Grindelia howellii (Howell's Gum-Weed)

Overview

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Vulnerable

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Howell's Gum-Weed, Howell's Gumweed, Howells Gumweed

Description

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Family Compositae

The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.

Genus Grindelia

Annuals , biennials, perennials , or subshrubs , 15-250+ cm (taprooted, rhizomatous in G. oölepis). Stems (1-6+) usually erect , sometimes ascending or decumbent to prostrate , simple or branched, glabrous or hairy , often gland-dotted and/or resinous . Leaves basal and cauline or mostly cauline; alternate; petiolate (proximal ) or sessile (distal) ; cauline blades 1-nerved, oblong , obovate , oblanceolate , or spatulate to triangular, lanceolate, or linear (bases usually clasping ), margins usually serrate to dentate , sometimes entire, crenate , or pinnatifid (especially proximal), faces usually glabrous and gland-dotted, sometimes hirsutulous , hirtellous, puberulous , scabridulous , villous , or stipitate-glandular . Heads radiate or discoid , in corymbiform to paniculiform arrays or borne singly. Involucres usually globose to hemispheric or broadly urceolate , sometimes campanulate to obconic, 5-25+ mm diam. (excluding phyllary apices). Phyllaries (persistent ) 25-100+ in (3-) 4-9+ series, 1-nerved or obscurely so (± flat, proximally and/or medially thickened), mostly filiform , linear, or lanceolate, usually unequal, sometimes subequal , bases usually ± chartaceous (apices ± herbaceous, looped, hooked , patent , recurved, straight, or incurved ), abaxial faces usually glabrous and ± resinous. Receptacles flat or convex , ± pitted (pits sometimes flanked by membranous or setiform enations ), epaleate. Ray florets 0 or 5-60+, pistillate , fertile ; corollas yellow to orange. Disc florets (20-) 100-200(-300+), bisexual and fertile (all or outer) or functionally staminate (ovaries not producing cypselae) corollas yellow, tubes shorter than gradually to abruptly ampliate throats , lobes 5, erect or spreading , ± deltate (equal) ; style-branch appendages linear or lanceolate to ± deltate. Cypselae (whitish or stramineous to gray, brown, or reddish) ellipsoid to obovoid , ± compressed , sometimes ± 3-4-angled (apices smooth, coroniform , or knobby), faces smooth , striate , ribbed , furrowed , or rugose , glabrous; pappi falling, of (1-) 2-8[-15], straight or contorted to curled, smooth or barbellulate to barbellate , sometimes distally clavate , subulate scales , setiform awns, or bristles in 1 series (in G. ciliata, persistent or tardily falling, of 25-40 barbellate bristles subtending 8-15+ barbellate, setiform awns or subulate scales). x = 6.

Species ca. 30: mostly c, w North America, Mexico, South America; introduced in e North America and the Old World.

The last attempt to account for the whole of Grindelia was by J. A. Steyermark (1934b). After comparing Steyermark's treatment with specimens, one gets the impression that Steyermark had a keen eye for subtleties and trends in variation and that he sometimes assigned taxonomic ranks (species, variety, and forma) to trends rather than to what most botanists would consider to be taxa. Subsequently, writers of local and regional floras have felt obliged to recognize Steyermark's "taxa." Here, some of Steyermark's "taxa" have been included within more broadly drawn circumscriptions; attention is called to them in discussions.Within and among populations of grindelias, some morphologic traits appear to vary more from plant to plant than in most genera of composites . M. P. Dunford (1964) reported grindelias he had tested to be "essentially self-incompatible" and (1986) stated, "...Grindelia species are outcrossing and self-incompatible...." Some patterns of variation within Grindelia are similar to those found in genera characterized by apomictic seed production (e.g. , local morphologic variants such as discoid plants in otherwise radiate taxa, hairy plants in otherwise glabrous taxa, narrow-leaved plants in otherwise broad-leaved taxa, etc. ). See comments in discussion under 13. G. hirsutula.References here to hybrids are based on observations by M. A. Wetter and/or on statements by M. P. Dunford (1964, 1986) and J. A. Steyermark (1934b).Morphologic details and descriptive conventions for grindelias as treated here are:Margins of most cauline leaves of most grindelias are usually dentate to serrate and have sharp, apiculate to setose teeth. Some species characteristically have cauline leaves with ± crenate margins and rounded , obtuse , or truncate teeth tipped by resin globules . Sporadically, individual plants may have some teeth resin-tipped and some teeth apiculate; such specimens may be hybrids or may indicate that the developmental paths to the two forms may be easily redirected. Plants with margins of some or all leaves entire may be encountered in almost all species of Grindelia and may predominate in some plants, populations, or species.Leaf faces are usually gland-dotted with glands embedded in (or sessile in pits in) both the abaxial and adaxial epidermes. In some plants, populations, or species, the glands may be characteristically stipitate ; developmental control for the different forms is apparently easily redirected (see comments under 11. Grindelia howellii).Phyllaries are usually ± chartaceous proximally and herbaceous distally. Orientations of whole phyllaries and of their herbaceous apices are addressed in keys and descriptions . Individually, orientations of phyllaries vary from reflexed through spreading to appressed (often, within an involucre, outer phyllaries are ± reflexed and inner phyllaries are ± appressed). The herbaceous apices of phyllaries may be terete to flat and subulate to acuminate or acute, and vary from looped (coiled through ca. 270-400+ degrees ), hooked (bent ± like a crozier through ± 180+ degrees), patent (bent at ± 90 degrees), or ± recurved or arcuate (sometimes incurved) to straight. An outer phyllary may be reflexed and have a looped, hooked, patent, recurved, or straight tip ; an inner phyllary may be appressed and have a looped to hooked or recurved to straight tip; etc. The resin glands on the apices are usually circular, sometimes linear.Cypselae of grindelias differ markedly from ovaries as seen at flowering. Cypselae are usually whitish or stramineous, sometimes brownish, grayish, reddish, or yellowish. They are usually ± compressed and ± ellipsoid to obovoid, sometimes 3-4-angled and ± reniform or rounded-prismatic. They are usually ± continuously variable in color, shape , size, and/or ornamentation within heads ; sometimes they are ± dimorphic within heads, the outer differing from the inner in color, shape, size, and/or ornamentation. Cypselae that are 3- or 4-angled may have the angles ± thickened or ribbed. Apices of cypselae may be knobby (1-4 bumps or toothlike projections), coronate (a ± pronounced ridge ), or smooth (rounded to ± truncate, not ornamented). Faces of cypselae may be smooth, striate (finely longitudinally nerved), ribbed, furrowed, or ± rugose (bumpy to tuberculate or with longitudinal and transverse fissures , grooves , or wrinkles).Pappus elements are usually subulate scales (greatest width about 3 times thickness), setiform awns (greatest width about 2 times thickness), or bristles (width about equal to thickness) and are usually falling (± persistent subulate scales or setiform awns subtended by bristles in Grindelia ciliata). They may be ± straight or contorted to curled and may be smooth or barbellulate to barbellate; they were described as "entire" or "serrulate" to "setulose" by J. A. Steyermark (1934b) and others.[1]

