Ilex coriacea

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Genus Ilex

Usually dioecious shrubs or trees . Leaves coriaceous , often spinose and shiny above; stipules caducous . Flowers 4-5-merous, bisexual or unisexual with vestigial remains of either sex. Corolla rotate. Style absent or obsolete , stigma lobed . Drupe fleshy , pyrenes 2-5, rarely more.

400 species, tropical and subtropical areas of both hemispheres. Represented in Pakistan by 2 species (excluding 1 cultivated species) .[1]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Feeding should be done in early spring or late autumn with a fertilizer formulated for acid-loving broad-leaved evergreens, such as cottonseed meal , rhododendron fertilizer, Miracid®, etc. If pruning becomes necessary, do it in early spring before new growth begins, trimming towards a symmetrical shape .

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 223 meters (0 to 732 feet).[2]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: Yes • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: Yes • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: Yes

Growth

Culture: Space 36-48" apart. Propagate from cuttings. Plant your holly in early spring , before new growth begins and mulch with a 2- to 4-inch layer of wood chips , sawdust, pine needles , ground bark or other coarse material to keep the roots cool and moist.

Soil: Requires well-drained, slightly acid, fertile soil. • Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: No • Anaerobic Tolerance: High • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: None • Minimum pH: 5.5 • Maximum pH: 6.7 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to partial shade. Although semi-shade is preferable in midsummer, the more light it has the more dense its foliage will be. • Shade Tolerance: Tolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Low • Minimum Precipitation: 30 • Maximum Precipitation: 70 • Moisture Use: High • Water Requirements: Keep the soil moist during the summer growing season , but allow it to dry somewhat in early fall to allow the new growth to mature enough to resist winter damage.

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): 7 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 200 • Cold Hardiness: 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Ilex

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 299 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

