U) and is used traditionally to treat gastric and intestinal disorders. Furthermore it has been found to have insulin-like properties acting as an anti-hyperglycaemic (Malalavidhane, Wickramasinghe and Jansz, 2000).
Interesting Facts
- Commonly cultivated as a pot herb, Ipomoea aquatica is adapted to a warm, moist climate and cannot survive frost. Several races are recognized (without formal taxonomic designation ) based on growing conditions (terrestrial vs. aquatic ) and plant and flower color (greenish plants with white flowers vs. purplish tinged plants with lilac flowers). The plants have minor medicinal uses and also are used for forage . [source]
Common Names
Click on the language to view common names.
Common Names in Chuuk:
Aseri, Seeri, Seri
Common Names in English:
Akankong, Aquatic Morning Glory, Cancon, Chinese Water Spinach, Chinese Water-Spinach, Chinese Waterspinach, Cultivated Kangkong, Kang Kong, Kangkun, Kangum, Kankan, Kankum, Lili Vai, Lorenzo, Luve Ne Tombithi, Ndrinikava, Ota Karisa, Swamp morning Glory, Swamp Cabbage, Swamp Morning Glory, Swamp Morning-Glory, Swamp Morningglory, Swamp-Cabbage, Te Kang Kong, Tropical Spinach, Ung-Choi, Wa Kumala, Water Bindweed, Water Convolvulus, Water Spinach, Water-Convolvulus, Water-Spinach, White-Flowering Kangkong
Common Names in French:
Liseron D´eau, Liseron D'eau, Patate Aquatique
Common Names in German:
Wasserspinat
Common Names in Hindi:
कलमी साग, कलामी साग, पटुवा, Kalami-Sag, Kalmi, Kalmi-Sag, Kalmisag, Kalmua, Patua Saga, Patuasag
Common Names in Indonesia:
Kangkong
Common Names in Italian:
Convolvolo D´acqua, Patata Acquatica, Vilucchio D´acqua
Common Names in Khmer:
Trâkuön
Common Names in Korean:
Naphalkkotnamul
Common Names in Laotian:
Bôngz
Common Names in Malay:
Kangkong (Indonesia), Kangkung (Malaysia), Kangkung Darat (Indonesia), Kangkung Putih, Kankong, Kankung, Kankung Darat
Common Names in Malaysia:
Kangkung
Common Names in Portuguese:
Batata Aquática, Cancon
Common Names in Spanish:
Batata Acuática, Espinaca Acuática, Espinaca De Agua
Common Names in Swahili:
Mribawa Ziwa
Common Names in Tagalog:
Cancong
Common Names in Tamil:
Vallai Kirai
Common Names in Thai:
Paag Boong), Phak Bung (Pak Boong, Phak Thotyot, Phakbung Chin (Pak Boong Chin)
Common Names in Ulithi:
Kangkong
Common Names in Vietnamese:
Rau Muông
Common Names in Yapese:
Kangking, Kongkong
Description
Family Convolvulaceae
Herbs or shrubs
, usually with twining
or climbing
stems or erect
, often with milky
juice. Leaves alternate, simple
, entire, dissected
, or compound
, absent in parasitic species. Flowers solitary, axillary
or in cymes, racemes
, panicles, umbels, or capitula, bisexual
, actinomorphic
, usually 5-merous, often showy. Sepals free
, often persistent
, sometimes enlarged in fruit. Corolla sympetalous
, funnelform
, campanulate
, salverform
, or urceolate
; limb subentire
or deeply lobed
. Stamens alternating with corolla lobes
, adnate
to corolla; filaments
filiform
, equal or unequal in length
; anthers
introrse
, laterally and longitudinally dehiscing; pollen smooth
or finely spiny
. Disc ringlike or cupular. Ovary superior, mostly 2-carpellate, 1- or 2-loculed, rarely 3- or 4-loculed; ovules basal, erect. Styles 1 or 2, terminal
(gynobasic
in Dichondra) or very short or absent; stigma entire or 2- (or 3) -lobed, rarely peltate. Fruit a capsule, dehiscing by valves
, circumscissile, or irregularly shattering, less often a berry or nutlike. Seeds usually trigonous
, smooth or pubescent
.
