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Heterotheca rutteri

(Rutter's False Goldenaster)

Overview

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Threatened

Threat status

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Rutter's False Goldenaster, Huachuca Goldenaster, Rutter's Golden-Aster, Rutter's Goldenaster, Rutters False Goldenaster

Description

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Family Compositae

The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.

Genus Heterotheca

Annuals or perennials , (5-) 30-60(-200) cm (sometimes becoming shrubby through shoot persistence , with camphor odor when leaves moderately to densely stipitate-glandular ) ; stout taprooted or with woody caudices, sometimes also rhizomatous . Stems ascending-erect, branched distally, appressed-strigose and hispid , sparsely to abundantly long-hispid or -hirsute (hairs spreading , long, cells osteolate, walls minutely pustulate). Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate (petiole basal margins always coarsely, spreading-ciliate) or sessile; proximal blades 1-nerved, ovate-oblanceolate (bases tapering), hairy ; distal smaller (bases sometimes clasping ), margins (sometimes undulate ) serrate to entire, faces hispid to strigose , stipitate-glandular. Heads radiate (discoid in H. oregona), borne singly or in corymbiform arrays, sometimes becoming paniculiform . Involucres campanulate to turbinate (campanulo-hemispheric upon drying), (3-14 ×) 3.8-23 mm. Phyllaries 26-80 in 3-5 series, 1-nerved (usually raised; keeled proximally), lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, usually strongly unequal (usually stiff), margins scarious (sometimes distally reddish purple), sparsely to densely strigose (hairs short to long), eglandular to densely stipitate-glandular (usually more densely so distally). Receptacles slightly convex , subulate , pitted , epaleate. Ray florets (4-) 30 (0 in H. oregona), pistillate , fertile ; corollas yellow (tubes glabrate to short-pilose, laminae usually eglandular, sometimes stipitate-glandular proximally). Disc florets 9-110; corollas yellow, ampliate , tubes shorter than narrowly funnelform throats (glabrate to sparsely, minutely strigose, hairs 0.5-1.5 mm in 2 species, sometimes minutely glandular ), lobes 5, erect to spreading, deltate, triangular, or lanceolate; style-branch appendages narrowly triangular. Cypselae sometimes dimorphic , obconic, compressed or not, of ray florets often 3-angled, 4-12-ribbed, faces glabrous or densely strigillose ; pappi 0 or in 3-4 series, outer of 3-40 (sometimes obscure ) linear to linear-lanceolate or triangular scales (0.2-1 mm), inner of 30-45 off-white, stramineous , or tan to rusty brown, barbellate , apically clavate or attenuate bristles (3-11 mm). x = 9.

Species 28: North America, Mexico.

The generic limits of Heterotheca used here are those of J. C. Semple et al. (1980), who included all goldenasters with stiff, gradually tapering, multicellular hairs with bone-shaped cells with knobby faces, regardless of whether or not they had dimorphic cypselae. Traditionally, only dimorphic species had been included. L. H. Shinners (1951e) found that some individuals of the H. subaxillaris complex sensu G. L. Nesom (1990e) are not consistently dimorphic. He thus proposed merging the genus Chrysopsis, including Pityopsis, into Heterotheca. V. L. Harms (1965) reported cytologic evidence supporting this merger and followed Shinners in subsequent papers (e.g. , Harms 1970). Semple (1977) and Semple et al. (1980) presented evidence that Chrysopsis and Pityopsis differ sufficiently to be treated as separate genera based on habit, hair, leaf, cypsela, and cytologic traits . Nesom (2000) recognized Heterotheca as delimited here, following Semple et al. (1980) and Semple (1996). Semple and J. L. A. Hood (2005) showed that the assumed 2-seriate pappus was usually 3- and sometimes 4-seriate, the longest inner series usually weakly clavate apically.The genus is divided into three sections based on ray floret presence or absence, monomorphic or dimorphic cypselae, and, to a lesser extent, leaf traits (J. C. Semple 1996). Heterotheca sect. Heterotheca has dimorphic cypselae: the ray cypselae are usually glabrous and lack pappi. B . L. Wagenknecht (1960) revised section Heterotheca; G. L. Nesom (1990e) proposed an alternative treatment and combined several annual species . The latter is followed here with slight modification: three species are recognized (two in the flora , H. grandiflora and H. subaxillaris). The monospecific sect. Ammodia (Nuttall) V. L. Harms has discoid heads. Semple et al. (1988) revised sect. Ammodia and presented a multivariate analysis of the single species, H. oregona. The large sect. Phyllotheca (Nuttall) V. L. Harms has monomorphic cypselae in radiate heads (with the exception of one Mexican species). Semple (1996) revised sect. Phyllotheca (the C. villosa complex in the broad sense) and summarized data on the goldenaster genera. Species of sect. Phyllotheca are often difficult to distinguish due to a combination of environmentally induced plasticity, overlap in ranges of characters, and subtlety of diagnostic traits; most species include a wide range of indument types. Most taxa in this section have been included in Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nuttall at one time or another by various authors . As treated by Semple (1996), the section consists of five species complexes: the sessiliflora complex native to California [H. sessiliflora, H. monarchensis, and Mexican H. thiniicola (Rzedowski & E. Ezcurra) B. L. Turner]; the mexicana complex [four Mexican species: H. brandegeei (B. L. Robinson & Greenman) Semple, H. gypsophila B. L. Turner, H. mexicana V. L. Harms ex B. L. Turner, and H. mucronata V. L. Harms & B. L. Turner]; the fulcrata complex of the southern Rocky Mountains (H. fulcrata, H. marginata, H. pumila, H. rutteri, and H. viscida) ; the Great Plains stenophylla complex (H. canescens, H. stenophylla) ; and the transcontinental villosa complex (H. barbata, H. camporum, H. jonesii, H. shevockii, H. villosa, and H. zionensis).The common name "false goldenaster" appears to have been arbitrarily coined recently and subsequently used on the plants .usda.gov web site, as are many of the common names listed for species. Historically, the common names "camphorweed" or "telegraph weed" were applied to the taxa with dimorphic cypselae, while "goldenaster" or "golden aster" was applied to the taxa with monomorphic cypselae (i.e. , those that had been included in Chrysopsis in the broad sense). The common name "goldenaster" is preferred and was used in Semple (1996).[1]

Physical Description

Species Heterotheca rutteri

Perennials , 30-55 cm; taprooted. Stems 1-10+, ascending to erect (sometimes reddish brown), moderately to densely strigose , sparsely to mederately long-hirsute, sometimes proximally glabrescent with age, eglandular or sparsely stipitate-glandular beneath hairs . Leaves: proximal cauline subpetiolate to sessile, blades oblanceolate , 125-250 × 4-9 mm, bases attenuate to rounded , margins flat or weakly undulate , entire, strigoso-ciliate, a few longer hispid cilia near bases, apices acute, faces densely long-strigose (silvery white) ; distal sessile, blades narrowly ovate to lanceolate, 17-25 × 4.5-8.5 mm, reduced distally, bases narrowly to broadly cuneate, margins entire, large spreading hispido-strigose cilia numerous, apices sharply acute, mucronate-spinulose, faces densely long-strigose, sparsely stipitate-glandular. Heads 4-10, in open corymbiform arrays. Peduncles 10-60+ mm, strigoso-canescent, stipitate-glandular; bracts 6-10, proximal lanceolate, leafy, strigose, becoming linear , less hairy , and more glandular near heads , 1-4+ larger, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, leafy bracts (10-15 × 1.8-4.5 mm; bases sometimes attenuate to winged subpetiolate) subtending heads. Involucres cylindric to campanulate , 8.5-10.5 mm. Phyllaries in 4-5 series, lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, unequal, scarious , moderately to densely strigose, sparsely glandular. Ray florets 15-35; laminae 12-16 × 1-2 mm. Disc florets 23-65; corollas barely ampliate , 6.5-8.3 mm, lobes 0.6-0.8 mm, lobes glabrous or sparsely hairy (0.1-0.5 mm). Cypselae monomorphic , obconic, compressed , 3-4 mm, ribs 7-10, sparsely moderately densely strigose; pappi off-white, outer of linear scales 0.5-1 mm, inner of 35-45 attenuate bristles 7-9 mm, longest attenuate. 2n = 18. [source]

It is distinguished by its light green to silvery white, densely hairy, narrowly ovate to lanceolate leaves, sharply acute distal leaves, and large leaflike bracts with similar (or more glandular) indument subtending the showy heads. The species is included on the BLM Sensitive Species List for Arizona. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: August, September, October.

Habitat

Grasslands with mesquite, grassy understory in oak woodlands, grassy flood plains , sandy, loamy soils; of conservation concern; 1000-1500 m [2].

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Taxonomy

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Synonyms

C. foliosa Nuttall Var. sericeovillosissima A. Gray • C. rutteri (Rothrock) Greene • Chrysopsis alpicola Rydb. • Chrysopsis alpicola var. glomerata A. Nels. • Chrysopsis cooperi A. Nels. • Chrysopsis pumila Greene • Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nuttall Ex De Candolle Var. rutteri Rothrock • Chrysopsis villosa var. glomerata (A. Nels.) Harms

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Data Providers: CONABIO, Govaerts World Compositae Checklist A-G, IPNI, Tropicos. GCC LSID: urn :lsid:compositae.org:names:A57639C5-9D19-4575-A34E-45E64FA6D03E

Last scrutiny: 13-Aug-09

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Heterotheca

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 73 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

H. barbata (Spokane False Goldenaster) · H. camporum (Lemon Yellow False Goldenaster) · H. camporum var. camporum (Lemonyellow False Goldenaster) · H. camporum var. camporum (Greene) Shinners (Lemonyellow False Goldenaster) · H. camporum var. glandulissimum (Lemonyellow False Goldenaster) · H. camporum var. glandulissimum Semple (Lemonyellow False Goldenaster) · H. canescens (Gray Goldaster) · H. chrysopsides (Butterfly Falsegoldenaster) · H. fulcrata (Mountain Camphorweed) · H. fulcrata (Greene) Shinners var. amplifolia (Rydb.) Semple (Rockyscree False Goldenaster) · H. fulcrata (Greene) Shinners var. arizonica Semple (Arizona False Goldenaster) · H. fulcrata (Greene) Shinners var. fulcrata (Greene) Shinners (Rocky False Goldenaster) · H. fulcrata var. amplifolia (Rockyscree False Goldenaster) · H. fulcrata var. arizonica (Arizona False Goldenaster) · H. fulcrata var. fulcrata (Rockyscree False Goldenaster) · H. fulcrata var. senilis (Rockyscree False Goldenaster) · H. grandiflora (Silk-Grass Golden-Aster) · H. inuloides (Fancy Falsegoldenaster) · H. inuloides var. inuloides (Fancy Falsegoldenaster) · H. inuloides var. rosei (Rose's Falsegoldenaster) · H. jonesii (Jones False Goldenaster) · H. leptoglossa (Lacy Falsegoldenaster) · H. marginata (Sonora False Goldenaster) · H. monarchensis (Sequoia False Golden-Aster) · H. oregona (Oregon False Goldenaster) · H. oregona var. compacta (Oregon False Goldenaster) · H. oregona var. compacta (Keck) Semple (Oregon False Goldenaster) · H. oregona var. oregona (Oregon False Goldenaster) · H. oregona var. oregona (Nutt.) Shinners (Oregon False Goldenaster) · H. oregona var. rudis (Oregon False Goldenaster) · H. oregona var. rudis (Greene) Semple (Oregon False Goldenaster) · H. oregona var. scaberrima (Oregon False Goldenaster) · H. oregona var. scaberrima (Gray) Semple (Oregon False Goldenaster) · H. pumila (Alpine False Goldenaster) · H. rutteri (Rutter's False Goldenaster) · H. sessiliflora (False Goldenaster) · H. sessiliflora bolanderi (Bolander's Golden-Aster) · H. sessiliflora echioides (Sessileflower False Goldenaster) · H. sessiliflora fastigiata (Sessileflower False Goldenaster) · H. sessiliflora sessiliflora (Sessileflower False Goldenaster) · H. sessiliflora var. bolanderioides (Sessileflower False Goldenaster) · H. sessiliflora var. bolanderioides Semple (Sessileflower False Goldenaster) · H. sessiliflora var. camphorata (Eastw.) Semple (Sessileflower False Goldenaster) · H. sessiliflora var. echioides (Sessileflower False Goldenaster) · H. sessiliflora var. fastigiata (Sessileflower False Goldenaster) · H. sessiliflora var. sanjacintensis (Sessileflower False Goldenaster) · H. shevockii (Kern Canyon False Goldenaster) · H. stenophylla (Stiff-Leaf False Golden-Aster) · H. stenophylla var. angustifolia (Stiffleaf False Goldenaster) · H. stenophylla var. stenophylla (Stiffleaf False Goldenaster) · H. subaxillaris (Camphorweed) · H. subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby var. subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rus (Camphorweed) · H. subaxillaris var. subaxillaris (Camphorweed) · H. villosa (Hairy False Goldaster) · H. villosa var. ballardii (Hairy False Goldenaster) · H. villosa var. ballardii (Rydb.) Semple (Hairy False Goldenaster) · H. villosa var. depressa (Hairy False Goldenaster) · H. villosa var. depressa (Rydb.) Semple (Hairy False Goldenaster) · H. villosa var. foliosa (Hairy False Goldenaster) · H. villosa var. foliosa (Nutt.) Harms (Hairy False Goldenaster) · H. villosa var. minor (Hairy False Goldenaster) · H. villosa var. minor (Hook.) Semple (Hairy False Goldenaster) · H. villosa var. nana (Hairy False Goldenaster) · H. villosa var. pedunculata (Hairy False Goldenaster) · H. villosa var. pedunculata (Greene) Harms ex Semple (Hairy False Goldenaster) · H. villosa var. scabra (Hairy False Goldenaster) · H. villosa var. scabra (Eastw.) Semple (Hairy False Goldenaster) · H. villosa var. sierrablancensis (Hairy False Goldenaster) · H. villosa var. sierrablancensis Semple (Hairy False Goldenaster) · H. villosa var. villosa (Hairy False Golden-Aster) · H. villosa var. villosa (Pursh) Shinners (Hairy False Golden-Aster) · H. viscida (Cliff False Goldenaster) · H. zionensis (Zion False Goldenaster)

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

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Contributors

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 27, 2008:

Identifiers

Footnotes

  1. John C. Semple "Heterotheca". in Flora of North America Vol. 20 Page 10, 13, 14, 211, 214, 222, 230, 231. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  2. "Heterotheca rutteri". in Flora of North America Vol. 20 Page 231,232, 233, 242. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Last Revised: 7/15/2012