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Glaucium flavum

(Horned Poppy, Sea Poppy, Yellow Horned Poppy, Yellow Hornpoppy)

Overview:

Annual or biennial.

The oil from the pressed seeds is used as a fuel in lamps and in the manufacture of soap.

Conservation Status

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Population Analysis

  • For the 835,580 species in the Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons), we average 4.30 observations each in our database; for the Yellow Horned Poppy, we have 448 observations. Compared to other species in this Class, this species is extremely common.
  • A two-sample t-test can be used to determine whether the trend in observations of the Yellow Horned Poppy is the same as the trend in observations of Magnoliopsida. Is this species just as common, as a proportion of all observations, as it once was? The answer is no, changes in observation rate of this species significantly differ from changes in observation rate of its Class. (t=4.342, p<0.001)
  • How do observation rates of the Yellow Horned Poppy differ from those of Magnoliopsida? To answer this, we examined the percentage of observerations for Magnoliopsida that were observations of the Yellow Horned Poppy each year. We then correlated this percentage with observation year. If observations of the Yellow Horned Poppy are becoming more common relative to other species of Magnoliopsida, the correlation should be positive, but if it is becoming less common, the correlation should be negative. In fact, the correlation is negative (r=-.3), with a negative slope (m = -.000), suggesting that the Yellow Horned Poppy may be in decline relative to other species of Magnoliopsida. This correlation is statistically significant. (F = 73.9, p<.05)
  • The scatter chart to the right shows the percentage of all observations for Magnoliopsida each year that were observations of the Yellow Horned Poppy.

Taxonomy

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  • Domain: Eukaryota Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes

Notes:

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Stirp. austr. fasc. 2:133. 1763

Name verified on 25-May-1995 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 16-Mar-2007

Physical Description

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Family Papaveraceae:

Herbs or subshrubs, shrubs, or small trees, annual, biennial, or perennial, scapose or caulescent, usually from taproots, sometimes from rhizomes; sap clear, white, or colored, often sticky. Stems leafy or naked, erect, spreading, or decumbent, simple or branching. Leaves basal and/or cauline, alternate to opposite or whorled, simple, without stipules, petiolate or sessile; blade unlobed or with 1-3 odd-pinnate, subpalmate, or palmate orders of lobes. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, unifloral or else multifloral and cymiform, racemose, umbelliform, corybiform, or paniculate, pedunculate or subsessile; bracts usually present. Flowers radially symmetric, pedicellate or sessile; receptacle sometimes expanded and forming cup or ring beneath calyx (only in Eschscholzia, Meconella, and Platystemon ) ; perianth and androecium sometimes perigynous; sepals caducous, 2 or 3, distinct or connate, usually obovate; petals distinct, usually obovate, mostly 2 times number of sepals, sometimes more or absent; stamens many or 4-15 (only in Meconella and Canbya ) ; anthers 2-locular; pistil 1, 2-18[-22]-carpellate; ovary 1-2-locular or incompletely to completely multilocular by placental intrusion; placentas 2 or more, parietal; style 1 or absent; stigmas or stigma lobes 2-many. Fruits capsular, dehiscence valvate, poricidal, or transverse, or carpels dissociating and breaking transversely into 1-seeded segments (only in Platystemon ) . Seeds usually many, small, sometimes arillate or carunculate.

Genera 25-30 (17 genera, 63 species in the flora) : worldwide, mainly Northern Hemisphere.