About 58 genera and 1650 species: widely distributed in tropical
, subtropical
, and temperate regions
; 20 genera and 129 species in China.
Aniseia biflora (Linnaeus) Choisy and A. stenantha (Dunn) Ling, recognized in the Fl.
Reipubl. Popularis Sin., are here treated as Ipomoea biflora and I. fimbriosepala, respectively, because both have pantoporate
and spinulose
pollen. Strictly speaking, Aniseia is a neotropical
genus of about five species, of which A. martinicensis (Jacquin) Choisy is widely naturalized
as a common weed
in rice paddies in Thailand and other southeast Asian countries. It will probably be found in S China eventually.
The family
is important in China for food plants
(Ipomoea batatas (Linnaeus) Lamarck and I. aquatica Forsskål), several ornamentals
(Ipomoea), several medicinal plants (Erycibe, Ipomoea, Cuscuta, Merremia, Dichondra, Evolvulus), and numerous
noxious weeds (Cuscuta, Calystegia, Convolvulus) .
Pollen aperture type and surface ornamentation are important characters in the classification of Convolvulaceae at the generic
level and above. The most critical feature of the pollen is whether the grain surface is spiny or not. This distinction separates the eight tribes
recognized by Austin (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60: 306-412. 1973) into two rather cohesive groups. A low magnification (20 ) is adequate for discerning the presence or absence of minute spines on the surface.
For the successful identification of Convolvulaceae, both flowering and fruiting material
should be collected. The first key
to genera requires adequate fertile
material with both flowers and fruit, and requires use of a pollen character. The second key may be used as an aid to identification where material is lacking flowers or fruit, but in some instances it is still partially dependent
upon having both flowers and fruit.[1]
Genus Ipomoea
Herbs or shrubs
, often twining
, sometimes prostrate
, erect
, or floating. Leaves petiolate
, entire, lobed
, or divided
. Inflorescences mostly axillary
, cymose
, 1- to many flowered, rarely paniculate
; bracts various. Flowers small to large. Sepals persistent
, equal to unequal, ± enlarged in fruit. Corolla variously colored
, rarely yellow, funnelform
, campanulate
, or salverform
; limb 5-lobed to entire, midpetaline bands
well defined. Stamens included
or exserted; filaments
filiform
, usually unequal, dilated
and pubescent
basally; anthers
ovate
or linear
, longitudinally dehiscent
, not twisted; pollen globular, pantoporate
, finely spiny
. Disc ringlike. Ovary 2-4-loculed, 4- or 6-ovuled. Style 1, filiform, included or exserted; stigma capitate, or 2- or 3-globulose. Capsule globose
or ovoid
, 4- or 6-valved. Seeds 4(-6) or fewer, glabrous
or pubescent.
Approximately 500 species: widely distributed in tropical
to warm temperate regions
, especially of North and South America; 29 species in China.[2]
Physical Description
Species Ipomoea aquatica
Herbs annual , terrestrial and repent or floating; axial parts glabrous . Stems terete , thick, hollow, rooting at nodes. Petiole 3-14 cm, glabrous; leaf blade variable, ovate , ovate-lanceolate, oblong , or lanceolate, 3.5-17 X 0.9-8.5 cm, glabrous or rarely pilose , base cordate, sagittate or hastate, occasionally truncate , margin entire or undulate , apex acute or acuminate. Inflorescences 1-3(-5) -flowered; peduncle 1.5-9 cm, base pubescent; bracts squamiform , 1.5-2 mm. Pedicel 1.5-5 cm. Sepals subequal , glabrous; outer 2 ovate-oblong, 7-8 mm, margin whitish, thin, apex obtuse , mucronulate ; inner 3 ovate-elliptic, ca. 8 mm. Corolla white, pink, or lilac, with a darker center, funnelform , 3.5-5 cm, glabrous. Stamens unequal, included . Pistil included; ovary conical , glabrous. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid to globose , ca. 1 cm in diam., woody, tardily dehiscent or ?indehiscent. Seeds densely grayish pubescent , sometimes glabrous. 2n = 30*. [source]
Habit: Vine , Forb/herb
Flowers: Flower Color: lavender, near white, pink, violet, white
Size/Age/Growth
Size: 8-10' tall.
