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Hibiscus trionum

(Flower of an Hour)

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Chinese:

Ye Xi Gua Miao

Common Names in Dutch:

Drie-Urenbloem

Common Names in English:

Annual Hibiscus, Bladder Ketmia, Flower of an Hour, Flower-Of-An-Hour, Flowerofanhour, Rosemallow, Venice Mallow, Venice-Mallow

Common Names in Finnish:

Ajannäyttäjäkukka

Common Names in German:

Stunden-Roseneibisch, Stundeneibisch

Common Names in Japanese:

Ginsenka

Common Names in Korean:

Soo Bahk Pool

Common Names in Maori:

Puarangi

Common Names in Norwegian:

Timerose

Common Names in Polish:

Hibiskus Jednoroczny, Ketmia Poludniowa

Common Names in Swedish:

Timvisare

Description

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Family Malvaceae

Herbs, shrubs , or less often trees ; indumentum usually with peltate scales or stellate hairs . Leaves alternate, stipulate , petiolate ; leaf blade usually palmately veined, entire or various lobed . Flowers solitary, less often in small cymes or clusters , axillary or subterminal , often aggregated into terminal racemes or panicles, usually conspicuous , actinomorphic , usually bisexual (unisexual in Kydia) . Epicalyx often present, forming an involucre around calyx, 3- to many lobed. Sepals 5, valvate , free or connate . Petals 5, free, contorted, or imbricate, basally adnate to base of filament tube . Stamens usually very many, filaments connate into tube; anthers 1-celled. Pollen spiny . Ovary superior, with 2-25 carpels, often separating from one another and from axis; ovules 1 to many per locule; style as many or 2 × as many as pistils, apex branched or capitate. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or a schizocarp, separating into individual mericarps, rarely berrylike when mature (Malvaviscus) ; carpels sometimes with an endoglossum (a crosswise projection from back wall of carpel to make it almost completely septate . Seeds often reniform , glabrous or hairy , sometimes conspicuously so.

About 100 genera and ca. 1000 species: tropical and temperate regions of N and S Hemisphere; 19 genera (four introduced ) and 81 species (24 endemic, 16 introduced) in China.

Molecular studies have shown that the members of the Bombacaceae, Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Tiliaceae form a very well-defined monophyletic group that is divided into ten also rather well-defined clades, only two of which correspond to the traditional families Bombacaceae and Malvaceae. Some of the remaining groups are included entirely within either of the remaining families but others cut across the traditional divide between the Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae. A majority of authors , most notably Bayer and Kubitzki (Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 5: 225-311. 2003), has favored including everything within a greatly enlarged Malvaceae, and treating the individual clades as subfamilies. The alternative view is that the individual clades should be treated as a series of ten families: Bombacaceae (Bombacoideae), Brownlowiaceae (Brownlowioideae), Byttneriaceae (Byttnerioideae), Durionaceae (Durionoideae), Helicteraceae (Helicteroideae), Malvaceae (Malvoideae), Pentapetaceae (Dombeyoideae), Sparrmanniaceae (Grewioideae), Sterculiaceae (Sterculioideae), and Tiliaceae (Tilioideae) (Cheek in Heywood et al. , Fl. Pl. Fam. World. 201-202. 2007) . For the present treatment, we prefer to retain the familiar, traditional four families, so as to maintain continuity with the treatments in FRPS, and to await a consensus on the two alternative strategies for dealing with the very widely accepted clades.

The traditional Malvaceae coincides exactly with one of the major clades. The only possible problem is the relationship with the Bombacaceae, which also has primarily 1-loculed anthers, and some authorities have suggested that the Bombacaceae should be included within the Malvaceae.

Members of the Malvaceae are important as fiber crops (particularly cotton, Gossypium) . Young leaves of many species can be used as vegetables, and species of Abelmoschus and Hibiscus are grown as minor food crops. Many species have attractive flowers and an ever-increasing selection is grown as ornamentals . Several have been cultivated for a very long time, particularly species of Hibiscus, and some of these are not known in the wild.[1]

Genus Hibiscus

Shrubs , subshrubs , trees , or herbs. Leaf blade palmately lobed or entire, basal veins 3 or more. Flowers axillary , usually solitary, sometimes subterminal and ± congested into a terminal raceme , 5-merous, bisexual . Epicalyx lobes 5 to many, free or connate at base , rarely very short (H. schizopetalus) or absent (H. lobatus) . Calyx campanulate , rarely shallowly cup-shaped or tubular , 5-lobed or 5-dentate, persistent . Corolla usually large and showy, variously colored , often with dark center; petals adnate at base to staminal tube . Filament tube well developed, apex truncate or 5-dentate; anthers throughout or only on upper half of tube. Ovary 5-loculed or, as a result of false partitions, 10-loculed; ovules 3 to many per locule; style branches 5; stigmas capitate. Fruit a capsule, cylindrical to globose , valves 5, dehiscence loculicidal and sometimes partially septicidal or indehiscent (H. vitifolius Linnaeus) . Seeds reniform , hairy or glandular verrucose .

About 200 species: tropical and subtropical regions; 25 species (12 endemic, four introduced ) in China.

