Grevillea robusta (Silk Oak)

Overview

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Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Afrikaans:

Ausrtaliese Selwereik

Common Names in English:

Silk Oak, Australian Silky-Oak, Silk-Oak, Silkoak, Silky Oak, Silky-Oak, Silver Oak

Common Names in Tamil:

Savukkumaram

Common Names in Thai:

Son India

Common Names in Vietnamese:

Ngân Hoa, Trãi Byan

Description

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Family Proteaceae

Trees or shrubs . Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , simple or variously divided . Inflorescences axillary , ramiflorous , cauliflorous , or terminal , simple or rarely compound , with flowers borne laterally either in pairs or sometimes singly, racemose, sometimes spicate , paniculate , or condensed into a head ; bracts subtending flower pairs usually small, sometimes accrescent and woody; floral bracts usually minute or absent. Flowers bisexual or rarely unisexual and dioecious, actinomorphic or zygomorphic. Perianth segments (3 or) 4(or 5), valvate , usually tubular in bud; limb short, variously split at anthesis . Stamens 4, opposite perianth segments; filaments usually adnate to perianth and not distinct ; anthers basifixed , usually 2-loculed, longitudinally dehiscent , connective often prolonged. Hypogynous glands 4 (or 1-3 or absent), free or variously connate . Ovary superior, 1-loculed, sessile or stipitate ; ovules 1 or 2(or more), pendulous, laterally or basally, rarely subapically attached. Style terminal, simple, often apically clavate ; stigma terminal or lateral , mostly small. Fruit a follicle, achene, or drupe or drupaceous . Seeds 1 or 2(or few to many), sometimes winged ; endosperm absent (or vestigial) ; embryo usually straight; cotyledons thin or thick and fleshy ; radicle short, inferior.

About 80 genera and ca. 1700 species: mostly in tropics and subtropics, especially in S Africa and Australia: three genera (one introduced ) and 25 species (12 endemic, two introduced) in China.

The family is subdivided into Bellendenoideae, Caranarvonioideae, Eidotheoideae, Grevilleoideae, Persoonioideae, Proteoideae, and Sphalmioideae; all Chinese genera belong to Grevilleoideae. Grevillea robusta is grown extensively as a street tree in S China, especially in Yunnan.[1]

Genus Grevillea

Shrubs , rarely trees . Leaves of various shapes , simple or pinnate. Flowers usually in terminal racemes ; bracts minute and caducous . Calyx tube mostly recurved. Disc obliq. e, annular or semi-annular, entire or sometimes nearly lobed . Ovary usually stipitate ; ovules 2. Fruit a follicle; valves plano-concave, coriaceous to somewhat woody. Seeds winged or not.

A genus of about 170 species, mostly Australian , of which one is extensively cultivated in Pakistan.[2]

Physical Description

Habit: Tree • Growth Form: Single Stem • Shape and Orientation: Erect

Flowers: Bloom Period: Summer • Flower Color: Yellow • Flower Conspicuous: Yes

Seeds: Seed per Pound: 30000 • Seed Spread Rate: Rapid • Seedling Vigor: High • Fruit/Seed Abundance: Low • Fruit/Seed Color: Brown • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: Yes • Cold Stratification Required: Yes

Foliage: Foliage Color: Green • Foliage Porosity Summer: Dense • Foliage Porosity Winter: Dense • Foliage Texture: Fine • Fall Conspicuous: No • Leaf Retention: Yes

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring , Summer, Fall • Growth Rate: Rapid • Mature Height (feet): 105.0 • Maximum Height at 20 Years (feet): 100 • Size: over 40' tall. • Vegetative Spread Rate: None • Lifespan: Lifespan

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,936 meters (0 to 16,194 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: Yes • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Fall • Fruit/Seed Period End: Winter • Fruit/Seed Persistence: Yes