Physical Description

Species Grindelia howellii

Perennials , (25-) 60-90+ cm. Stems erect , stramineous to red-brown, stipitate-glandular (at least distally). Cauline leaf blades spatulate or oblong to oblanceolate or lanceolate, 25-60(-90) mm, lengths 3-5(-7) times widths , bases cuneate to ± clasping , margins entire or serrate to denticulate (teeth apiculate ), apices obtuse to acute, faces usually finely stipitate-glandular, sometimes glabrous (or scabridulous near margins) and gland-dotted. Heads in open to crowded, corymbiform to paniculiform arrays. Involucres broadly urceolate to globose , 8-15 × 12-20(-30) mm. Phyllaries in 6-9 series, spreading to appressed , linear or linear-attenuate to lance-linear , apices mostly looped to hooked (inner sometimes recurved to straight), ± terete , moderately to strongly resinous . Ray florets 20-30+; laminae 8-12 mm. Cypselae whitish to stramineous, 4-5.5 mm, apices ± coronate , faces striate or furrowed ; pappi of 2 straight to curled, usually smooth , sometimes barbellulate , subulate scales 2.5-4+ mm, shorter than disc corollas. [source]

But for the usually stipitate-glandular indument of the stems and leaves, plants called Grindelia howellii are very much like plants that have been called G. nana forma brownii Steyermark, G. nana forma longisquama Steyermark, and G. paysonorum H. St . John [= G. nana var. paysonorum (H. St. John) Steyermark], all typified by specimens included here in G. hirsutula. In some plants of G. howellii, the glands on the leaves range from stipitate to ± embedded (e.g. , Pierce 1146, ID). Taxonomic rank for plants that have been called G. howellii should be reconsidered. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: July, August, September. • Flower Color: yellow

Habitat

Disturbed sites, grasslands, forest openings; of conservation concern; 900-1300 m [2].

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Biennial

Growth

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Campanulanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Asterales () - Lindley, 1833
        Family: Compositae () - Giseke, 1792, nom. cons., nom. alt.
        Subfamily: Asteroideae ()
        Tribe: Astereae ()
        Subtribe: Machaerantherinae ()
        Genus: Grindelia () - Willdenow, 1807 - Gum-plant, resin-weed [For David Hieronymus Grindel, 1776-1836, Latvian botanist]
        Specific epithet: howellii - Steyerm.
        Botanical name: - Grindelia howellii Steyerm.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Data Providers: Govaerts World Compositae Checklist A-G, IPNI, Tropicos. GCC LSID: urn :lsid:compositae.org:names:AB7ACF78-BD9C-45F5-8857-0FB65ED45655

Last scrutiny: 13-Aug-09

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Grindelia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 79 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 11, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 16, 2008:

USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2658620
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ast-17495
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13749547
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:210606-1
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 37454
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAST470E0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: GRHO
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 38839

Footnotes

John L. Strother, Mark A. Wetter "Grindelia". in Flora of North America Vol. 20 Page 6,7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 89, 424, 425, 438. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Grindelia howellii". in Flora of North America Vol. 20 Page 425, 427, 431. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

Grindelia howellii

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Compositae

Genus Grindelia

Physical Description

Species Grindelia howellii

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Grindelia

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes