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• Conservation Status
• Taxonomy
• Physical Description
• Distribution
• Reproduction
• Growth
• Similar Species
• Bibliography
• More Info
• Notes
• Keep Exploring

Overview:

Tree from Mexico and South America that is used both to shade chocolate trees and also enrich the soil; hence the common name meaning "mother of cocoa." The wood is durable and useful for posts and railway ties; according to Neal the flowers are cooked for food. This tree is used to provide shade in coffee and cacao plantations.

Conservation Status

Uses as Product: Berry/Nut/Seed Product: No • Christmas Tree Product: No • Fodder Product: Yes • Fuelwood Product: None • Lumber Product: No • Naval Store Product: No • Nursery Stock Product: No • Post Product: Yes • Pulpwood Product: No • Veneer Product: No

Edibility: Palatable Browse Animal: High • Palatable Graze Animal: High • Palatable Human: No • Toxicity: Moderate

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms:

1. Galedupa pungam Blanco
2. Gliricidia lambii Fernald
3. Gliricidia maculata (Kunth)Walp.
4. Gliricidia maculata var. multijuga Micheli
5. Lonchocarpus maculatus (Kunth)DC.
6. Lonchocarpus rosea (Mill.)DC.
7. Lonchocarpus sepium (Jacq.)DC.
8. Millettia luzonensis A.Gray
9. Millettia slendidissima sensu Naves, non Blume
10. Robinia maculata Kunth
11. Robinia rosea Mill.
12. Robinia sepium Jacq.
13. Robinia variegata Schltdl.

Notes:

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: –.

Place of publication: Repert. bot. syst. 1:679. 1842 (Steudel, Nomencl. bot. ed. 2, 1:688. 1840, pro syn.)

Name verified on 28-Jun-1989 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 10-Nov-2005

Physical Description

Family Fabaceae:

The Fabaceae are herbs, vines, shrubs, trees, and lianas found in both temperate and tropical areas. They comprise one of the largest families of flowering plants, numbering 630 genera and 18,000 species. The leaves are stipulate, nearly always alternate, and range from bipinnately or palmately compound to simple. The petiole base is commonly enlarged into a pulvinus that commonly functions in orientation of the leaves (sometimes very responsively, as in the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica). The flowers are usually bisexual, actinomorphic to zygomorphic, slightly to strongly perigynous, and commonly in racemes, spikes, or heads. The perianth commonly consists of a calyx and corolla of 5 segments each. The androecium consists of commonly 1- many stamens (most commonly 10), distinct or variously united, sometimes some of them reduced to staminodes. The pistil is simple, often stipitate, comprising a single style and stigma, and a superior ovary with one locule containing 2-many marginal ovules. The fruit is usually a legume, sometimes a samara, loment, follicle, indehiscent pod, achene, drupe, or berry. The seeds often have a hard coat with hourglass-shaped cells, and sometimes bear a u-shaped line called a pleurogram. [Carr]

Subfamily Faboideae:

Mostly herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves pinnate or palmate to trifoliolate or apparently simple. Corolla usually, showy, zygomorphic, the petals imbricate, posterior (upper or banner) petal outermost in bud. Stamens 10 or 9 + 1 (diadelphous), not showy. Pollen released in monads. Seeds with u-shaped line (pleurogram) lacking. [Carr]

Habit: Tree • Growth Form: Single Stem • Shape and Orientation: Rounded

Flowers: Bloom Period: Late Winter • Flower Color: Green • Flower Conspicuous: Yes

Seeds: Seed Spread Rate: Slow • Fruit/Seed Abundance: Low • Fruit/Seed Color: Black • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: Yes • Cold Stratification Required: No

Foliage: Foliage Color: Green • Foliage Porosity Summer: Moderate • Foliage Porosity Winter: Moderate • Foliage Texture: Fine • Fall Conspicuous: No • Leaf Retention: Yes

Images:

Distribution

Range and Population

Native: .

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: No • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: Yes • Propagated by Seed: No • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Winter • Fruit/Seed Period End: Summer • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: Medium • CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium • Minimum pH: 5.0 • Maximum pH: 7.0 • Fertility Requirement: Low

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun. • Shade Tolerance: Intolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Medium • Minimum Precipitation: 60 • Maximum Precipitation: 80 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): 17 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 365 • Cold Hardiness: 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Similar Species

Members of the genus Gliricidia:

There are approximately 11 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus: G. 09ium · G. breningii · G. brenningii · G. leucorhiza · G. leucorrhiza · G. lutea · G. maculata · G. robusta · G. sepium (Aaron's Rod) · G. sepium f. maculata · G. seplum