Growth

Culture: Space 20-30' apart.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: None • Minimum pH: 5.3 • Maximum pH: 7.0 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade. • Shade Tolerance: Intolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Medium • Minimum Precipitation: 30 • Maximum Precipitation: 95 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): 17 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 365 • Cold Hardiness: 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Rosidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Proteanae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Proteales () - Dumortier, 1829
        Family: Proteaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. - proteas
        Subfamily: Grevilleoideae ()
        Tribe: Embothrieae ()
        Genus: Grevillea () - R. Brown ex J. Knight, 1809, nom. cons., orth. cons. - Grevillea
        Specific epithet: robusta - A. Cunningham ex R. Br.
        Botanical name: - Grevillea robusta A. Cunningham ex R. Br.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Grevillea

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 111 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Riviera nature notes / a popular account of the more striking plants and animals of the Riviera and the Maritime Alps. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1903. url p. 88.
Round the year in the garden; a descriptive guide to the flowers of the four seasons, and to the work of each month in the flower, friut and kitchen garden, by H. H. Thomas. .. Beautifully illustrated with twelve direct colour photographs by H. Essenhigh Corke, and sixty-four half-tone plates. New York, Funk and Wagnalls company[1916] url p. 120, p. 229, p. 271.
Select extra-tropical plants readily eligible for industrial culture or naturalisation with indications of their native countries and some of their uses / by Baron Ferd. von Mueller. Melbourne: R. S. Brain, govt. printer, 1895. url p. 246, p. 305, p. 632.
Shade and ornamental trees of California, by Merritt B. Pratt, state forester. Sacramento?1922? url p. 102, p. 102.
South African journal of science. [Marshalltown, Transvaal: South African Association for the Advancement of Science, url p. 327, p. 61.
Spices, by Henry N. Ridley. London, Macmillan, Ltd., 1912. url p. 265, p. 347.
Standardized plant names; a catalogue of approved scientific and common names of plants in American commerce. Salem, Mass., 1923. url p. 193, p. 296, p. 469.
Studies of shade trees in California. 1913. url p. 56, p. 57.
Taxonomic literature: a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types (TL2) Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 1976-1988. url p. 131, p. 506.
Textbook of theoretical botany, by R. C. McLean and W. R. Ivimey-Cook. London, Longmans, Green[1951- url p. 1731, p. 1732.
The American Museum journal. New York: American Museum of Natural History, c1900-[1918] url p. 449.
The American woods: exhibited by actual specimens and with copious explanatory text / by Romeyn B. Hough. Lowville, N.Y.: Pub., and sections prepared by the author, 1910, c1888 url , , p. 14, p. 14, p. 35, p. 58, p. 8.
The Australian zoologist. Sydney, Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales url p. 338, p. 345.
The Biochemical journal. London [etc.]Cambridge University Press. url p. 490.
The Book of gardening; a handbook of horticulture. London, C. Scribner's Sons, 1900. url , , , , .
The Bradley bibliography; a guide to the literature of the woody plants of the world published before the beginning of the twentieth century; Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1911-18. url p. 162, p. 383, p. 733, p. 838.
The Emu: official organ of the Australasian Ornithologists' Union. Melbourne: Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, 1901- url p. 219.
The English flower garden and home grounds: design and arrangement shown by existing examples of gardens in Great Britain and Ireland, followed by a description of the plants, shrubs, and trees for the open-air garden and their culture / by W. Robinson. London: J. Murray, 1911. url p. 208.
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The Great Basin naturalist. 40 1980 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url p. 401.
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The Illustrated dictionary of gardening: a practical and scientific encyclopaedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists / edited by George Nicholson. ..; assisted by J.W.H. Trail. .. and J. Garrett. ... London: L. Upcott Gill; 1887-1889. url p. 415.
