Ilex crenata (Box-Leaved Holly)

Overview

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Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Box-Leaved Holly, Box-Leaf Holly, Boxleaf Holly, Japanese Holly

Description

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Genus Ilex

Usually dioecious shrubs or trees . Leaves coriaceous , often spinose and shiny above; stipules caducous . Flowers 4-5-merous, bisexual or unisexual with vestigial remains of either sex. Corolla rotate. Style absent or obsolete , stigma lobed . Drupe fleshy , pyrenes 2-5, rarely more.

400 species, tropical and subtropical areas of both hemispheres. Represented in Pakistan by 2 species (excluding 1 cultivated species) .[1]

Physical Description

Species Ilex crenata

Shrubs evergreen , 5-10 m tall; bark gray-black. Young branchlets gray or black, longitudinally angular, densely pubescent ; older branchlets with leaf scars raised lunate , lenticels sparsely elliptic or circular. Stipules subulate , minute; petiole 2-3 mm, sulcate , pubescent; leaf blade abaxially greenish, adaxially green, shiny, obovate , elliptic, or oblong-elliptic, 1-3.5 × 0.5-1.5 cm, leathery, abaxially glabrous , densely brown glandular punctate , adaxially glabrous except on midvein , rugose when dry, midvein adaxially flat or slightly impressed , pubescent, lateral veins 3-5 pairs, obscure , reticulate veins indistinct, base obtuse or cuneate, margin crenate-serrate, apex rounded , obtuse, or subacute . Male inflorescences: cymes of order 1-3, 1-7-flowered, solitary, axillary on scales or lower leaves of current year™s branchlets, rarely pseudofasciculate on second year™s branchlets; peduncles 4-9 mm; secondary axis ca. 1 mm; pedicels 2-3 mm, bracteoles 1 or 2, subbasal ; 1-flowered pedicels 4-8 mm, bracteoles 1 or 2, submedian; flowers white, 4-merous; calyx patelliform , ca. 2 mm in diam., glabrous, 4-lobed, lobes broadly deltoid, margin erose; petals 4, broadly elliptic, ca. 2 mm, basally slightly connate ; stamens shorter than petals, anthers elliptic; rudimentary ovary conical , apex slightly apiculate or acute. Female inflorescences: cymes of order 1(or 2), 1(-3) -flowered, solitary, axillary on current year™s branchlets; pedicels 3.5-6(-12) mm, distal half slightly thickened, longitudinally ridged ; bracteoles 1 or 2, submedian; flowers 4-merous; calyx ca. 3 mm in diam., 4-lobed, lobes rounded; corolla ca. 6 mm in diam., petals ovate , ca. 3 mm, basally slightly connate; staminodes ca. 1/2 as long as petals, sterile anthers sagittate ; ovary ovoid, ca. 2 mm, style sometimes distinct , stigma discoid , 4-lobed. Fruit black, globose , 6-8 mm in diam.; fruiting pedicel 4-6 mm; persistent calyx explanate, ca. 3 mm in diam.; persistent stigma thickly discoid, ca. 1 mm in diam., conspicuously 4-lobed; pyrenes 4, oblong-ellipsoidal, ca. 5 mm, 3-3.5 mm in diam., abaxially smooth, striate , not sulcate, endocarp leathery. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Aug-Oct. [source]

ID Features: Alternate leaf arrangement and small marginal serrations separate it from. Buxus sp. which has opposite leaves and no serrations. Dense, rigid, multibranched habit. Lustrous evergreen leaves. Black fruit.

Habit: Evergreen shrub with compact , upright, spreading habit. Dense with lots of rigid branches. • Growth Form: Multiple Stem • Shape and Orientation: Decumbent

Flowers: Dioecious, with male and female plants . Blooms in May into June; not showy. Small, dull white flowers in clusters of 3 to 5 (male). • Bloom Period: Mid Spring • Flower Color: Yellow • Flower Conspicuous: No

Seeds: Seed per Pound: 29000 • Seed Spread Rate: None • Seedling Vigor: Low • Fruit: Female plants may produce 0.25" diameter black fruit. Male plants bear no fruit, but are needed as pollinators. Fruit in September - October; often persist until spring . Fruits borne below the foliage and hidden. Fruit is not ornamentally significant. • Fruit/Seed Abundance: Medium • Fruit/Seed Color: Black • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: Yes • Cold Stratification Required: Yes

Foliage: Tiny, narrow, dark green, shallowly toothed , oval to ovate glossy evergreen . • Foliage Color: Dark Green • Summer foliage: Dark green, lustrous leaves. Evergreen , usually broadest in the middle . Alternate leaf arrangement . Leaf margin serrate from base to tip . Leaves mostly 1" to 2" long. • Fall foliage: Evergreen , so no fall color. Leaves also shiny in winter season . • Foliage Porosity Summer: Dense • Foliage Porosity Winter: Dense • Foliage Texture: Fine • Fall Conspicuous: No • Leaf Retention: Yes