According to recent molecular studies (Pfeil et al. , Syst. Bot. 27: 333-350. 2002), Hibiscus is paraphyletic, and as more taxa are sampled and a more robust phylogeny is constructed, the genus undoubtedly will be recast. Species of other genera of Hibisceae found in China, such as Abelmoschus, Malvaviscus, and Urena, fall within a monophyletic Hibiscus clade. Decaschistia, which is currently placed in the Decaschisteae, also falls within this clade, but only a single Australian species was sampled and this may not be representative of the genus as a whole. Given the unsettled taxonomy of Hibiscus, we are choosing to be conservative, recognizing the paraphyletic nature of Abelmoschus, Malvaviscus, Urena, and possibly Decaschistia, and refraining from recognizing additional segregates of Hibiscus such as Fioria and Talipariti, which themselves may not be monophyletic.

The large colorful flowers of many species mean that the genus is of great horticultural interest.[2]

Physical Description

Species Hibiscus trionum

Herbs annual , erect or procumbent , 25-70 cm tall; stems slender, white stellate hirsute . Stipules filiform , ca. 7 mm, stellate coarsely hirsute; petiole 2-4 cm, stellate hirsute and stellate puberulent; leaf blade 3-6 cm in diam., dimorphic ; blades on proximal part of stem orbicular , those on distal part of stem palmately 3-5-lobed, central lobe longer , lateral lobes shorter, lobes obovate to oblong , usually pinnate, sparsely stellate spiny hairy abaxially, sparsely hirsute or glabrous adaxially. Flowers solitary, axillary . Pedicel ca. 2.5 cm, elongated to 4 cm in fruiting, stellate hirsute. Epicalyx lobes 12, filiform, connate at base , ca. 8 mm, hirsute. Calyx greenish, campanulate , swollen, connate for ca. 1/2 length , 1.5-2 cm, membranous, long hirsute or stellate hirsute, lobes 5, triangular, longitudinally purple-veined. Corolla very pale yellow with purple center, 2-3 cm in diam.; petals 5, obovate, ca. 2 cm, abaxially sparsely very minutely puberulent . Staminal column ca. 5 mm; filaments slender, free for ca. 3 mm; anthers yellow. Styles 5, glabrous. Capsule oblong-globose, ca. 1 cm in diam., coarsely hirsute; mericarps 5, endocarp black, thin, exocarp papery . Seeds black, reniform , glandularly verrucose . Fl. Jul-Oct. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: June, July, August, September. • Flower Color: scarletdark red, yellow

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 24-36" tall.

Habitat

Ruderal weed [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,998 meters (0 to 9,836 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.1 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: Not Applicable (map)

Taxonomy

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Unambiguous Synonyms

  1. Ketmia trionum (L.) Scop.
  2. Trionum annuum Medikus.
  3. Trionum trionum (L.) Woot. and Standl.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 2:697. 1753

Name verified on 20-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 23-Aug-1994

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Hibiscus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 9336 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

H. abelmoschus · H. abelmoschus var. genuinus · H. abutiloides · H. abyssinicus · H. acalpulcensis · H. acapulcensis · H. acerifolius · H. acetosaefolius · H. acetosella (African Rose Mallow) · H. acetosella 'Haight Ashbury' · H. acetosella 'Maple Sugar' (African Rose Mallow) · H. acetosella 'Red Shield' (African Rose Mallow) · H. acetosus · H. achanioides · H. acicularis · H. aculeatus (Pineland Hibiscus) · H. acuminatus · H. acutus · H. adenosiphon · H. adoensis · H. adscendens · H. adscensionis · H. aestuans · H. aethiopicus · H. affinis · H. africanus · H. agioxillos · H. ahlensis · H.'Albert Behnke' (Albert Behnke Hardy Hibiscus) · H. albiflorus · H. albus · H. 'Alicante' · H. allenii · H. altheaefolia · H. altheaefolius · H. altheifolius · H. altissimus · H. amaliae · H. amambayensis · H. amazonicus · H. ambelacensis · H. amblyocarpus · H. ambongoensis · H. ambovombensis · H. amoenus · H. andersonii · H. andongensis · H. anemoniflorus · H. aneuthe · H. angolensis · H. angulosus · H. angustifolia · H. angustifolius · H. anisaster · H. anisostegius · H. ankaramyensis · H. 'Ankara' · H. anomalus · H. anonimus · H. antanossarum · H. 'Antie-Di' · H. aphelus · H. apodus · H. aponeurus · H. appendiculatus · H. apricus · H. aquaticus · H. arborescens · H. arboreus · H. archboldianus · H. archeri · H. arenarius · H. arenicola · H. argentinus · H. argutus · H. aridicola · H. aridicola var. glabratus · H. aridus · H. aristaevalvis · H. aristatus · H. armatus · H. armeniacus · H. arnhemensis · H. arnottianus (Hawaiian Hibiscus ´wilder´s White´) · H. arnottianus arnottianus (Koki´o Ke´oke´o) · H. arnottianus immaculatus (Koki´o Ke´oke´o) · H. arnottianus punaluuensis (Koki´o Ke´oke´o) · H. arnottianus subsp. immaculatus (White Rosemallow) · H. arnottianus subsp. punaluuensis (Punaluu Rosemallow) · H. arnottii · H. articulatus · H. aruensis · H. arvensis · H. ascendens · H. asper · H. aspera · H. asperatus · H. asperifolius · H. atromarginatus · H. atroviolaceus

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

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Contributors

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 14, 2007:

Identifiers

Footnotes

  1. Ya Tang, Michael G. Gilbert & Laurence J. Dorr "Malvaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 240, 264,299, 302. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  2. "Hibiscus". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 264, 286,294. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  3. "Hibiscus trionum". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 286, 293. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  4. Mean = 292.490 meters (959.613 feet), Standard Deviation = 336.030 based on 1,148 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
Last Revised: 7/1/2009