The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay: The Society, url , p. 1297, p. 317.
The Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Victoria. [Melbourne]:Dept. of Agriculture, Victoria, 1902-1955. url p. 416, p. 431, p. 724, p. 726.
The Philippine journal of science. Manila: Bureau of Science url p. 247, p. 365, p. 373, p. 447, p. 576.
The Plant world. Baltimore [etc.]Plant World Association [etc.] url p. 196.
The Review of applied entomology. Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc. url p. 123, p. 270, p. 396, p. 449, p. 540, p. 615, p. 665, p. 682, p. 726, p. 769, p. 816.
The Tea soils of Assam and tea manuring. Calcutta, Indian Tea Association, 1901. url , , p. 23, p. 82.
The best of house plants / Susanne Mitchell. London: Hamlyn, 1975. url p. 90.
The book of hardy flowers; a simple and complete descriptive guide to the cultivation in gardens of the trees and shrubs, perennial and annual flowers, that are hardy, or are suitable for planting out-of-doors in summer in temp Ed. by H. H. Thomas. .. Beautifully illustrated with thirty-two direct color photographs by H. Essenhigh Corke and sixty-four half-tone plates. 1915 New York, Funk & Wagnalls company; [etc., etc.][1915] url p. 206.
The botany of Bihar and Orissa: an account of all the known indigenous plants of the province and of the most important or most commonly cultivated exotic ones / with maps and introduction by H. H. Haines. London: Printed by Adlard and sold by agents for Indian Official Publications, 1921-25. url p. 800.
The century supplement to the dictionary of gardening, a practical and scientific encyclopaedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists / by Geo. Nicholson. .. [et al.]. Hyde Park, Mass.: Geo. T. King; 1901. url p. 129.
The complete garden, by Albert D. Taylor, assisted by Gordon D. Cooper. Illustrated with fifty full page cuts, four line charts, and nine coloured plates. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page, 1921. url p. 301, p. 301, p. 302, p. 302, p. 402, p. 402.
The cultivated evergreens; a handbook of the coniferous and most important broad-leaved evergreens planted for ornament in the United States and Canada, edited by L. H. Bailey. London, Macmillan & co., ltd., 1923. url p. 389, p. 407.
The culture of pot-plants in rooms, greenhouses, & frames, by Hugh C. Davidson. London, C. Lockwood, 1922. url , p. 124, p. 125.
The culture of vegetables and flowers from seeds and roots, by Sutton and sons. London, Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. ltd., 1908. url p. 248, p. 328, p. 438.
The encyclopedia of gardening. A dictionary of cultivated plants, etc., giving in alphabetical sequence the culture and propagation of hardy and half-hardy plants, trees and shrubs, orchids, ferns, fruit, vegetables, hothouse and g London, W. H. & L. Collingridge[1908] url , .
The farmers' handbook [4th ed.] Issued by direction of the Minister of agriculture. .. Comp. by W.H. Brown. .. Sydney, J. Spence, 1922. url p. 222.
The florists' manual / by William Scott; a reference book for commercial florists. Chicago: Florists' Publishing Co., 1899. url , p. 120, p. 218.
The florists' manual, Chicago, Florists' publishing company, 1899. url , p. 120, p. 218.
The florists' manual, by William Scott. A reference book for commercial florists. Chicago, Florists' publishing company, 1906. url p. 125, p. 228.
The forest trees of Mysore and Coorg. Bangalore, Mysore Govt. Central Press, 1894. url , , .
The garden beautiful in California; Los Angeles, Cal., Cultivator publishing co., 1915. url p. 207, p. 39.
The garden week by week throughout the year; a practical handbook to gardening operations for every week in the year and to the culture of all important plants, with numerous coloured plates and half-tone engravings and one hundred practical ill by Walter P. Wright. New York, Doubleday, 1909. url p. 409.
The handbook of horticulture and viticulture of Western Australia / by A. Despeissis, M. R. A. C. Perth: W. A. Watson, government printer, 1902. url p. 376.
The lipids, their chemistry and biochemistry. New York, Interscience Publishers, 1951-57. url p. 520, p. 521, p. 550, p. 899.
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The practical garden-book, containing the simplest directions for the growing of the commonest things about the house and garden, by C. E. Hunn and L. H. Bailey. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1906 [c1898] url p. 247.
The school garden book / by Clarence M. Weed and Philip Emerson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909. url p. 105, p. 318, p. 318.