According to W. R. Ernst (1962b), Papaveraceae "may be divided conveniently into four subfamilies." His scheme is followed here, but with the subfamilies taken up in alphabetic order; they seem to be natural groups, but their phylogenetic interrelationships are not yet clear. Similarly, the evolutionary relationships within the subfamilies remain ambiguous, and the genera in each are listed alphabetically. Subfamily Chelidonioideae Ernst includes genera 1-5; subf. Eschscholzioideae Ernst, genera 6-7; subf. Papavaroideae Ernst, genera 8-14; and subf. Platostamenoideae Ernst, genera 15-17.[1]

Genus Glaucium:

Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial, caulescent, glaucous, from taproots; sap yellow. Stems leafy, sometimes becoming woody at base. Leaves: basal rosulate, petiolate; cauline alternate, sessile; blades 1-2× pinnately lobed [unlobed]. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, 1-flowered; bracts present. Flowers: sepals 2, distinct; petals 4; stamens many; pistil 2-carpellate; ovary 2-locular; style absent or indistinct; stigma 2-lobed. Capsules erect, 2-valved, dehiscing from apex [base]. Seeds many, dark brown, reticulate-pitted, embedded in pithy septum, aril absent. x = 6.

Species 20-25: North America, Europe, c, sw Asia.[2]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: April, May, June. • Flower Color: orange, yellow

Images:

Distribution

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Range and Population

North America

Native: .

Reproduction

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Duration: Biennial

Growth

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Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Glaucium:

There are approximately 94 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus: G. calycinum aserbaidshanicum · G. elbursium ventii · G. elegans bracteatum · G. elegans integerrima · G. fimbrilligerum ophyocarpum · G. flavum vitellinum · G. grandiflorum refractum · G. oxylobum rechingeri · G. refractocarpum erectocarpum · G. acutidentatum · G. afghanicum · G. aleppense · G. aleppicum · G. anatalyjaense · G. arabicum · G. aurantiacum · G. aureum · G. bracteatum · G. calycinum · G. calycinum subsp. aserbaidshanicum · G. cappadocicum · G. caricum · G. caucasicum · G. contortuplicatum · G. corniculatum (Blackspot Hornpoppy) · G. corniculatum var. flaviflorum · G. corniculatum var. phoeniceum (Blackspot Hornpoppy) · G. corniculatum var. pilosum · G. corniculatum var. squamigerum · G. cuneatum · G. elbursium · G. elbursium subsp. ventii · G. elegans · G. elegans subsp. bracteatum · G. elegans subsp. integerrima · G. elegantissimum · G. fimbrilliferum · G. fimbrilligerum · G. fimbrilligerum subsp. ophyocarpum · G. fischeri · G. flavum (Horned Poppy) · G. flavum 'Extra' (Horned Poppy) · G. flavum aurantiacum · G. flavum f. fulvum (Horned Poppy) · G. flavum f. subleiocarpum · G. flavum orange-flowered · G. flavum red-flowered · G. flavum subsp. vitellinum · G. flavum var. vitellinum · G. fulvum · G. G. · G. glaucum · G. grandiflorum · G. grandiflorum subsp. refractum · G. grandiflorum var. haussknechtii · G. grandiflorum var. iranicum · G. haussknechtii · G. hybridum · G. insigne · G. integrifolium · G. intermedium · G. judaicum · G. leiocarpum · G. leptopodum · G. littorale · G. luteum · G. mathiolifolium · G. mesopotamicum · G. oxylobum · G. oxylobum subsp. rechingeri · G. oxylobum var. paucilobatum · G. paucilobatum · G. penicum · G. persicum · G. phoeniceum · G. phoenicium · G. pulchrum · G. pumilum · G. quadratifolium · G. refractocarpum · G. refractocarpum subsp. erectocarpum · G. refractum · G. richardsonii · G. rubrum · G. serpieri · G. spurium · G. squamigerum · G. syriacum · G. tenue · G. tricolar · G. tricolor · G. trivalve · G. violaceum · G. vitellinum

Members of the genus Acranthera:

