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• Conservation Status
• Taxonomy
• Physical Description
• Distribution
• Reproduction
• Similar Species
• Bibliography
• More Info
• Notes
• Keep Exploring

Overview:

Critically Endangered

Conservation Status

IUCN Red List: CR Critically Endangered

NatureServe: G1 Critically Imperiled

US Endangered Species Act: Endangered. First listed on June 27, 1994. It is currently designated as Endangered in the Entire Range. Within the area covered by this listing, this species is known to occur in: Hawaii. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Pacific Region (Region 1) is the lead region for this entity. More info.

Threats:

• 1.1.1.3 Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Crops - Agro-industry farming (ongoing)
• 1.1.4.3 Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Livestock - Agro-industry (ongoing)
• 1.1.5 Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Abandonment (present, future)
• 1.4.2 Habitat Loss/Degradation - Infrastructure development - Human settlement (ongoing)
• 1.6 Habitat Loss/Degradation - Change in native species dynamics (ongoing)
• 1.7 Habitat Loss/Degradation - Fires (ongoing)
• 10.5 Human disturbance - Fire (ongoing)
• 2.1 Invasive alien species (directly affecting the species) - Competitors (ongoing)
• 7.1 Natural disasters - Drought (ongoing)
• 7.4 Natural disasters - Wildfire (ongoing)
• 8.4 Changes in native species dynamics - Hybridizers (future)
• 9.11 Intrinsic factors - Unknown (ongoing)

For info on these threat codes, see here.

Justification

The total population size for G. vitifolia is less than 50 mature individuals, a continued decline in the number of mature individuals is projected.

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms:

1. Gouania bishopii Hbd.
2. Gouania hawaiiensis St. John

Notes:

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: C. Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped., Phan. 15:283. 1854

Name verified on 06-Sep-1995 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 30-Apr-2007

Physical Description

Family Rhamnaceae:

Deciduous or evergreen, often thorny trees, shrubs, woody climbers, or lianas, rarely herbs. Leaves simple, petiolate, alternate or opposite, pinnately veined or 3-5-veined, entire to serrate, sometimes much reduced; stipules small, caducous or persistent, sometimes transformed into spines. Flowers yellowish to greenish, rarely brightly colored, small, bisexual or unisexual, rarely polygamous, (4 or) 5-merous, hypogynous to epigynous, in mostly axillary, sessile or pedunculate cymes, or reduced to few in fascicles. Calyx tube patelliform or hemispherical to tubular, sometimes absent, at rim with calyx, corolla, and stamens; sepals 4 or 5, valvate in bud, triangular, erect or ± recurved during anthesis, adaxially often distinctly keeled, alternate with petals. Petals 4 or 5, rarely absent, usually smaller than sepals, concave or hooded, rarely nearly flat, often shortly clawed. Stamens 4 or 5, antepetalous and often ± enclosed by petals; filaments thin, adnate to bases of petals; anthers minute, versatile or not, 2(or 4) -celled, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, usually introrse. Disk intrastaminal, nectariferous, thin to ± fleshy, entire or lobed, glabrous or rarely pubescent, free from ovary or tightly surrounding it, or adnate to calyx tube. Ovary superior to inferior, (1 or) 2-4-loculed, with 1(or 2) ovules per locule; ovules anatropous, basal and erect; styles simple or ± deeply 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Fruit either an indehiscent, rarely explosively dehiscent, sometimes winged, schizocarpic capsule, or a ± fleshy drupe with 1-4 indehiscent, rarely dehiscent, pyrenes (stones) . Seeds with thin, oily albumen, sometimes exalbuminous; embryo large, oily, straight or rarely bent.

About 50 genera and more than 900 species: almost cosmopolitan, mainly in subtropical to tropical areas; 13 genera and 137 species (82 endemic, one introduced) in China.

Former classifications usually placed Rhamnaceae in the Rhamnales, together with Vitaceae and Leeaceae (Suessenguth in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 20d. 1953), or together with Elaeagnaceae (Thorne, Bot. Rev. 58: 225-348. 1992) . Orders such as Celastrales, Urticales, and Euphorbiales have often been considered as closely related groups. Recent analyses of DNA sequences strongly supported including the family in the Rosales, beside the closest relatives Barbeyaceae and Dirachmaceae (see Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 141: 399-436. 2003) . Suessenguth (loc. cit.) grouped the family into five tribes, mainly characterized by fruit characters. Richardson et al. (Kew Bull. 55: 311-340. 2000; Amer. J. Bot. 87: 1309-1324. 2000) revised this tribal classification on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis using rbcL and trnL-F sequences of the plastid genome. Now 11 tribes are recognized, of which four are represented in the Flora area.

