Ilex aquifolium (Broad-Leaved Silver Holly)

Overview

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Holly fruits, Withyham, E Sussex, 28 Oct. 2006

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Broad-Leaved Silver Holly, English Holly

Description

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Genus Ilex

Usually dioecious shrubs or trees . Leaves coriaceous , often spinose and shiny above; stipules caducous . Flowers 4-5-merous, bisexual or unisexual with vestigial remains of either sex. Corolla rotate. Style absent or obsolete , stigma lobed . Drupe fleshy , pyrenes 2-5, rarely more.

400 species, tropical and subtropical areas of both hemispheres. Represented in Pakistan by 2 species (excluding 1 cultivated species) .[1]

Physical Description

Habit: Evergreen .

Flowers: White flowers. Blooms in mid-spring. Atrracts bees and butterflies. • Bloom Period: April, May. • Flower Color: near white, white

Seeds: Fruit: Females produce red berries in fall and autumn if a male of the same species is within 100 feet. Many migrating birds, such as robins, will gorge on the fruit.

Foliage: Tiny, narrow, dark green, shallowly toothed , oval to ovate glossy evergreen . • Fall foliage: Green

Size/Age/Growth

Growth Rate: Slow to moderate. • Size: 8-10' tall.

Landscaping

Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Feeding should be done in early spring or late autumn with a fertilizer formulated for acid-loving broad-leaved evergreens, such as cottonseed meal , rhododendron fertilizer, Miracid®, etc. If pruning becomes necessary, do it in early spring before new growth begins, trimming towards a symmetrical shape .

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,303 meters (0 to 4,275 feet).[2]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 15-20' apart.

Soil: Requires well-drained, slightly acid, fertile soil. • Minimum pH: 4.5 • Maximum pH: 6.0

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Moisture: Water Requirements: Keep the soil moist during the summer growing season , but allow it to dry somewhat in early fall to allow the new growth to mature enough to resist winter damage.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Celastranae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Aquifoliales () - Senft, 1856
        Family: Aquifoliaceae () - Bercht. & J. Presl, 1825, nom. cons.
        Genus: Ilex () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Holly
        Specific epithet: aquifolium - L.
        Botanical name: - Ilex aquifolium L.

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Ilex

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 299 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

