Hyphaene thebaica

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

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Description

Family Arecaceae

Trees or shrubs [lianas], perennial , branched or unbranched, solitary or clustered. Roots adventitious, thick. Stems woody, subterranean or terrestrial , creeping or erect [climbing ], slender or massive, sometimes conspicuously enlarged and storing starch and water, smooth or covered with fibrous or prickly remains of leaf bases . Leaves spirally arranged ; sheaths tubular , often forming crownshaft , sometimes with ligular appendages ; petioles terete , channeled , or ridged , unarmed or bearing prickles or marginal teeth; hastula (flap of tissue from petiole apex at junction with surface of blade ) absent or present adaxially, rarely present abaxially. Leaf blade palmate, costapalmate (intermediate between palmate and pinnate), pinnate, or 2-pinnate [undivided]; plication (folding lengthwise into pleats or furrows ) ^ - or tent-shaped (reduplicate , splitting along abaxial ridges ) or V-shaped (induplicate , splitting along adaxial ridges) ; segments lanceolate, linear , or cuneate [rhombic ], glabrous or variously scaly , unarmed or bearing prickles (proximal segments modified into spines in Phoenix) . Inflorescences from solitary [clustered] axillary buds, borne within, below, or above crown of leaves, paniculate , rarely spicate , usually branched to 1--5 orders ; prophyll (1st bract on main inflorescence axis ) 2-keeled; peduncular bract(s) (empty bract[s] between 1st prophyll and 1st bract subtending branch ) present [absent]; flowers bisexual , unisexual with staminate and pistillate on same plants or on different plants, or both bisexual and unisexual on same plant. Flowers solitary or variously clustered along rachillae of inflorescence, radially symmetric ; perianth 1--2-seriate; sepals [2--]3[--4], distinct or connate ; petals [2--]3[--4], distinct or variously connate; androecium: stamens [3--]6--34[--1000]; filaments distinct or connate or basally adnate to petals; anthers basifixed or dorsifixed , dehiscing latrorsely or introrsely; staminodes in pistillate flowers distinct or variously connate or adnate to pistil or petals; pistils 1 or 3, distinct or partially connate, each bearing 1 ovule and 1 stigma, or 1 pistil bearing 1--3 ovules and 3 stigmas; styles distinct or connate, short; stigmas dry; pistillode in staminate flower present or absent. Fruits drupaceous or berrylike; stigmatic remains basal or apical; exocarp smooth, warty, prickly, or hirsute [corky or scaly]; mesocarp fleshy or dry and fibrous; endocarp papery , leathery, or bony, sometimes with 3 germination pores . Seeds 1(--2+), free or adhering to endocarp; seed coat thin; endosperm homogeneous or ruminate , sometimes penetrated by seed coat; embryo basal, lateral , or apical, peglike, minute; eophyll (1st seedling leaf with blade) undivided and lanceolate or 2-cleft [pinnate].

Genera 1914, species ca. 2500 (19 genera, 29 species in the flora ) : worldwide, especially abundant in Central America, South America, se Asia.

Although palms appeared in various taxonomic schemes since the time of Linnaeus, the first attempt at a modern phylogenetic classification of the palms was published by H. E. Moore Jr. (1973) . Moore left his "major groups" unranked, and his untimely death in 1980 prevented his completing a formal synthesis. J. Dransfield and N. W. Uhl (1986) gave formal ranks to Moore€™s groups and divided the family into six subfamilies and numerous tribes and subtribes . Their Genera Palmarum (N. W. Uhl and J. Dransfield 1987, 1999) is a model of accuracy and completeness and will long serve the needs of the scientific, horticultural, and resource-management communities. With the advent of molecular techniques and a resurgence in palm research, however, realignments in the classification may be expected, and indeed additional data already require some changes in the current scheme (A. Barford 1991; R. G. Bernal et al. 1991; J. L. Dowe and N. W. Uhl 1989; J. Dransfield 1989, 1991; J. Dransfield and H. J. Beentje 1995, 1995b; A. Henderson and M. J. Balick 1991; N. W. Uhl and J. Dransfield 1999; N. W. Uhl et al. 1990, 1995.)

Modern cladistic analyses place the palms as the sister group to the Commelinanae clade (M. W. Chase et al. 1993; J. I. Davis 1995; M. R. Duvall et al. 1993b), with which they share ultraviolet-fluorescent phenolic compounds in their cell walls and Strelitzia-type epicuticular wax morphology (W. Barthlott and D. Frölich 1983; P. J. Harris and R. D. Hartley 1980) . Palms are currently treated as the sole representative of the superorder Arecanae , order Arecales (R. M. T. Dahlgren et al. 1985; R. F. Thorne 1992b) .