The bark, leaves, and fruit of several species of Rhamnus have been used as laxatives, notably R. cathartica and R. frangula. Diverse Old World species of Rhamnus provide yellow and green dyes as well as drugs. Timber of Alphitonia, Colubrina, Hovenia, and Ziziphus species is used for construction, fine furniture, carving, lathework, and musical instruments. Many Ziziphus species yield edible fruit; among them, Z. jujuba (Chinese jujube) and Z. mauritiana (Indian jujube) are cultivated on a commercial scale. Hovenia dulcis is also grown for its edible, fleshy inflorescence stalks. Species of Hovenia, Paliurus, and Rhamnus are cultivated as ornamentals.^[1]

Genus Gouania:

Shrubs climbing, usually with tendrils, unarmed. Leaves alternate, with caducous stipules, petiolate, pinnativeined or 3-veined from base, margin entire or dentate. Flowers polygamous, in terminal or axillary, cymose racemes or cymose panicles, often with tendrils at lower part of rachis or base. Calyx tube short, coadnate with ovary; sepals 5, ovate-triangular, adaxially medially keeled, dehiscent with longitudinal slits. Petals 5, spatulate. Stamens 5, dorsifixed, enfolded by petals. Disk thick, pentagonous or 5-lobed, glabrous or hairy. Ovary inferior, ± deeply immersed in disk, 3-loculed, with 1 ovule per locule; styles cleft to half or deeply cleft. Capsule subglobose, impressed on both ends, crowned by persistent limb of calyx, 3-winged, with 3 rounded locules split from axil at maturity; locules indehiscent or along inner rib narrowly fissured. Seeds 3, red-brown, shiny, obovoid; endosperm thin.

Twenty species: tropical and subtropical areas; two species in China.^[2]

Habit: Vine, Shrub

Distribution

Range and Population

Oceania

Native: .

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Similar Species

Members of the genus Gouania:

There are approximately 146 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: G. acalyphoides · G. acreana · G. adenophera · G. adenophora · G. alnifolia · G. andamanica · G. andamanica var. brevialata · G. andica · G. aphrodes · G. aptera · G. australiana · G. axilliflora · G. bancana · G. barbata · G. blanchetiana · G. brandegei · G. brandisi · G. brasiliensis · G. callmanderi (Bull Goby) · G. canescens · G. cearensis · G. chrysophylla · G. colombiana · G. columnifolia · G. colunaefolia · G. colurnaefolia · G. colurnifolia · G. conzattii · G. cordifolia · G. cormorensis · G. cornifolia · G. corylifolia · G. crenata · G. cupuliflora (Yellowfin Red Snapper) · G. cyclocarpa · G. dasyantha · G. denticulata · G. discolor · G. discolor var. ulei · G. domingensis · G. efatensis · G. ekmanii · G. eriocarpa · G. eurycarpa · G. exilis · G. fauriei · G. frangulaefolia · G. frangulifolia · G. glabra · G. glabriuscula · G. glandulosa · G. gracilis · G. guatemalensis · G. hillebrandi · G. hillebrandii (Hairyfruit Chewstick) · G. hillii · G. humberti · G. humbertii · G. hypochroa · G. hypoglauca · G. incisa · G. inornata · G. integrifolia · G. javanica · G. lanceolata · G. latifolia · G. laxiflora · G. le-ratii · G. leguatii · G. lehmannii · G. leptostachya · G. leptostachya var. nainitalensis · G. leratii · G. lineata · G. longipetala · G. longispicata · G. lupuloides (Chew-Stick) · G. lupuloides var. aptera · G. lupuloides var. parvifolia · G. madagascariensis · G. mangarevica · G. martinicensis · G. mauritiana · G. mauritiana aphrodes · G. mauritiana myriocarpa · G. mexicana · G. meyeni · G. meyenii (Meyen's Gouania) · G. microcarpa · G. miocenica · G. mollis · G. mozambicensis · G. myriocarpa · G. napakensis · G. napalensis · G. obtusifolia · G. orbicularis · G. pallida · G. paniculata · G. pannigera

Bibliography

• Chen Yi-ling and Chou Pan-kai. 1982. Rhamnaceae. In: Chen Yi-ling, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 48(1): i-vi, 1-169.
• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. (L US Can ed2)
• NatureServe. 2003. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 1.8. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. (Accessed: October 16, 2003).
• St. John, H. 1973. List and summary of the flowering plants in the Hawaiian islands. (L Hawaii)
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2003. Rare plant database. Unpublished.
• United States Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Species Information: threatened and endangered animals and plants - on-line resource. (US Fish & Wildl List)
• Wagner, W. L. et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. (F Hawaii)
• Wagner, W. L. et al. 1999. Hawaiian vascular plants at risk:1999. Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 60:45.
• Wagner, W., Herbst, D. and Sohmer S. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Special Publication 91: 1-1918.

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Notes

Contributors:

• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 02, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 28, 2008)

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 02, 2008:

• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers:

• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 28551
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13744335
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:717546-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDRHA070H0
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species Identifier: Q1WR
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: GOHA2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 41057

Footnotes:

1. Yilin Chen & Carsten Schirarend "Rhamnaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 115,355. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
2. Yilin Chen & Carsten Schirarend "Gouania". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 115, 163. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.