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Slow. • Mature Height (feet): 10.0 • Maximum Height at 20 Years (feet): 4 • Size: 6' to 10' tall and at least as wide. Size is variable and dependent on cultivar. • Vegetative Spread Rate: None • Lifespan: Lifespan

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: As a foundation plant. Hedges . Borders . In mass planting . Useful for high quality evergreen foliage . For formal gardens with sheared plantings. • Liabilities: Lack of all around cold hardiness in any location in zone 5. Foliar burn , twig kill in severe winters. Spider mite can be problematic in planting incorrectly sited in hot, dry. locations. Thielaviopsis blight can cause twig death on stressed plants . Somewhat overused in some neighborhoods or regions. Iron chlorosis on high pH soils. • Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Feeding should be done in early spring or late autumn with a fertilizer formulated for acid-loving broad-leaved evergreens, such as cottonseed meal , rhododendron fertilizer, Miracid®, etc. If pruning becomes necessary, do it in early spring before new growth begins, trimming towards a symmetrical shape .

Habitat

Forests , thickets on hills or mountains; 700-2100 m [2].

Warmer sections of zone 5.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,918 meters (0 to 16,135 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: Yes • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: Yes • Propagated by Seed: No • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Spring • Fruit/Seed Period End: Summer • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Needs protection from drying winter winds. Full sun to partial shade. Easily transplanted from container or B&B. Withstand significant pruning or shearing. Moist, slightly acid soils , well-drained soils are ideal. Tolerant of conditions in urban gardens. Plant 6 feet apart in mass plantings . Plant 3 feet apart in hedges .

Soil: Requires well-drained, slightly acid, fertile soil. • Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: None • Minimum pH: 4.5 • Maximum pH: 5.5 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun . • Shade Tolerance: Tolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Medium • Minimum Precipitation: 35 • Maximum Precipitation: 55 • Moisture Use: Medium • Water Requirements: Keep the soil moist during the summer growing season , but allow it to dry somewhat in early fall to allow the new growth to mature enough to resist winter damage.

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -13 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 160 • Cold Hardiness: 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Celastranae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Aquifoliales () - Senft, 1856
        Family: Aquifoliaceae () - Bercht. & J. Presl, 1825, nom. cons.
        Genus: Ilex () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Holly
        Specific epithet: crenata - Thunb.
        Form: for a flora of the island, based on a study of the
        Botanical name: - Ilex crenata Thunb.

Synonyms

Celastrus adenophyllus Miquel • I. crenata f. helleri (Craig) Rehder • I. crenata f. kusnetzoffii Loesener • I. crenata f. latifolia (Goldring) Rehder • I. crenata f. longifolia (Goldring) Rehder • I. crenata f. longipedunculata S. Y. Hu • I. crenata f. luteovariegata (Regel) Rehder • I. crenata f. microphylla Rehder • I. crenata f. multicrenata (C. J. Tseng) S. K. Chen • I. crenata f. nummularia (Yatabe) H. Hara • I. crenata f. variegata G. Nicholson • I. crenata var. helleri (Craig) L. H. Bailey • I. crenata var. latifolia Goldring • I. crenata var. longifolia Goldring • I. crenata var. luteovariegata Regel • I. crenata var. major G. Nicholson Ex Dallimore • I. crenata var. mariesii Dallimore • I. crenata var. multicrenata C. J. Tseng • I. crenata var. nummularia Yatabe • I. crenata var. variegata (G. Nicholson) Dallimore • I. euryifolia K. Mori & Yamamoto • I. helleri Craig. • Ilex crenata f. bullata Rehder • Ilex crenata var. aureovariegata Goldring

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Ilex

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 299 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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The Illustrated dictionary of gardening: a practical and scientific encyclopaedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists / edited by George Nicholson. ..; assisted by J.W.H. Trail. .. and J. Garrett. ... London: L. Upcott Gill; 1887-1889. url p. 395.
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The Review of applied entomology. Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc. url p. 41, p. 736.
The blossom circle of the year in southern gardens, New York, N.Y., A. T. De La Mare company, inc., 1922. url p. 24, p. 8.
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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed May 2, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 14, 2007:

National Institute of Genetics, ROIS, Herbarium Specimens of Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref., Japan
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2667598
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-503156
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13760373
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:83193-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 19691
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 503156
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 83193-1
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAQU01170
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ILCR2
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 43988

Footnotes

"Ilex". in Flora of Pakistan Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Ilex crenata". in Flora of China Vol. 11 Page 362, 385. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 579.370 meters (1,900.820 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,203.290 based on 16 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Ilex crenata

Overview

Interesting Facts

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Description

Genus Ilex

Physical Description

Species Ilex crenata

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Habitat

Biology

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Growth

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Similar Species

Members of the genus Ilex

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Footnotes