Habitat
Marshy
habitats
: ditches, ponds
, rice paddies, waste
areas[3].
I. aquatica is found in fresh water
aquatic habitats
(PIER
, 2003). I. aquatica has been found primarily in canals and ditches but also invades lakes
. It grows well in moist soil or in still to flowing waters (Langeland K
.A. and Burks K.C, 1999). I. aquatica dwells in muddy stream
banks, freshwater pond and lakes, and marshes. It is confined to the tropics and subtropics zones because it is susceptible to frosts and because it does not grow well when temperatures
are below 23.9 degrees
Celsius. Because of its prolific growth, this species can invade moist cultivated areas, such as rice and sugar
cane
fields
, and other areas with varying water levels (Fears, UNDATED).
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,541 meters (0 to 5,056 feet).[4]
Biome: lakes , riparian zones, water courses , wetlands
Ecology: I. aquatica forms dense floating mats of intertwined stems over water surfaces, shading out native submersed plants and competing with native emergents. It is considered the second greatest problem plant in the Philippines, where it tends to overgrow freshwater marginal areas. A common to serious weed in many areas in the tropics (Langeland K .A. and Burks K.C, 1999). Masses of tangled vegetation obstruct water flow in drainage and flood control canals. They have infested lakes , ponds , and river shorelines , displacing native plants that are important for fish and wildlife. The veins of the plant create dense impenetrable canopies over small ponds and retention basins creating stagnant water conditions that are ideal breeding environments for mosquitoes (Fears, UNDATED).
Biology
Reproduction
Under good conditions, I. aquatica can produce 190,000 kg fresh weight biomass per ha in 9 months. It flowers in the warm months and produces 175-245 seeds per plant during the peak season (Langeland K .A. and Burks K.C, 1999).
Duration: Perennial
Growth
Culture: Space 6-8' apart.
Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .
Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
)
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
)
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
)
- Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
)
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
)
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
(
)
- Brongniart, 1843
- Dicotyledons
- Subclass:
Lamiidae
(
)
- Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
- Superorder:
Solananae
(
)
- R. Dahlgren Ex Reveal, 1992
- Order:
Convolvulales
(
)
- Dumortier, 1829
- Family:
Convolvulaceae
(
)
- A.l. De Jussieu, 1789
- Morning-Glory Family
- Subfamily:
Asteroideae
(
)
- Subfamily:
Asteroideae
(
- Family:
Convolvulaceae
(
- Order:
Convolvulales
(
- Superorder:
Solananae
(
- Subclass:
Lamiidae
(
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Unambiguous Synonyms
- Dendrocopos nuttalli (Gambel, 1843)
- Dendrocopos nuttallii (Gambel, 1843)
Notes
Name
Status: Accepted Name
. Latest taxonomic
scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000
Name verified on
Place of publication
: Fl.
