Grindelia cuneifolia

• Interesting Facts
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Description

Family Compositae

The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.

Genus Grindelia

Annuals , biennials, perennials , or subshrubs , 15-250+ cm (taprooted, rhizomatous in G. oölepis). Stems (1-6+) usually erect , sometimes ascending or decumbent to prostrate , simple or branched, glabrous or hairy , often gland-dotted and/or resinous . Leaves basal and cauline or mostly cauline; alternate; petiolate (proximal ) or sessile (distal) ; cauline blades 1-nerved, oblong , obovate , oblanceolate , or spatulate to triangular, lanceolate, or linear (bases usually clasping ), margins usually serrate to dentate , sometimes entire, crenate , or pinnatifid (especially proximal), faces usually glabrous and gland-dotted, sometimes hirsutulous , hirtellous, puberulous , scabridulous , villous , or stipitate-glandular . Heads radiate or discoid , in corymbiform to paniculiform arrays or borne singly. Involucres usually globose to hemispheric or broadly urceolate , sometimes campanulate to obconic, 5-25+ mm diam. (excluding phyllary apices). Phyllaries (persistent ) 25-100+ in (3-) 4-9+ series, 1-nerved or obscurely so (± flat, proximally and/or medially thickened), mostly filiform , linear, or lanceolate, usually unequal, sometimes subequal , bases usually ± chartaceous (apices ± herbaceous, looped, hooked , patent , recurved, straight, or incurved ), abaxial faces usually glabrous and ± resinous. Receptacles flat or convex , ± pitted (pits sometimes flanked by membranous or setiform enations ), epaleate. Ray florets 0 or 5-60+, pistillate , fertile ; corollas yellow to orange. Disc florets (20-) 100-200(-300+), bisexual and fertile (all or outer) or functionally staminate (ovaries not producing cypselae) corollas yellow, tubes shorter than gradually to abruptly ampliate throats , lobes 5, erect or spreading , ± deltate (equal) ; style-branch appendages linear or lanceolate to ± deltate. Cypselae (whitish or stramineous to gray, brown, or reddish) ellipsoid to obovoid , ± compressed , sometimes ± 3-4-angled (apices smooth, coroniform , or knobby), faces smooth , striate , ribbed , furrowed , or rugose , glabrous; pappi falling, of (1-) 2-8[-15], straight or contorted to curled, smooth or barbellulate to barbellate , sometimes distally clavate , subulate scales , setiform awns, or bristles in 1 series (in G. ciliata, persistent or tardily falling, of 25-40 barbellate bristles subtending 8-15+ barbellate, setiform awns or subulate scales). x = 6.

Species ca. 30: mostly c, w North America, Mexico, South America; introduced in e North America and the Old World.