I. ambigua (Carolina Holly) · I. ambigua f. channellii (Carolina Holly) · I. ambigua f. mollis (Carolina Holly) · I. ambigua f. montana (Carolina Holly) · I. amelanchier (Sarvis Holly) · I. anomala (Hawai'i Holly) · I. aquifolium (Broad-Leaved Silver Holly) · I. aquifolium f. albopicta (English Holly) · I. aquifolium f. aureopicta (English Holly) · I. aquifolium var. Siberia Limsi (Siberian English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Alaska' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Angustifolia' (Narrowleaf English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Argenteo-marginata' (Variegated English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Big Bull' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Campus Variegated' (Campus Variegated Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Ciliata Major' (Ciliata Major English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Crispa Aurea' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Ferox Argentea' (Silver Hedgehog English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Golden Milkboy' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Gold Coast' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Lichtenthalii' (Narrowleaf English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Lily Gold' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Monler' (Sparkler® English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Monvila' (Gold Coast® English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Moonlight' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Myrtifolia' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Northern Lights' (Holly 'northern Lights') · I. aquifolium 'Pendula' (Weeping Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Phantom Gold' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Pinto' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Silver Milkmaid' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Silver Queen' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Teufel's Zero' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Twenty Below' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Variegata' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Yule Glow' (English Holly) · I. attenuata (Topal Holly) · I. attenuata f. buxtonica (Topel Holly) · I. attenuata 'Iabof' (Holly 'iabof') · I. cassine (Dahoon) · I. cassine f. glabra (Dahoon Holly) · I. cassine f. hirtella (Dahoon Holly) · I. cassine var. cassine (Dahoon) · I. cassine var. latifolia (Dahoon) · I. collina (Long-Stalked Holly) · I. cookii (Cook's Holly) · I. coriacea (Bay-Gail Holly) · I. cornuta (Chinese Holly) · I. cornuta x latifolia (Holly) · I. cornuta 'Berries Jubilee' (Berries Jubilee Holly) · I. cornuta 'Burfordii' (Burford Holly) · I. cornuta 'Burfordii Nana' (Dwarf Burford Holly) · I. cornuta 'Carissa' (Carissa Holly) · I. cornuta 'Carolina Sentinel' (Holly) · I. cornuta 'Dazzler' (Chinese Holly) · I. cornuta 'Dwarf Burford' (Dwarf Burford Chinese Holly) · I. cornuta 'National' (National Holly) · I. cornuta 'Needlepoint' (Needlepoint Holly) · I. cornuta 'O'spring' (Chinese Holly) · I. cornuta 'Rotunda' (Dwarf Chinese Holly) · I. cornuta 'Sunrise' (Sunrise Variegated Chinese Holly) · I. cornuta 'Willowleaf' (Chinese Holly) · I. creanata'Sky Pencil' (Sky Pencil Holly) · I. crenata (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata f. multicrenata (Japanese Holly) · I. crenata var. convexa f. convexa (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata var. Excelsa Schwoebel (Upright Schwoebel Holly) · I. crenata 'Steeds' (Steeds Japanese Holly) · I. crenata 'Beehive' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata 'Bennett's Compacta' (Bennett's Compact Holly) · I. crenata 'Chesapeake' (Chesapeake Holly) · I. crenata 'Dwarf Pagoda' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata 'Glory' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata 'Golden Gem' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata 'Golden Heller' (Golden Heller's Japanese Holly) · I. crenata'Green Luster' (Green Luster Japanese Holly) · I. crenata 'Green Lustre' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata 'Helleri' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata 'Hoogendorn' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata 'Ivory Tower' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata 'Jersey Pinnacle' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata 'Mariesii' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata 'Nigra' (Nigra Japanese Holly) · I. crenata 'Northern Beauty' (Northern Beauty Japanese Holly) · I. crenata 'Rocky Creek' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata 'Sentinel' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata 'Skypencil' (Japanese Holly) · I. crenata 'Sky Pencil' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata 'Snowflake' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata 'Soft Touch' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. crenata 'Steed's Upright' (Japanese Holly) · I. crenata 'Variegata' (Box-Leaved Holly) · I. cuthbertii (Cuthbert's Holly) · I. cyrtura (Ilex) · I. decidua (Deciduous Holly) · I. decidua 'Council Fire' (Council Fire Deciduous Holly) · I. decidua 'Red Cascade' (Deciduous Holly) · I. decidua 'Red Escort' (Possum Haw Holly) · I. decidua 'Sentry' (Sentry Deciduous Holly) · I. decidua 'Warren's Red' (Deciduous Holly)