aegypt.-arab. 44. 1775
Name verified on 02-Sep-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 21-Jul-2000
Similar Species
Members of the genus Ipomoea
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1572 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:
I. abrupta (Bush Yam) · I. abscissa · I. abutilodes · I. abutilodes var. hartwegiana · I. abutilodes var. kunthiana · I. abutiloides · I. abyssinica · I. acanthocarpa · I. acaponetensis · I. acetosaefolia · I. acetosaefolia var. longifolia · I. acetosellaefolia · I. acetosellifolia · I. acetosifolia · I. aculeata · I. aculeata var. heterophylla · I. acuminata · I. acuminata 'Blue Dawn' (Blue Dawn Morning Glory) · I. acutangula · I. acutiflora · I. acutisepala · I. adenioides (Trumpet Flower Morning Glory) · I. adumbrata · I. aegopoda · I. aegyptia · I. aequisepala · I. affinis · I. afra · I. afzelii · I. aitoni · I. aitonii · I. 'Akatsuki no Hikari' (Morning Glory) · I. 'Akatsuki No Murasaki' · I. alata · I. alatipes · I. alba (Tropical White Morning-Glory) · I. alba 'Giant White' · I. alba 'Meekerii' (Moonflower) · I. albidiflora · I. albiflora · I. albivenia (Wild Cotton) · I. alexandrae · I. alpina · I. alterniflora · I. althoffiana · I. altissima · I. alulata · I. amambayensis · I. ambigua · I. amnicola (Red-Center Morning-Glory) · I. amoena · I. amoenula · I. ampamana · I. amparoana · I. ampelopsifolia · I. amplexicaulis · I. ampliata · I. ampullacea (Ipomoea) · I. anceps · I. ancisa · I. andersonii (Morning Glory) · I. andongensis · I. androyensis · I. anemophoba · I. angularis · I. angulata · I. angulata var. gnidoides · I. angulata var. latifolia · I. angulata var. linearis · I. angustata · I. angustifolia · I. angustisecta · I. angustisepala · I. anisomeres · I. anisomeres var. sagittiformis · I. antillana · I. antonschmidii · I. aphylla · I. apiculata · I. aprica · I. aquatica (White-Flowering Kangkong) · I. arachnoidea · I. arachnosperma (Ipomoea) · I. arborea · I. arborescens (Tree Morning Glory) · I. arborescens var. pachylutea · I. arenaria · I. arenicola · I. argentaurata · I. argentea · I. argentifolia · I. argentina · I. argentinensis · I. argentinica · I. argillicola (Ipomoea) · I. argyreia · I. argyreioides · I. argyrophylla · I. aristolochiaefolia · I. aristolochiifolia
More Info
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- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- Ipomoea aquatica (Fears, UNDATED)
- Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica. (F Jam)
- Austin, D. F. & Z. Huáman. 1996. A synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the Americas. Taxon 45:5.
- Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963–1968. Flora of Java. (F Java)
- Berhaut, J. 1971–. Flore illustrée du Senegal. (F Senegal)
- Bhandari, M. M. 1978. Flora of the Indian desert. (F IndDes)
- Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) url p. 191.
- Burkill, H. M. 1985–2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. (Use Pl WT Afr)
- Carotenoids, their comparative biochemistry. New York, Chemical Pub. Co., 1954. ENG url p. 333.
- Cufodontis, G. 1953–1972. Enumeratio plantarum aethiopiae: Spermatophyta. (F EthiopCuf)
- Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980–. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon. (F Ceylon)
- Die Gartenwelt. Berlin: G. Schmidt, [1897- GER url p. 220.
- Emergency food plants and poisonous plants of the islands of the Pacific / [E.D. Merrill] Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1943. ENG url p. 57.
- Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. (Zander ed13)
- Flora of Guatemala / Paul C. Standley and Louis O. Williams. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1970. ENG url p. 49.
- Fosberg, F. R. et al. 1979–1982. Geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae/ Pteridophyta and Gymnospermae. (L Micrones)
- Hamburger Garten- und Blumenzeitung. Hamburg: R. Kittler, 1852-1890. GER url p. 242.
- Handle This Spinach With Care (Jun 1998) USDA. Agricultural Research Service. Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Dispersion; Controls
- Hara, H. Flora of eastern Himalaya. v. 1:1966, v. 2:1971, v. 3:1975 (F EHimal)
- Hara, H. et al. 1978–1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal. (L Nepal)
- Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. (Atlas WWeed)
- Inventory of seeds and plants imported / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1914-1924. ENG url p. 62, p. 84.