The last attempt to account for the whole of Grindelia was by J. A. Steyermark (1934b). After comparing Steyermark's treatment with specimens, one gets the impression that Steyermark had a keen eye for subtleties and trends in variation and that he sometimes assigned taxonomic ranks (species, variety, and forma) to trends rather than to what most botanists would consider to be taxa. Subsequently, writers of local and regional floras have felt obliged to recognize Steyermark's "taxa." Here, some of Steyermark's "taxa" have been included within more broadly drawn circumscriptions; attention is called to them in discussions.Within and among populations of grindelias, some morphologic traits appear to vary more from plant to plant than in most genera of composites . M. P. Dunford (1964) reported grindelias he had tested to be "essentially self-incompatible" and (1986) stated, "...Grindelia species are outcrossing and self-incompatible...." Some patterns of variation within Grindelia are similar to those found in genera characterized by apomictic seed production (e.g. , local morphologic variants such as discoid plants in otherwise radiate taxa, hairy plants in otherwise glabrous taxa, narrow-leaved plants in otherwise broad-leaved taxa, etc. ). See comments in discussion under 13. G. hirsutula.References here to hybrids are based on observations by M. A. Wetter and/or on statements by M. P. Dunford (1964, 1986) and J. A. Steyermark (1934b).Morphologic details and descriptive conventions for grindelias as treated here are:Margins of most cauline leaves of most grindelias are usually dentate to serrate and have sharp, apiculate to setose teeth. Some species characteristically have cauline leaves with ± crenate margins and rounded , obtuse , or truncate teeth tipped by resin globules . Sporadically, individual plants may have some teeth resin-tipped and some teeth apiculate; such specimens may be hybrids or may indicate that the developmental paths to the two forms may be easily redirected. Plants with margins of some or all leaves entire may be encountered in almost all species of Grindelia and may predominate in some plants, populations, or species.Leaf faces are usually gland-dotted with glands embedded in (or sessile in pits in) both the abaxial and adaxial epidermes. In some plants, populations, or species, the glands may be characteristically stipitate ; developmental control for the different forms is apparently easily redirected (see comments under 11. Grindelia howellii).Phyllaries are usually ± chartaceous proximally and herbaceous distally. Orientations of whole phyllaries and of their herbaceous apices are addressed in keys and descriptions . Individually, orientations of phyllaries vary from reflexed through spreading to appressed (often, within an involucre, outer phyllaries are ± reflexed and inner phyllaries are ± appressed). The herbaceous apices of phyllaries may be terete to flat and subulate to acuminate or acute, and vary from looped (coiled through ca. 270-400+ degrees ), hooked (bent ± like a crozier through ± 180+ degrees), patent (bent at ± 90 degrees), or ± recurved or arcuate (sometimes incurved) to straight. An outer phyllary may be reflexed and have a looped, hooked, patent, recurved, or straight tip ; an inner phyllary may be appressed and have a looped to hooked or recurved to straight tip; etc. The resin glands on the apices are usually circular, sometimes linear.Cypselae of grindelias differ markedly from ovaries as seen at flowering. Cypselae are usually whitish or stramineous, sometimes brownish, grayish, reddish, or yellowish. They are usually ± compressed and ± ellipsoid to obovoid, sometimes 3-4-angled and ± reniform or rounded-prismatic. They are usually ± continuously variable in color, shape , size, and/or ornamentation within heads ; sometimes they are ± dimorphic within heads, the outer differing from the inner in color, shape, size, and/or ornamentation. Cypselae that are 3- or 4-angled may have the angles ± thickened or ribbed. Apices of cypselae may be knobby (1-4 bumps or toothlike projections), coronate (a ± pronounced ridge ), or smooth (rounded to ± truncate, not ornamented). Faces of cypselae may be smooth, striate (finely longitudinally nerved), ribbed, furrowed, or ± rugose (bumpy to tuberculate or with longitudinal and transverse fissures , grooves , or wrinkles).Pappus elements are usually subulate scales (greatest width about 3 times thickness), setiform awns (greatest width about 2 times thickness), or bristles (width about equal to thickness) and are usually falling (± persistent subulate scales or setiform awns subtended by bristles in Grindelia ciliata). They may be ± straight or contorted to curled and may be smooth or barbellulate to barbellate; they were described as "entire" or "serrulate" to "setulose" by J. A. Steyermark (1934b) and others.[1]

Taxonomy

Similar Species

Members of the genus Grindelia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 79 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