Morphologically the family is diverse and complex (see especially P. B . Tomlinson 1990) . The majority of palms produce a single indeterminate stem with axillary inflorescences; several noteworthy departures, however, also occur in numbers of vegetative and floral axes, position of inflorescence, and displacement of terminal bud. Stems may be solitary (monopodial) or clustered (sympodial), erect, prostrate , or lianoid. A majority of palms have unbranched vegetative axes, although aerial branching, sometimes dichotomous, is known in a variety of unrelated genera (e.g. , Korthalsia Blume, Nannorrhops H. Wendland) . Branching may also be nonaxiallary in some genera (J. B. Fisher et al. 1989) .

Studies of pollination (F. Borchsenius 1997; F. Ervik and J. P. Feil 1997; A. Henderson 1986; C. Listabarth 1992, 1993, 1993b, 1994; A. O. Scariot et al. 1991) indicate that insect pollination, especially by beetles (Coleoptera), bees and wasps (Hymenoptera), and flies (Diptera), is apparently more common than wind pollination. Bats (Chiroptera) play a role in the pollination of some species (S. A. Cunningham 1995) .

Dispersal of seeds is generally by means of animals for fleshy-fruited palms (S. Zona and A. Henderson 1989) . Many species of mammals include palm fruits in their diets (S. H. Bullock 1980; R. F. Harlow 1961; W. D. Klimstra and A. L. Dooley 1990; D. S. Maehr 1984; D. S. Maehr and J. R. Brady 1984), but birds also play a significant role. In the Eastern Hemisphere, Cocos Linnaeus and Nypa Steck have achieved a wide distribution as the result of dispersal by water. For the relationship between palms and seed-eating bruchid beetles (Bruchidae: Pachymerinae: Pachmerini), see C. D. Johnson et al. (1995) .[1]

Physical Description

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 15-20' apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Hist. nat. palm. 3:226, t. 131-133. 1845

Name verified on 06-Nov-1985 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 10-Oct-2007

Similar Species

Members of the genus Hyphaene

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 56 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

H. argun · H. baikieana · H. baronii · H. beccariana · H. benadirensis · H. benguelensis · H. buchneri · H. carinensis · H. compressa (East African Doum Palm) · H. coriacea (Southern Lala Palm) · H. coriaceae · H. crinita · H. cuciphera · H. cylindrocarpa · H. dahomeensis · H. dankaliensis · H. depressa · H. dichotoma (Indian Doum Palm) · H. doreyi · H. goetzei · H. gossweileri · H. guineensis · H. hildebrandtii · H. incoje · H. indica (Indian Doum Palm) · H. kilvaensis · H. luandensis · H. macrosperma · H. mangoides · H. mateba · H. megacarpa · H. multiformis · H. natalensis · H. nodularia · H. oblonga · H. obovata · H. occidentalis · H. ovata · H. parvula · H. petersiana (African Ivory Nut Palm) · H. pileata · H. pleuropoda · H. pyrifera · H. reptans · H. santoana · H. schatan · H. semiplaena · H. semiplena · H. shatan · H. tetragonoides · H. thebaica (Egyptian Doum Palm) · H. togoensis · H. turbinata · H. ventricosa · H. welwitschii · H. wendlandii

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Further Reading

• Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. 1976–. Flora of Libya. (F Libya)
• Andrews, F. W. 1950–1956. The flowering plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. (F Sudan)
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• Annales botanices systematicae. Auctore Guilielmo Gerardo Walpers. Lipsiae, Sumtibus F. Hofmeister, 1848-68. LAT url p. 815.
• Annales du Muse colonial de Marseille. Marseille: Muse colonial, 1907-1954. FRE url p. 92.
• Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. Colombo: Skien; 1901-1924. ENG url p. 577.
• Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 215, p. 454.
• Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft = Bulletin de la Socit botanique Suisse. [Zrich]: Die Gesellschaft, 1891-1981. FRE url p. 63.
• Biology of deserts: the proceedings of a symposium on the biology of hot and cold deserts organized by the Institute of Biology / edited by J.L. Cloudsley-Thompson. London: Institute of Biology; 1954. ENG url p. 94.
• Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. 2 1881 Stuttgart [etc.] Schweizerbart [etc.] GER url p. 331, p. 332.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 146, p. 258, p. 285, p. 320, p. 366, p. 489, p. 49, p. 635, p. 636.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, ENG url p. 529.
• Cufodontis, G. 1953–1972. Enumeratio plantarum aethiopiae: Spermatophyta. (F EthiopCuf)
• Der Zauber des Elelescho. Von K. G. Schillings Leipzig, R. Voigtler, 1906. GER url p. 207.
• Die Gartenwelt. Berlin: G. Schmidt, [1897- GER url p. 285, p. 357, p. 50.
• Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs: versuch einer Technischen Rohstofflehre des Pflanzenreiches / Unter Mitwirkung von Max Bemberger, von Julius von Wiesner. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1914. GER url p. 662, p. 687, p. 978.
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. (Zander ed13)
• Gartenflora. Erlangen: F. Enke, 1852-1940. GER url p. 160, p. 626.
• Handbuch der systematischen botanik, mit besonderer berücksichtigung der arzneipflanzen. Bd. 1. Leipzig, H. Haessel, 1879. GER url p. 326.
• Handwörterbuch der naturwissenschaften / hrsg. von prof. dr. E. Korschelt (zoologie) prof. dr. G. Linck (mineralogie und geologie) prof. dr. F. Oltmanns (botanik) prof. dr. K. Schaum (chemie) prof. dr. H. Th. Simon (physi Jena: G. Fischer, 1912-1915. GER url p. 375, p. 816, p. 818, p. 839.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard)
• Inventory of seeds and plants imported / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1914-1924. ENG url p. 16, p. 17, p. 92, p. 93, p. 98.
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. ENG url p. 388.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 1000, p. 1103, p. 1249, p. 1326, p. 157, p. 213, p. 231, p. 344, p. 37, p. 401, p. 416, p. 44, p. 448, p. 52, p. 614, p. 65, p. 712, p. 712, p. 754, p. 757, p. 78, p. 822, p. 831, p. 990.
• Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953–1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2. (F WT Afr)
• L'Agricoltura coloniale. Firenze, Istituto agronomico per l'Africa italiana [etc.] ITA url p. 292.
• Leopoldina. Dresen: E. Blochmann & Sohn, GER url p. 107.
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. (Hortus 3)
• Moore, H. E., Jr. 1963. An annotated checklist of cultivated palms. Principes 7:147.
• Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan. (F Pak)
• Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau: wöchentliche Berichte über die Fortschritte auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Naturwissenschaften. Braunschweig: Druck und verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1886- GER url p. 88.
• Nuovi annali delle scienze naturali. Bologna. url p. 130.
• Phytochemie, von Friedrich Rochleder. Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1854. GER url p. 221.
• Plant-geography upon a physiological basis. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903. ENG url p. 617.
• Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) - on-line resource. (Pl Names)
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. (Dict Rehm)
• Science in Africa; a review of scientific research relating to tropical and southern Africa, by E.B. Worthington issued by the Committee of the African research survey under the auspices of the Royal institute of international affairs. London, Oxford university press, 1938. ENG url p. 208.
• Seeds and plants imported / U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1903-1913. ENG url p. 44.
• Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde. GER url p. 11, p. 12.
• Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Wien: K.-K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei in Commission bei Carl Gerold's Sohn, GER url p. 107.
• Source book for African anthropology -- / by Wilfrid D. Hambly --. 111 text figures, 5 maps. Paul S. Martin -- editor. Chicago:Field Museum Press, 1937. ENG url p. 7, p. 890.
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• The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay: The Society, ENG url p. 929, p. 930.
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• Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952–. Flora of tropical East Africa. (F TE Afr) [mentions].
• Dransfield, J. and N. W. Uhl. 1986. An outline of a classification of palms. Principes 30: 3--11.
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• Henderson, A., G. Galeano, and R. G. Bernal. 1995. Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton.
• McClintock, E. 1993. Arecaceae [Palmae]. In: J. C. Hickman, ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual. Higher Plants of California. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London. P. 1105.
• Moore, H. E. Jr. 1973. The major groups of palms and their distribution. Gentes Herb. 11: 27--141.
• Tomlinson, P. B. 1990. The Structural Biology of Palms. Oxford.
• Uhl, N. W. and J. Dransfield. 1987. Genera Palmarum. Lawrence, Kans.
• Zona, S. 1997. The genera of Palmae (Arecaceae) in the southeastern United States. Harvard Pap. Bot. 2: 71--107.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/]. Access date: Nov 23, 2005
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 28, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 3 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 28, 2008)
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
• World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 28, 2008:

• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus: The AAU Herbarium Database
• Israel Nature and Parks Authority
• Missouri Botanical Garden

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2670676
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-101434
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13764353
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:667540-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 19615
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 506725
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: HYTH2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 42195

Footnotes

1. Scott Zona "Arecaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 22 Page 95. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

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