There are approximately 47 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus: A. abbreviata · A. anamallica · A. athroophlebia · A. atroophlebia · A. atropella · A. aurantiaca · A. axilliflora · A. bullata · A. capitata · A. ceylanica · A. didymocarpa · A. didymocarpus · A. endertii · A. frutescens · A. grandiflora · A. hallieri · A. hirtostipula · A. involucrata · A. johannis-winkleri · A. johanniswinkleri · A. lanceolata · A. longipes · A. longipetiolata · A. maculata · A. megaphylla · A. monantha · A. multinervia · A. nieuwenhuisii · A. ophiorhizoides · A. parviflora · A. philippensis · A. philippinensis · A. ruttenii · A. salmonea · A. salmonia · A. siamensis · A. siliquosa · A. simalurensis · A. sinensis · A. strigosa · A. tomentosa · A. variegata · A. velutinervia · A. velutinervis · A. virescens · A. winkleri · A. yatesii

Bibliography

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  • Airy Shaw, H. K. (1936a): Glaucidium palmatum. Podophyllaceae - Curtis's botanical magazine 159, pp. 9432
  • Boulos, L. 1995. Flora of Egypt checklist. (L Egypt)
  • Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. (F Turk)
  • Ernst, W. R. 1962. A Comparative Morphology of the Papaveraceae. Ph.D. dissertation. Stanford University.
  • Ernst, W. R. 1962b. The genera of Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 43: 315-343.
  • Ernst, W. R. 1967. Floral morphology and systematics of Platystemon and its allies Hesperomecon and Meconella (Papaveraceae: Platystemonoideae). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 47: 25-70.
  • Fedde, F. 1936. Papaveraceae. In: H. G. A. Engler et al., eds. 1924+. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 2. 26+ vols. Leipzig and Berlin. Vol. 17b, pp. 5-145.
  • Fedde, F. 1909. Papaveraceae-Hypecoideae et Papaveraceae-Papaveroideae. In: H. G. A. Engler, ed. 1900-1953. Das Pflanzenreich. 107 vols. Berlin. Vol. 40[IV,104], pp. 1-430.
  • Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2. (Glea Cron ed2)
  • Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984–. Med-Checklist. (L Medit)
  • Grey-Wilson, C. 1993. Poppies: A Guide to the Poppy Family in the Wild and in Cultivation. Portland.
  • Grey-Wilson, C. 1993. Poppies: The poppy family in the wild and in cultivation. (Poppies) 41.
  • Gunn, C. R. 1980. Seeds and fruits of Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae. Seed Sci. Techn. 8: 3-58.
  • Gunn, C. R. and M. J. Seldin. 1976. Seeds and Fruits of North American Papaveraceae. Washington. [U.S.D.A. Agric. Res. Serv., Techn. Bull. 1517.]
  • Hansen, A. & P. Sunding. 1993. Flora of Macaronesia: checklist of vascular plants, ed. 4. Sommerfeltia vol. 17. (L Macar ed4)
  • Harms, H. 1936. Reihe Rhoeadales. In: H. G. A. Engler et al., eds. 1924+. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 2. 26+ vols. Leipzig and Berlin. Vol. 17b, pp. 1-4.
  • Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. (Atlas WWeed)
  • Hutchinson, J. 1925. Contributions towards a phylogenetic classification of flowering plants: V. The genera of Papaveraceae. Bull. Misinform. Kew 1925: 161-168.
  • Kadereit, J. W. 1993. Papaveraceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 2+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 2, pp. 494-506.
  • Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. (L US Can ed2)
  • Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. (F USSR)
  • Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia. (Econ Pl Aust)
  • Mouterde, P. 1966–. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie. (F Liban)
  • Stermitz, F. R. 1968. Alkaloid chemistry and the systematics of Papaver and Argemone. Recent Advances Phytochem. 1: 161-183.
  • Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1993. Flora europaea, second edition. (F Eur ed2)
  • Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966–. Flora palaestina. (F Palest)

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors:

  • Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
  • Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 11, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 31 providers.
  • USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 28, 2008)

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

Identifiers:

Footnotes:

  1. Robert W. Kiger "Papaveraceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  2. Robert W. Kiger "Glaucium". in Flora of North America Vol 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.

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Last Revised: April 29, 2008