G. acutifolia (Sharp-Leaf Gumweed) · G. adenodonta (Grindelia Adenodonta) · G. arizonica (Arizona Gumweed) · G. arizonica Gray var. arizonica Gray (Arizona Gumweed) · G. arizonica Gray var. stenophylla Steyerm. (Arizona Gumweed) · G. arizonica var. arizonica (Arizona Gumweed) · G. arizonica var. neomexicana (New Mexican Gumweed) · G. arizonica var. stenophylla (Arizona Gumweed) · G. camporum (Common Gumplant) · G. camporum var. bracteosa (Bract Gumweed) · G. camporum var. Bracteosum (Great Valley Gumweed) · G. camporum var. camporum (Great Valley Gumweed) · G. camporum var. camporum Greene (Great Valley Gumweed) · G. columbiana (Columbia River Gumweed) · G. decumbens (Reclined Gumweed) · G. decumbens var. decumbens (Reclined Gumweed) · G. decumbens var. subincisa (Reclined Gumweed) · G. decumbens var. subincisa (Greene) Steyerm. (Reclined Gumweed) · G. fastigiata (Pointed Gumweed) · G. fraxinopratensis (Ash Meadows Gumplant) · G. grandiflora (Many-Ray Gumweed) · G. havardii (Havard's Gumweed) · G. hirsutula (Hairy Gumweed) · G. hirsutula Hook. & Arn. var. davyi (Jeps.) M.A.Lane (Davy's Gumweed) · G. hirsutula Hook. & Arn. var. hallii (Steyerm. ex Rothr.) M.A.Lane (Hall's Gumweed) · G. hirsutula Hook. & Arn. var. maritima (Greene) M.A.Lane (Coastal Gumweed) · G. hirsutula var. davyi (Hairy Gumweed) · G. hirsutula var. hallii (Hall's Gumweed) · G. hirsutula var. maritima (Coastal Gumweed) · G. howellii (Howell's Gum-Weed) · G. inornata (Colorado Gumweed) · G. inornata Greene var. angusta Steyerm. (Colorado Gumweed) · G. inornata Greene var. inornata Greene (Colorado Gumweed) · G. inornata var. angusta (Colorado Gumweed) · G. inornata var. inornata (Colorado Gumweed) · G. integrifolia (Puget Sound Gumweed) · G. integrifolia var. integrifolia (Puget Sound Gumweed) · G. laciniata (Cut-Leaf Gumweed) · G. lanceolata (Gulf Gumweed) · G. lanceolata var. lanceolata (Narrowleaf Gumweed) · G. lanceolata var. texana (Texan Gumweed) · G. latifolia var. latifolia (Coastal Gumweed) · G. microcephala (Little-Head Gum Weed) · G. microcephala DC. var. microcephala DC. (Littlehead Gumweed) · G. microcephala var. microcephala (Littlehead Gumweed) · G. nana (Idaho Gumweed) · G. nana var. integerrima (Idaho Gumweed) · G. nana var. integerrima (Rydb.) Steyerm. (Idaho Gumweed) · G. nana var. nana (Idaho Gumweed) · G. nana var. nana Nutt. (Idaho Gumweed) · G. nuda (Curly-Top Gumweed) · G. nuda var. aphanactis (Curlytop Gumweed) · G. nuda var. nuda (Curlytop Gumweed) · G. nuda Wood var. aphanactis (Rydb.) Nesom (Curlytop Gumweed) · G. oolepis (Plains Gumweed) · G. oxylepis (Mexican Gumweed) · G. papposa (Saw-Leaf Daisy) · G. pusilla (Grindelia Pusilla) · G. revoluta (Rolled Gumweed) · G. robusta var. robusta (Shore Gumweed) · G. scabra (Rough Gumweed) · G. squarrosa (Broadleaf Gumweed) · G. squarrosa f. angustior (Curly-Cup Gumweed) · G. squarrosa var. quasiperennis (Curly-Cup Gumweed) · G. squarrosa var. serrulata (Curlycup Gumweed) · G. squarrosa var. squarrosa (Curly-Cup Gumweed) · G. stricta (Oregon Gumweed) · G. stricta var. angustifolia (Oregon Gumweed) · G. stricta var. angustifolia (Gray) M.A.Lane (Oregon Gumweed) · G. stricta var. collina (Oregon Gumweed) · G. stricta var. platyphylla (Oregon Gumweed) · G. stricta var. platyphylla (Greene) M.A.Lane (Oregon Gumweed) · G. stricta var. stricta (Oregon Gumweed) · G. stricta var. stricta DC. (Oregon Gumweed) · G. subalpina (Subalpine Gum-Weed) · G. subalpina Greene var. erecta (A.Nelson) Steyerm. (Subalpine Gumweed) · G. subalpina Greene var. subalpina Greene (Subalpine Gumweed) · G. subalpina var. erecta (Subalpine Gumweed) · G. subalpina var. subalpina (Subalpine Gumweed)