- Ipomoea aquatica Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Identification/Description; Photographs; Distribution
- Ipomoea aquatica (PDF | 83 KB) University of Florida. Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Distribution
- Ipomoea aquatica (vine, climber) - ISSG Global Invasive Species Database World Conservation Union. Invasive Species Specialist Group. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
- Ipomoea aquatica - Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) USDA. ARS. National Genetic Resources Program. Taxonomy; Legal Aspects
- Ipomoea aquatica Article Citation Search - AGRICOLA Database USDA. National Agricultural Library. Research; Special Note: NAL Catalog Search (resources)
- Ipomoea aquatica Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Taxonomy
- Ipomoea aquatica Pulling Together Initiative. Texasinvasives.org. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Special Note: References
- Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller lnder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 1163, p. 273, p. 540.
- Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. (L US Can ed2)
- Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953–1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2. (F WT Afr)
- Lejoly, J. & S. Lisowski. 1992. Les genres Merremia et Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) dans la flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi). Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 37:110.
- Li, H. L. et al., eds. 1975–1979. Flora of Taiwan. (F Taiwan)
- Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2. (Food Feed Crops US)
- Matthew, K. M. 1983. The flora of the Tamilnadu Carnatic. (F TamilC)
- McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
- Merxmüller, H., ed. 1966–1972. Prodromus einer flora von Sudwestafrika. (F Namib)
- Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan. (F Pak)
- PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) - on-line resource. (PROTABASE)
- Plant Profile for Ipomoea aquatica - PLANTS Database USDA. NRCS. National Plant Data Center. Taxonomy; Illustrations; Distribution; Legal Aspects
- Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) - on-line resource. (Pl Names)
- Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. (Dict Rehm)
- Risk Assessment for Chinese Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) in Oregon (May 2003; PDF | 204 KB) Oregon Invasive Species Council. Identification/Description; Illustrations; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution
- Ross, J. 1972. The flora of Natal. (F Natal)
- Saldanha, C. J. & D. H. Nicolson. 1976. Flora of Hassan district. (F Hassan)
- Siemonsma, J. S. & Kasem Piluek, eds. 1993. Vegetables. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). (Pl Res SEAs) 8:181–184.
- Sino-Iranica; Chinese contributions to the history of civilization in ancient Iran, with special reference to the history of cultivated plants and products / by Berthold Laufer -- Chicago, 1919. ENG url p. 196, p. 618.
- Steenis, C. G. G. J. van, ed. 1948–. Flora malesiana. (F Males)
- Steward, A. N. 1958. Manual of vascular plants of the lower Yangtze valley. (F LowYangtze)
- Swamp morning-glory Invasive.org. Photographs; Special Note: Resources
- The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay: The Society, ENG url p. 777.
- Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952–. Flora of tropical East Africa. (F TE Afr)
- University/Academic
- Walker, E. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu Islands. (F Okin)
- Water Spinach - Exotic Aquatics on the Move National Sea Grant Network and Geographic Education Alliances. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Distribution; Controls
- Water spinach, swamp morning-glory Guide to Invasive Plants of the Galveston Bay Area. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Distribution; Controls
- Water-spinach - Weed Alert (PDF | 290 KB) Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts
- Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds. (Invasive Pl Spec)
- Westphal, E. & P. C. M. Jansen, eds. 1989. A selection. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). (Pl Res SEAs) A:164.
- Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition). (F ChinaEng)
- Yunnan Inst. Bot. & Kunming Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci., eds. 1977–. Flora yunnanica. (F Yunnan)
Notes
Contributors
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 10, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 12 providers.
- "Ipomoea aquatica". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 307. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- National Invasive Species Information Center, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Site. Accessed May 3, 2008.
- USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 10, 2007:
- Australian National Herbarium
- , Australian National Herbarium
- Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
- GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
- , Vascular Plant Herbarium
- Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
- Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
- , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
- International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), The System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Plants of Papua New Guinea
- USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2653800
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-30759
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13745257
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:268410-1
- GRIN Nomen Number: 20138
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 30759
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 268410-1
- MoBot NameID: 8500040
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDCON0A1W0
- U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: IPRE2
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13941
Footnotes
- Ruizheng Fang & George Staples "Convolvulaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 271. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Clifton E. Nauman "Ipomoea". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 301. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- "Ipomoea aquatica". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 307. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Mean = 126.860 meters (416.207 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,052.550 based on 93 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