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Further Reading

• A guide and key to the aquatic plants of the Southeastern United States, by Don E. Eyles and Lynne Robertson, Jr. With original drawings by Garnet W. Jex. Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1963. url p. 121.
• A survey of natural areas in Brunswick County, North Carolina: for The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Coastal Natural Area Inventory Project / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982?] url , , , , , , , , , , , , , p. 7.
• A survey of natural areas in Tyrrell County, North Carolina: for The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Coastal Natural Area Inventory Project / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982?] url p. 31, p. 40, p. 9.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102nd meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. Addison Brown. New York: Scribner, 1913. url p. 488, p. 488.
• Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. New York, New York Academy of Sciences. url p. 208, p. 91, p. 93, p. 94.
• Annual report / Florida State Geological Survey. Tallahassee, Fla.: Capital Pub. Co., state printer, url p. 206, p. 214, p. 235, p. 250, p. 262, p. 312.
• Annual report. United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. 1st-12th, 1867-1878. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1867-83. url .
• Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States, by Donovan S. Correll and Helen B. Correll. [Washington]Environmental Protection Agency; [For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.]1972. url p. 1100.
• Bartonia;proceedings of the Philadelphia botanical club. .. 11 - 20 1929 - 19 Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, Academy of Natural Sciences. url p. 7.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 22 1895 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870-1996 url p. 176, p. 177, p. 208, p. 216, p. 648.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 6 1901 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 163, p. 604.
• Economic botany of Alabama. University, Ala., 1913-1928. url p. 248, p. 333, p. 337.
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. url p. 1000.
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. url p. 25, p. 76, p. 94, p. 97.
• Flood tolerance of plant species in bottomland forests of the southeastern United States / 1992. url p. 107, p. 183, p. 184, p. 192, p. 196.
• Grazing effects on herbage composition and nutrient distribution on a Florida range flatwoods / by Burton J. Smith. 1978. url p. 22.
• Journal of Hymenoptera research. Washington, D.C.: International Society of Hymenopterists, [1992- url p. 300.
• Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. 33 1932 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., 1900- url p. 274.
• Manual of the southeastern flora: being descriptions of the seed plants growing naturally in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, eastern Louisiana, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. 1933 New York: The author, 1933. url p. 813.
• Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1938. url , p. 143, p. 198.
• Natural area inventory of Hyde County, North Carolina / [Raleigh]: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, 1982. url p. 112, p. 150, p. 37, p. 45, p. 65, p. 73, p. 85, p. 92.
• Natural area inventory of Pamlico County, North Carolina / [Raleigh]: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, 1982. url p. 104, p. 109, p. 55, p. 69, p. 77, p. 88.
• Natural area inventory of Pender County, North Carolina / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982?] url p. 114, p. 12, p. 127, p. 17, p. 57, p. 71, p. 72, p. 86.
• Natural area inventory of Washington County, North Carolina / [Raleigh]: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, 1982. url p. 108, p. 113, p. 120, p. 133, p. 142, p. 17, p. 33, p. 39, p. 98.
• Natural areas inventory of Carteret County, North Carolina: for the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Coastal Natural Area Inventory Project / [Raleigh]: N.C. Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, N.C. Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1983]. url p. 127, p. 181, p. 196, p. 56, p. 74.
• Natural areas inventory, Gates County, North Carolina / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982] url p. 200.
• Novon a journal of botanical nomenclature from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 12 2002 St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden, url p. 99.
• Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 1, p. 128, p. 251, p. 369, p. 371, p. 377, p. 380, p. 381, p. 386, p. 40, p. 44, p. 5, p. 9.
• Plant life of Alabama, an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state. By Charles Mohr. .. Montgomery, Ala., Brown printing co., 1901. url p. 122, p. 163, p. 604.
• Plant life of Alabama. An account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state. Prepared in cooperationwith the Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1901. url .
• Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. url p. 122.
• Practical forestry. A treatise on the propagation, planting, and cultivation, with a description, and the botanical and popular names of all the indigenous trees of the United States. By Andrew S. Fuller. New York: Orange Judd company, [1884] url p. 290.
• Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington url p. 571.
• Resources of southern Alabama: a statistical guide for investors and settlers, with an exposition of some of the principles of economic geography / by Roland M. Harper. University, Ala.: Geological Survey of Alabama, [1920]. url p. 145, p. 67.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 141 1961 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 158, p. 41.
• The Asa Gray bulletin. 2 1953 Ann Arbor, Mich. url p. 205.
• The Auk. Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union, etc., 1884- url , p. 104.
• The Florists' exchange: a weekly medium of interchange for florists, nurserymen, seedsmen and the trade in general. New York, N.Y.: [A.T. De la Mare Ptg. and Pub. Co., url p. 1303.
• The North American Pyrenomycetes. A contribution to mycologic botany, Newfield, N. J., Ellis & Everhart, 1892 [c1890] url .
• The silva of North America: a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico /by Charles Sprague Sargent. .. illustrated with figures and analyses drawn from nature by Charles Edward Faxon. .. 2 1891 Boston, New York: Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1891-1902. url p. 7.
• Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 110, p. 111, p. 124, p. 220, p. 285, p. 60, p. 82, p. 84, p. 9.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed May 2, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

• Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2651766
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-27994
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13743514
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:83181-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 19688
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 27994
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 83181-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAQU010A0
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ILCO
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 42453

Footnotes

1. "Ilex". in Flora of Pakistan Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Mean = 50.320 meters (165.092 feet), Standard Deviation = 47.270 based on 181 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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