Bibliography

• Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica. (F Jam) [lists as G. sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Griseb.].
• Agroforestry.net. The traditional tree initiative: species profiles for Pacific Island agroforestry - on-line resource. (Trad Tree Init)
• Barbosa, C. 1994. Contribución al conocimiento de las leguminosas Colombianas. I. La tribu Galegeae (Brown) Torrey & Gray, 1838 sensu lato. Trianea 5:47.
• Correa, J. E. & H. Y. Bernal. 1989–1998. Especies vegetales promisorias de los paises del Convenio Andres Bello. (Esp Veg Prom) 8:326–336.
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. (Zander ed13) [lists as G. sepium (Jacq.) Steud.].
• Howard, R. 1974–1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles. (F LAnt)
• Lavin, M. & M. Sousa S. 1995. Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of the tribe Robinieae (Leguminosae). Syst. Bot. Monogr. 45:93. [lists as G. sepium (Jacq.) Steud.].
• Lavin, M. et al. 2003. Phylogeny of robinioid legumes (Fabaceae) revisited: Coursetia and Gliricidia recircumscribed, and a biogeographical appraisal of the Caribbean endemics. Syst. Bot. 28:400.
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. (Hortus 3)
• Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. (F PR)
• Mannetje, L. 't & R. M. Jones, eds. 1992. Forages. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). (Pl Res SEAs) 4:133–137.
• McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
• McVaugh, R. 1983–. Flora Novo-Galiciana. (F NGalicia) [lists as G. sepium (Jacq.) Steud.].
• National Academy of Sciences. 1979. Tropical legumes: resources for the future. (Trop Leg)
• National Academy of Sciences. 1980. Firewood crops. Shrub and tree species for energy production. (Firewood Cr)
• Nicolson, D. H. et al. 1991. Flora of Dominica, Part 2: Dicotyledonae. Smithsonian contributions to botany vol. 77. (F Dominica) 105.
• Planchuelo, A.M. and Dunn, D.B. 1984 Ann.Missouri Bot.Gard.71(1):92-103 .Lupines.in Argentina
• Pulle, A. A. et al., eds. 1932–. Flora of Suriname. (F Suriname) [lists as G. sepium (Jacq.) Steud.].
• Spellman, D. L. et al. A list of the monocotyledoneae/dicotyledonae of Belize. Published in Rhodora v. 77 & 83, 1975 & 1981 (L Belize) [lists as G. sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Steud.].
• Westphal, E. & P. C. M. Jansen, eds. 1989. A selection. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). (Pl Res SEAs) A:136.
• Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943–1980. Flora of Panama. (F Panama) [lists as G. sepium (Jacq.) Walp.].

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Notes

Contributors:

• African Regional Workshop (Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees, Zimbabwe) 1998. Pericopsis elata. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
• Barneby RC and Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Barneby RC & Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Barneby RC & Grimes JW (Monograph 1996/97), 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
• Barneby RC and Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• BioSystematic Database of World Diptera, 7.0, 2005.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/]. Access date: Nov 23, 2005
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 21, 2007.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed September 17, 2007.
• Carr, Gerald
• Chappill J, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Cristofolini G, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Fantz PR, 1999 (from ILDIS).
• Fautin, Daphne G. (from Hexacorallians of the World).
• Fortunato RH, 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 27, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• Hexacorallians of the World 2001.
• Heyn CC and Heller D 1991/1993 (from ILDIS).
• Heyn CC & Heller D 1991/1993 (from ILDIS).
• Home of the Xylariaceae 2006.
• Hopkins HF, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).
• ILDIS World Database of Legumes, 10, Nov 2005
• ILDIS World Database of LegumesNov 10, 2005.
• LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index
• Lewis GP, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
• Marlin, Bruce. CirrusImage.com.
• Newell CA, 1997 (from ILDIS).
• Nghia, N.H. 1998. Dalbergia entadoides. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
• Nielsen IC and Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS).
• Nielsen IC & Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS).
• Nielsen IC and Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS World Database of Legumes).
• Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Accessed March 01, 2006. www.iobis.org
• Ohashi H & Tateishi Y, 1996 (from ILDIS).
• Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Ray E. Stanford, Michael Pogue, coordinators. Butterflies and Moths of North America. Bozeman, MT: Mountain Prairie Information Node. March 26, 2007.
• Parhost World Database of FleasNov 2, 2005.
• Pasquet RS, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 8, 2007.
• Podlech D, 1996 (from ILDIS).
• Polhill RM, 1993 (from ILDIS).
• Rhytismatales database 2006.
• Ross JH, 2001-01 (from ILDIS).
• Schrire BD, 1994-10 (from ILDIS).
• Sokoloff DD, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).
• Species Fungorum 2006.
• Stirton CH, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• The Global Lepidoptera Names Index2, 12.2, 2005.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• The Virtual Field Herbarium.
• Thomson, Christian (from Diptera).
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 28, 2008)
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
• Vaz AMSF, 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
• World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Adenanthera intermedia. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
• Zarucchi JL, 1993 (from ILDIS).
• van der Maesen LJG, 1993 (from ILDIS).
• van der Maesen, LJG, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal January 28, 2008:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
• Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
• GBIF-Spain, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
• GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
• , Vascular Plant Herbarium
• GBIF-Sweden, Internation Botanical Collections
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), The System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Herbarium of New South Wales, Plants of Papua New Guinea
• The New York Botanical Garden, Vascular Plant Type Specimens
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Vienna, Institute for Botany - Herbarium WU, Herbarium WU

Identifiers:

• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 502803
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13636019
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:496640-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDFAB1U010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: GLSE2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 40912