More Info

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Popular field botany; containing a familiar and technical description of the plants most common to the various localities of the British Isles, adapted to the study of either the artificial or natural systems. London, Reeve, Benham & Reeve, 1849. url p. 128.
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Protected Landscapes: experience around the world. Prepared for the International Symposium on Protected Landscapes, Grange-over-Sands, England 5-10 October 1987 IUCN url p. 196.
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Reports and papers on botany. London: Printed for the Ray society, 1846-49. url p. 325.
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Riviera nature notes / a popular account of the more striking plants and animals of the Riviera and the Maritime Alps. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1903. url p. 180.
Rochester and district; a sketch-guide to its geology, flora, & fauna, compiled by J. Hepworth. Rochester, Parrett & Neves, 1913. url p. 17.
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Seaside planting of trees and shrubs. By Alfred Gaut, F.R.H.S. Illustrated from photographs by Frank Sutcliffe. London, C. Scribner's sons, 1907. url p. 84.
Select extra-tropical plants readily eligible for industrial culture or naturalization, with indications of their native countries and some of their uses. Detroit, Mich., G.S. Davis, 1884. url p. 196.
Select extra-tropical plants, readily eligible for industrial culture or naturalisation, with indications of their native countries and some of their uses. By Baron Ferd. von Mueller. .. Sydney, T. Richards, government printer, 1881. url p. 177.
Shade and ornamental trees of California, by Merritt B. Pratt, state forester. Sacramento?1922? url p. 78, p. 78.
Shade gardens / by Oliver E. Allen and the editors of Time-Life Books. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, c1979. url p. 119.
Smithsonian year. 1976 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1965-1976. url p. 485.
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Some recent researches in plant physiology. By W. R. G. Atkins. London, Whittaker & co., 1916. url p. 101, p. 162, p. 164, p. 192, p. 195, p. 197, p. 209.
Sport in Norway, and where to find it. Together with a short account of the vegetable productions of the country. To which is added, a list of the Alpine flora of the Dovre fjeld and of the Norwegian ferns, &c. By M. R. Barnard. .. London, Chapman and Hall, 1864. url p. 267, p. 267.
Standardized plant names; a catalogue of approved scientific and common names of plants in American commerce. Salem, Mass., 1923. url p. 202.
Strasburger's Text-book of botany. Rewritten by Dr. Hans Fitting. .. Dr. Ludwig Jost. .. Dr. Heinrich Schenck. .. Dr. George Karsten. London, Macmillan, 1921. url p. 655, p. 656.
Supplement to the arctic zoology London: Printed by Henry Hughs, 1787. url .
Sylva Telluriana. Mantis synopt. New genera and species of trees and shrubs of North America, and other regions of the earth, omitted or mistaken by the botanical authors and compilers, or not properly classified, now By C.S. Rafinesque. Being a supplement to the Flora Telluriana. Philadelphia, Printed for the author and publisher, 1838. url p. 44.
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Sylvan sketches; or, A companion to the park and the shrubbery: with illustrations from the works of the poets. By the author of the Flora domestica... London: Whittaker, Treacher and co., 1831. url p. 164.
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Technical mycology; the utilization of micro-organisms in the arts and manufactures. A practical handbook on fermentation and fermentative processes, for the use of brewers and distillers, analysts, technical and agricultural chemists, pharmacists, and all interested in the industries London, C. Griffin and company, limited, 1898-1910. url p. 279, p. 280, p. 720.
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The American entomologist. St. Louis: R.P. Studley & Co., 1868-1870. url p. 284.
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The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History. London, Taylor and Francis, Ltd. url p. 299, p. 299, p. 331, p. 47, p. 47, p. 47, p. 72, p. 76.
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The Bermuda islands: an account of their scenery, climate, productions, physiography, natural history and geology, with sketches of their discovery and early history, and the changes in their flora and fauna due to man; with 38 plates and over 250 cuts in the text / by Addison E. Verrill. New Haven, Conn.: The author, 1902. url p. 519.
The Bradley bibliography; a guide to the literature of the woody plants of the world published before the beginning of the twentieth century; Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1911-18. url p. 463, p. 526, p. 780.
The British cyclopædia of natural history: combining a scientific classification of animals, plants, and minerals. .. By authors eminent in their particular department. Arranged and ed. by Charles F. Partington. London: Orr & Smith, 1835-37. url p. 766, p. 838.
The British flora medica, or, History of the medicinal plants of Great Britain / by Benjamin H. Barton, and Thomas Castle. London: E. Cox, 1838. url , , p. 504.
The California horticulturist and floral magazine. San Francisco, Calif.: F.A. Miller & Co., 1870- url p. 76.
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The English flower garden and home grounds: design and arrangement followed by a description of the plants, shrubs and trees for the open-air garden and their culture / by W. Robinson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1921. url p. 508.
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The Entomologist's record and journal of variation. s.l., s.n. url p. 184, p. 250, p. 287, p. 42, p. 70, p. 80.
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The Florists' exchange: a weekly medium of interchange for florists, nurserymen, seedsmen and the trade in general. New York, N.Y.: [A.T. De la Mare Ptg. and Pub. Co., url p. 1024, p. 1211, p. 1559, p. 444, p. 459, p. 510, p. 525, p. 607, p. 653, p. 700, p. 733, p. 747, p. 837, p. 940, p. 947.
The Gaelic names of plants (Scottish, Irish, and Manx), collected and arranged in scientific order, with notes on their etymology, uses, plant superstitions, etc., among the Celts, with copious Gaeli Glasgow, J. Mackay, 1900. url , .
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The Gardener's monthly and horticulturist. Philadelphia, Pa.: Charles H. Marot, 1876-1888. url p. 347.
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The Great Basin naturalist. 40 1980 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url welsh, page 38, p. 39.
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The Irish naturalist. Dublin: Eason & Son, Ltd., 1892- url p. 60.
The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. url p. 187, p. 299, p. 416, p. 478.
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The Naturalist. 1894 [Doncaster: Yorkshire Naturalists' Union], 1874- url p. 103, p. 353, p. 53.
The New Forest: its history and its scenery / by John R. Wise; with 63 illustrations by Walter Crane; engraved by W.J. Linton. London: Gibbings, 1895. url p. 293.
The North American sylva, or A description of the forest trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia. .. to which is added a description of the most useful of the European forest trees. .. Tr. from the French of F. Andrew Michaux. Paris, Printed by C. D'Hautel, 1819. url p. 159.
The Phytologist: a botanical journal. London, William Pamplin, 1855-1863. url p. 114.
The Phytologist: a popular botanical miscellany. London, John van Voorst, 1844-56. url p. 193.
The Pliocene floras of the Dutch-Prussian border, 's-Gravenhage, M. Nijhoff, 1915. url .
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The Romance of wild flowers: a companion to the British flora / by Edward Step. London; Warne, 1899. url p. 168.
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The Scottish naturalist. Perth [etc.]: Cowan & Co. [etc.], url p. 23, p. 275, p. 87.
The Shakespeare garden, New YorkThe Century co.1922 url p. 331, p. 353.
The Shakespeare garden, by Esther Singleton, with numerous illustrations from photographs and reproductions of old wood cuts. New York: Century, 1922. url p. 331, p. 331, p. 353, p. 353.
The Universal herbal; or, Botanical, medical, and agricultural dictionary; containing an account of all the known plants in the world, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the a London, Caxton Press[1824] url p. 308, p. 310.
The University of Kansas science bulletin. 36 1954 [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. url p. 1201.
The Victoria history of the county of Derby / edited by William Page. London[Constable]1905- url p. 40.
The art & craft of garden making / Thomas H. Mawson. London: B.T. Batsford; [1912] url p. 301.
The art of beautifying suburban home grounds of small extent. New York, D. Appleton & company, 1873. url p. 582.
The blossom circle of the year in southern gardens, New York, N.Y., A. T. De La Mare company, inc., 1922. url p. 199.
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The book of shrubs, by George Gordon. London andJ. Lane, 1903. url .
The book of shrubs. London, J. Lane, 1903 url .
The book of the landed estate, containing directions for the management and development of the resources of landed property. Edinburgh, Blackwood, 1869. url p. 382.
The book of the seasons: or, The calendar of nature / by William Howitt. Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1842. url p. 148.
The book of the seasons; or, The calendar of nature. LondonR. Bentley1833 url p. 124.
The botanical looker-out among the wild flowers of England and Wales, at all seasons, and in the most interesting localities. By Edwin Lees. .. London, Hamilton, Adams & Co., 1851. url p. 489.
The botany of the Eastern Borders: with the popular names and uses of the plants, and of the customs and beliefs which have been associated with them / by George Johnston. London: J. Van Voorst, 1853. url p. 321.
The care of trees in lawn, street and park. With a list of trees and shrubs for decorative use. New YorkHolt1910 url p. 287.
The classes and orders of the Linnaean system of botany: Illustrated by select specimens of foreign and indigenous plants. London: Printed by T. Bensley for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1816. url p. 69.
The complete garden, by Albert D. Taylor, assisted by Gordon D. Cooper. Illustrated with fifty full page cuts, four line charts, and nine coloured plates. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page, 1921. url p. 320, p. 320, p. 335, p. 335, p. 340, p. 340.
The complete illustrated book of garden magic. Chicago, J.G. Ferguson Pub. Co.[1969] url p. 109, p. 393, p. 88.
The continental element in the flora of south Sweden by Rikard Sterner. Stockholm: Centraltryckeriet, 1922. url p. 246, p. 439.
The development of British forestry. LondonE. Arnold1910 url p. 120.
The dictionary of science and technical terms used in philosophy, literature, professions, commerce, arts, and trades / by W.M. Buchanan; with supplement edited by James A. Smith. London: G.Bell and Sons, 1884. url p. 40.
The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. New York, D. Appleton, 1903. url , .
The elements of forestry designed to afford information concerning the planting and care of forest trees for ornament or profit and giving suggestions upon the creation and care of woodlands with the CincinnatiR. Clarke1882 url p. 366.
The elements of forestry, designed to afford information concerning the planting and care of forest trees for ornament or profit and giving suggestions upon the creation and care of woodlands with the view of securing the grea Cincinnati, R. Clarke, 1882. url p. 366.
The encyclopedia of gardening. A dictionary of cultivated plants, etc., giving in alphabetical sequence the culture and propagation of hardy and half-hardy plants, trees and shrubs, orchids, ferns, fruit, vegetables, hothouse and g London, W. H. & L. Collingridge[1908] url .
The flora of Berkshire; being a topographical and historical account of the flowering plants and ferns found in the county, with short biographical notices of the botanists who have contributed to Berkshire botany during the Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1897. url p. 124.
The flora of Dumfriesshire, including part of the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, by G.F. Scott-Elliot. Assisted by J. M'Andrew [and others] DumfriesJ. Maxwell, 1896. url p. 41.
The flora of Dumfriesshire: including part of the stewartry of Kirkcudbright / by G.F. Scott-Elliot; assisted by J. M'Andrew. .. [et al.] Dumfries: J. Maxwell, 1896. url p. 41.
The florist cultivator, or, Plain directions for the management of the principal florist flowers, shrubs, etc. etc.: adapted to the flower-garden, shrubbery, and greenhouse: with select lists of the finest roses, geraniums, carnations, pinks, auriculas, polyanthuses, tulips, dahlias, heartsease, &c &c.. .. / by Thomas Willats. London: J. Ridgeway, 1836. url p. 283.
The florist, fruitist, and garden miscellany. London: Chapman and Hall, 1852- url p. 348.
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Notes

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Contributors

Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed May 2, 2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 15, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 29 providers.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 28, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
NLBIF, Limnodata
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
SysTax, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen
SysTax, Museu Botanico Municipal
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Lund Botanical Museum
Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2667597
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-503154
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5304283
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:83052-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 19666
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 503154
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 53753-3
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAQU01040
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ILAQ80
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 42444

Footnotes

"Ilex". in Flora of Pakistan Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 118.450 meters (388.615 feet), Standard Deviation = 295.050 based on 805 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Ilex aquifolium

Overview

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Common Names

Description

Genus Ilex

Physical Description

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Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Similar Species

Members of the genus Ilex

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Identifiers

Footnotes