The spirit of the soil; or, An account of nitrogen fixation in the soil by bacteria and of the production of auximones in bacterized peat, by Gordon D. Knox. .. with a foreword by Professor W.B. Bottomley. .. New York, Stokes[1916] url p. 189.
The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1412, p. 2318, p. 27, p. 379, p. 380, p. 383.
The timbers of commerce and their identification, London, W. Rider & son, limited, 1918. url .
The useful native plants of Australia, (including Tasmania) by J. H. Maiden. Sydney, Turner and Henderson, 1889. url p. 228, p. 551.
The weekly florists' review. Chicago: Florists' Pub. Co., 1897-1912. url , p. 1063, p. 1086, p. 111, p. 1137, p. 125, p. 1258, p. 127, p. 1353, p. 151, p. 169, p. 171, p. 172, p. 183, p. 21, p. 223, p. 229, p. 239, p. 246, p. 264, p. 269, p. 27, p. 281, p. 291, p. 292, p. 31, p. 331, p. 335, p. 349, p. 357, p. 365, p. 37, p. 378, p. 382, p. 391, p. 397, p. 406, p. 445, p. 454, p. 459, p. 47, p. 471, p. 478, p. 492, p. 493, p. 511, p. 535, p. 538, p. 543, p. 625, p. 63, p. 63, p. 648, p. 653, p. 660, p. 663, p. 679, p. 683, p. 711, p. 785, p. 798, p. 813, p. 815, p. 86, p. 876, p. 89, p. 911, p. 925, p. 929, p. 966, p. 986.
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Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 171.
Town planting and the trees, shrubs, herbaceous and other plants that are best adapted for resisting smoke. London: E.P. Dutton & co., [1910] url p. 163.
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Transactions of the British Mycological Society. London: Cambridge University Press, [1897-c1988] url , , , , .
Tree-planting, 1899. A descriptive catalogue of the best trees to plant in Cape Colony, with brief instructions for planting. By D.E. Hutchins. .. Cape Town, W.A. Richards & Sons, 1899. url p. 61.
Trees & shrubs for English gardens. [London]"Country life", 1908. url p. 256.
Trees: the yearbook of agriculture 1949. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: 1949. url p. 819, p. 823, p. 938.
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Window and parlor gardening; a guide for the selection, propagation and care of house-plants. New York, Scribner's, 1895. url p. 142.
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Winter botany, a companion volume to the author's Plant materials of decorative gardening, by William Trelease. .. Urbana, The author, 1918. url p. 42.
With the flowers and trees in California, by Charles Francis Saunders. Illustrations of flowers in color, by Elizabeth Hallowell Saunders. New York: McBride, Nast, 1914. url p. 282.
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Zoe:a biological journal. 3 1893 San Diego, Calif. [etc.]Zoe Publishing Co. url p. 313, p. 313.

Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 11, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 02, 2008:

Australian National Herbarium
, Australian National Herbarium
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
GBIF-Spain, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación de la Junta de Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS
GBIF-Spain, Herbario Universidad de Málaga: MGC-Cormófitos
Herbier de l'Université Louis Pasteur, herbier de nouvelle-caledonie
Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
, Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
SysTax, SysTax
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2651632
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-27783
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13850699
GRIN Nomen Number: 18006
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 27783
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 50798-3
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDPRO01010
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: GRRO
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 39875

Footnotes

Huaxing Qiu & Peter H. Weston "Proteaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 192. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Grevillea". in Flora of Pakistan Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 680.740 meters (2,233.399 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,377.680 based on 80 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Grevillea robusta

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Proteaceae

Genus Grevillea

Physical Description

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Grevillea

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes