Hypericum perforatum (Common St Johnswort)

Overview

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Common St. Johnswort. <em>Hypericum perforatum</em>

Interesting Facts

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Look closely at the leaves to identify St . Johnsworts! Plants in the Hypericum genus cause photosensitivity in animals that eat them. For instance, horses, sheep, and goats with white patches (unpigmented areas) on their skin can suffer severe sunburn, swelling, and redness in those areas. The lips, ears and eyelids are especially sensitive . The skin will slough off in severe cases. The toxin is hypericum.
Look closely at the leaves to identify St. Johnsworts! Plants in the Hypericum genus cause photosensitivity in animals that eat them. For instance, horses, sheep, and goats with white patches (unpigmented areas) on their skin can suffer severe sunburn, swelling, and redness in those areas. The lips, ears and eyelids are especially sensitive. The skin will slough off in severe cases. The toxin is hypericum.

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Afrikaans:

Johanneskruid

Common Names in English:

Common St Johnswort, Common Goatweed, Common St. John's Wort, Common St. Johnswort, Goatweed, Klamath Weed, Klamathweed, Perforate St John´s-Wort, Perforated St Johns Wort, St John´s-Wort, St. John's Wort, St. Johnswort, Tipton Weed

Description

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Genus Hypericum

[Trees or] shrubs , subshrubs , or perennial herbs, glabrous or with simple hairs , with translucent ("pale") and often opaque , black or reddish ("dark") glands , laminar (immersed and sometimes abaxial ) and marginal or intramarginal . Leaves opposite [or whorled ], sessile or short petiolate , venation pinnate to palmate [or rarely dichotomous], margin entire or gland-fringed. Inflorescence cymose . Flowers bisexual , homostylous [or heterostylous], stellate or cupped. Sepals 5 and quincuncial or rarely 4 and decussate, unequal or equal, free or partly united . Petals (4 or) 5, contorted, golden to lemon yellow [or rarely white], abaxially sometimes tinged or veined red, persistent or deciduous after anthesis , usually asymmetric . Stamens in [4 or]5 fascicles, free and antipetalous , or some united to form apparently 4 or 3 fascicles with compound fascicle(s) antisepalous , or irregular and apparently not fasciculate, persistent or deciduous, each single fascicle with up to 70[-120] stamens; filaments slender, free from nearly base [or to 2/3 united] or apparently completely free; anthers small, dorsifixed or ± basifixed , dehiscing longitudinally, with gland on connective ; sterile fascicles (fasciclodes) absent [very rare]. Ovary 3-5-loculed with axile placentae or ± completely 1-loculed with (2 or) 3[-5] parietal placentae, each placenta with [2 or] few to many ovules; styles (2 or) 3-5, free or partly to completely united, ± slender; stigmas small or ± capitate. Fruit a septicidal capsule or rarely ± indehiscent, valves often with oil-containing vittae or vesicles . Seeds small, often carinate or narrowly unilaterally winged ; testa variously sculptured , not arillate [very rarely carunculate]; embryo slender, straight, with distinct slender cotyledons.

About 460 species: almost cosmopolitan except for arctic and desert areas and most of the lowland tropics; 64 species (33 endemic) in China.[1]

Physical Description

Species Hypericum perforatum

Herbs, perennial , 20-60(-100) cm tall, erect from creeping and rooting base ; stems numerous to few, much branched especially distally. Stems 2-lined, with few black glands on lines . Leaves sessile to subsessile ; blade ± narrowly elliptic to ± narrowly oblong or linear , (0.7-) 1-2.5(-3) cm × 3-7(-15) mm; thickly papery , abaxially paler; laminar glands pale, scattered and sometimes black, few, dots; intramarginal glands black, spaced, interspersed with small dense pale ones; main lateral veins ca. 2-paired, tertiary reticulation lax or scarcely visible; base subcordate-amplexicaul to rather narrowly cuneate, margin entire, plane or ± recurved, apex obtuse . Inflorescence 3- to numerous-flowered, from 1-3 nodes; flowering branches curved-ascending from up to 15 or sometimes more nodes below, the whole nearly flat-topped to broadly pyramidal or cylindric ; bracts and bracteoles to 4(-7) mm, narrowly lanceolate to linear, margin entire. Flowers 1.5-2.5(-3) cm in diam., stellate ; buds narrowly ovoid , apex acute. Sepals free , erect in bud, recurved in fruit, narrowly oblong or lanceolate to linear, equal, 3-4(-5) × 1-1.2 mm; laminar glands pale and often a few black, in 2(-4) rows , streaks (basally) to dots; intramarginal glands black, few, or absent; margin entire, apex acute to acuminate with tip somewhat glandular ; veins 3(-5). Petals golden yellow, oblong to oblong-elliptic, (0.8-) 1.2-1.5 cm × 5-6 mm, 3-4 × as long as sepals, asymmetric ; laminar glands black or pale, dots to lines, or often absent; intramarginal glands black or pale, distal, in sinuses when present; margin distally ± crenate . Stamens 40-60, apparently 3-fascicled, longest 6-8 mm, 0.5-0.7 × as long as petals. Ovary narrowly ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid; styles 3, 4.5-6 mm, 1.5-2 × as long as ovary, broadly to rather narrowly spreading . Capsule ovoid-conic to ovoid, 3-6.5 × 3-5 mm, 1-1.5 × as long as sepals; valves with abaxial vittae and lateral yellowish, elongate or short vesicles . Seeds dark brown, ca. 1 mm; testa finely linear-foveolate. Fl. Jun-Sep, fr. Jul-Oct. 2n = 32, 48. [source]

Hypericum perforatum is apparently an allotetraploid that would appear to have arisen from a cross between two diploid taxa, namely H. maculatum subsp. immaculatum (Balkan Peninsula) and H. attenuatum (W Siberia to China). [source]

In both the SW (S Europe, Mediterranean) and SE (China) parts of its range , small-leaved forms of Hypericum perforatum evolved, and both have been named var. microphyllum (respectively by Candolle in 1815 and H. Léveillé in 1908). This more southern Chinese form (var. confertiflorum Debeaux), which intergrades morphologically with the larger-leaved more northern Chinese form, has small, narrow leaves, with dense, smallish partial inflorescences remaining distinct on elongate, widely ascending branches. [source]

Hypericum perforatum has been subdivided into four subspecies , of which two occur in China. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: June. • Flower Color: yellow

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 12-18" tall.

Landscaping

Care: Shear after flowering to encourage reblooming. Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish an extensive root system . Feed regularly during the growing season with a general purpose fertilizer . Prune annually in late winter to promote vigorous new growth.

Habitat

Open woodlands, meadows, grasslands, and steppes , riverbanks, stony and grassy slopes , roadsides, in dry or well-drained habitats ; 100-2800 m [2].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,890 meters (0 to 6,201 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 18-24" apart.

Soil: Prefers organic soil. Needs well-drained soil. Good for dry soils. • Minimum pH: 5.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Rosidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Theanae () - Thorne Ex Reveal, 1993
        Order: Malpighiales () - C. Martius, 1835
        Series: on of American wild flowers that bloom in Apr ()
        Family: Hypericaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons.
        Tribe: Hypericeae ()
        Genus: Hypericum () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - St. Johnswort
        Specific epithet: perforatum - L.
        Form: for a flora of the island, based on a study of the
        Botanical name: - Hypericum perforatum L.

Notes

Publishing author : L. Publication : Species Plantarum 1753 (1 May 1753)

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Hypericum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 124 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 31, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
Institute of Nature Conservation PAS, National System of Proetcted Areas
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), EURISCO
Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
University of Vienna, Institute for Botany - Herbarium WU, Herbarium WU
inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2647508
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-21454
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5341511
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:101692-3
GRIN Nomen Number: 19600
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 21454
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 101692-3
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDCLU031A0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: HYPE
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 11826

Footnotes

Xi-wen Li & Norman K. B. Robson "Hypericum". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 1, 2. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Hypericum perforatum". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 5, 30, 31. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 149.780 meters (491.404 feet), Standard Deviation = 220.960 based on 13,242 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Hypericum perforatum

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Genus Hypericum

Physical Description

Species Hypericum perforatum

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Hypericum

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

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Footnotes