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A manual of organic materia medica and pharmacognosy; an introduction to the study of the vegetable kingdom and the vegetable and animal drugs (with syllabus of inorganic remedial agents) comprising the botanical and physical characteristics, source, con Philadelphia, Blakiston[1917] url p. 428.
• A text book of materia medica, being an account of the more important crude drugs of vegetable and animal origin, designed for students of pharmacy and medicine. London, Churchill, 1920. url p. 199.
• A text-book of botany and pharmacognosy: intended for the use of students of pharmacy, as a reference book for pharmacists, and a handbook for food and drug analysts / by Henry Kraemer. Philadelphia & London: J. B. Lippincott company[c1910] url p. 627.
• Annual report / New York State Museum. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, c1904-1920. url p. 191.
• Applied and economic botany for students in technical and agricultural schools, pharmaceutical and medical colleges, for chemists, food analysts and for the those engaged in the morphological and physiological study of plants. New York, Wiley[1916] url p. 713.
• Applied and economic botany, especially adapted for the use of students in technical schools, agricultural, pharmaceutical and medical colleges, and also as a book of reference for chemists, food analysts and students engaged in by Henry Kraemer. .. illustrated with 424 plates, comprising about 2000 figures. Philadelphia, The author[c1914] url , p. 713.
• Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University. 10 1942 Cambridge, Mass.: Botanical Museum, Harvard University, 1932- url p. 158.
• Britton, N. L. (ed.). North American flora. 7 1922 [New York]New York Botanical Garden. url p. 577, p. 901.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 1548, p. 268.
• Bulletin of miscellaneous information /Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1917 1917 London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1900-1941. url p. 7, p. 7, p. 7, p. 9.
• California fish and game. [San Francisco, etc.]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Fish and Game. url p. 219.
• California plants in their homes; a botanical reader for children [with supplement] Illustrated by Alice C. Cooper and Mary E. Lewis. Los Angeles, Cal., B. R. Baumgardt & co.1898. url p. 89.
• Compositae of southern California / by Harvey Monroe Hall. Berkeley, [Calif.]: The University Press, 1907. url p. 37.
• Flora of Los Angeles and vicinity / by LeRoy Abrams. Stanford University, Cal. 1917. url p. 360.
• Flora of Los Angeles and vicinity, by LeRoy Abrams. Stanford University, Cal., Stanford University Press, 1911. url p. 393.
• Journal of the New York Entomological Society. Lawrence, Kan.: Allen Press [etc.] url p. 180.
• New York State Museum bulletin. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1916-1944. url p. 191.
• Novon a journal of botanical nomenclature from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2 1992 St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden, url p. 217.
• Origin and history of all the pharmacopeial vegetable drugs, chemicals and preparations with bibliography... Prepared under the auspices of and pub. by the American drug manufacturers' association, Washington, D.C. Cincinnati: The Caxton press, [c1921] url p. 158, p. 439.
• Pamphlets on forestry in California. [1900?- url p. 105.
• Pittonia: a series of papers relating to botany and botanists /by Edward L. Greene. 2 1889-1892 Berkeley, Calif. [etc.]: Doxey & Co. [etc.], 1887-1905. url p. 18.
• Popular studies of California wild flowers, San Francisco, Cal.: Upton bros. & Delzelle, [c1920] url p. 91.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url p. 117, p. 117, p. 203, p. 203.
• Scale insects of the Santa Cruz peninsula. Stanford University: The University, 1920. url p. 36, p. 56.
• Scientific and applied pharmacognosy, intended for the use of students in pharmacy, as a hand book for pharmacists, and as a reference book for food and drug analysts and pharmacologists. New York, Wiley, 1920. url p. 677.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 31 1888 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 117.
• Stanford University publications. University series. Biological sciences. Stanford University, Calif.University Press, 1920-53. url p. 56.
• Synoptical flora of North America. New York, American Book Company, 1878-1895/97 [v.2, pt. 1, 1878] url p. 117.
• Synoptical flora of North America: the Gamopetalae, a second edition of vol. I, pt. II, and vol. II, pt. I / collected by Asa Gray. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1888. url p. 117.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url p. 59.
• The IUCN Mammal Red Data Book. Part 1: threatened mammalian taxa of the Americas and the Australasian zoogeographic region (excluding Cetacea) IUCN url p. 239, p. 239.
• The game birds of California / Berkeley: University of California Press, 1918. url .
• The microanalysis of powdered vegetable drugs, by Albert Schneider. .. with 237 illustrations Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son & co.[c1921] url p. 362.
• Transactions of the American Entomological Society Philadelphia: The Society, 1890- url p. 18.
• Western flower guide, wild flowers of the Rockies and west to the Pacific, Garden City, Doubleday, Page & company, 1917. url p. 229, p. 277.
• Zoe:a biological journal. 2 1892 San Diego, Calif. [etc.]Zoe Publishing Co. url p. 355.
• Dunford, M. P. 1964. A cytogenetic analysis of certain polyploids in Grindelia (Compositae). Amer. J. Bot. 51: 41-61.
• Dunford, M. P. 1986. Chromosome relationships of diploid species of Grindelia (Compositae) from Colorado, New Mexico, and adjacent areas. Amer. J. Bot. 73: 297-303.
• Nesom, G. L. 1990i. Studies in the systematics of Mexican and Texan Grindelia (Asteraceae: Astereae). Phytologia 68: 303-332.
• Steyermark, J. A. 1934b. Studies in Grindelia. II. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Grindelia. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 21: 433-608.
• Steyermark, J. A. 1937. Studies in Grindelia. III. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 225-262.

Notes

Contributors

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 9373877
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 15140377
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:210579-1
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 3074117

Footnotes

1. John L. Strother, Mark A. Wetter "Grindelia". in Flora of North America Vol. 20 Page 6,7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 89, 424, 425, 438. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.