Gladiolus tristis

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Iridaceae

Herbs perennial (or shrubs or annuals ), with rhizomes, bulbs, or corms. Leaves alternate, often 2-ranked, often oriented edgewise to aerial stem, usually sword-shaped to linear , parallel veined, base sheathing . Inflorescence sometimes a spike or reduced to a solitary flower, more often of monochasial , umbellate cymes, each enclosed in 2 opposed bracts (spathes ) and termed a rhipidium, which may be solitary and terminal or numerous and variously arranged in racemes or panicles; bracts 1 to several. Flowers bisexual , showy, usually actinomorphic (often zygomorphic elsewhere) . Perianth segments 6, in 2 whorls, inner and outer ones equal or differing in size and/or color; tube filiform or trumpet-shaped. Stamens (2 or) 3; anthers extrorse . Ovary inferior (or superior), 3-loculed; ovules few to many; placentation axile . Style with filiform, slender, or petaloid branches. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with or without aril and wings .

Between 70 and 80 genera and ca. 1800 species: nearly worldwide, especially S Africa, Asia, and Europe; three genera and 61 species (21 endemic, one introduced ) in China.[1]

Genus Gladiolus

Herbs, perennial , from corms. Stems simple or branched. Leaves 1-9; blade lanceolate to linear , plane or margins and/or midribs variously raised and thickened (then H- or X-shaped in cross section ), or evidently terete , midribs and margins much thickened, grooved ; grooves 4, narrow, longitudinal . Inflorescences spicate , partly to fully secund or with flowers weakly distichous; bracts green, sometimes flushed grayish purple, unequal, outer usually exceeding inner, acute or inner forked or notched apically. Flowers somewhat fragrant, zygomorphic [actinomorphic ]; tepals basally connate into tube , variously colored , usually with contrasting markings comprising nectar guide on outer tepals, usually unequal, dorsal tepal largest, arched to hooded over stamens, outer 3 tepals narrower; perianth tube obliquely funnel-shaped to cylindric ; stamens usually unilateral ; anthers usually parallel; style usually arching over stamens, dividing into 3 filiform branches, these distally expanded. Capsules usually slightly inflated , oblong to ellipsoid or globose [rarely nearly cylindric], softly cartilaginous . Seeds usually many, broadly winged ; rarely few, wingless, globose or angular; seed coat light to dark brown. x = 15.

Species ca. 260: introduced ; Africa, Madagascar, Eurasia .

Hybrid strains of Gladiolus are widely cultivated, and some wild species are grown outdoors in areas with mild winters. The common, large-flowered hybrids are the product of crossing between four or five species, followed by selection. Named variously G. gandavensis L. van Houtte, G. lemoinei Baker, and G. hortulanus L. H. Bailey, these plants are occasionally found in and near gardens and cemeteries and are easily recognized by their large, brightly colored flowers with the inner tepals 60-70 mm long and the outer tepals about 50 mm long. They reproduce mainly vegetatively and persist for some years where winters are mild; they show no evidence of spreading into native vegetation.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Roadsides, grassy banks; 800 m ; introduced [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 491 meters (0 to 1,611 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 6-9" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 7.6 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Publishing author : L. Publication : Species Plantarum ed. 2 1763 (Jul.-Aug. 1763)

Similar Species

Members of the genus Gladiolus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 153 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

G. alatus (Gladiolus) · G. callianthus (Abyssinian Gladiolus) · G. cardinalis (Waterfall Gladiolus) · G. carneus (Bergpypie) · G. caryophyllaceus (Pink Trumpet Flower) · G. colvillei (Colville's Gladiolus) · G. communis (Cornflag) · G. communis byzantinus (Cornflag) · G. communis communis (Cornflag) · G. communis subsp. byzantinus (Cornflag) · G. dalenii (African Parrot Gladiola) · G. dalenii 'Bolivian Peach' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. dalenii 'Carolina Primrose' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. equitans (Gladiolus) · G. flanaganii (Gladiolus) · G. gandavensis (Gladiolus) · G. gracilis (Gladiolus) · G. illyricus (Wild Gladiolus) · G. italicus (Cornfield Gladiolus) · G. murielae (Acidanthera) · G. nanus (Hardy Gladiolus) · G. oppositiflorus (Pink Wildflower Gladiolus) · G. orchidiflorus (Gladiolus) · G. papilio (Autumn Gladiolus) · G. papilio 'Aureatus' (Goldblotch Gladiolus) · G. papilio 'Purpureoauratus Group' (Autumn Gladiolus) · G. papilio 'Ruby' (Autumn Gladiolus) · G. saundersii (Saunders Gladiolus) · G. tristis (Evening Flower Gladiolus) · G. tubergenii 'Charming Beauty' (Miniature Gladiolus) · G. tubergenii 'Charm' (Miniature Gladiolus) · G. undulatus (Waved-Flowered Corn-Flag) · G. x colvillei (Hardy Gladiolus) · G. x colvillei 'Albus' (Hardy Gladiolus) · G. x gandavensis (Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus (Hybrid Gladiolus Gladiolus X Hortulanus) · G. x hortulanus 'Africa' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Alfalfa' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Aphrodite' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Apricot Lustre' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus'Atom' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Bibi' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Blackpool' (Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Black Jack' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Blues' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Blue Beauty' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Blue Isle' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Blue Lagoon' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Blue Ribbon' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Blue Sky' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Blue Tropic' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Bono's Memory' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Charmer' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Cherry Splash' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Comet' (Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Coral Lace' (Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Coral Seas' (Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Cote D'azure' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Dauntless' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus'Episode' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Espresso' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Fidelio' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Finishing Touch' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Flevo Amico' (Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Flevo Eyes' (Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Flevo Jive' (Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Flevo Junior' (Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Flevo Kosmic' (Gladiolus) · GLadiolus x hortulanus 'Flevo Party' (Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Friendship' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Frosty White' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Goldfield' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Grand Prix' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus'Green Star' (Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Green Woodpecker' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Homecoming' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Hypnose' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Iceberg' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Ice Cream' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Impressive' (Winter Hardy Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Jacksonville Gold' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Jester' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Jester Gold' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Jubilee' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Junior Flevo' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'King's Gold' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus'Laguna' (Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus'Land O'lakes' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Las Vegas' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Lowland Queen' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Madame De Paris' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Madonna' (Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Mars' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Mary Housley' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'May Bride' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Melodie' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Mezzo Forte' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus'Mi Mi' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus'Mon Amor' (Hybrid Gladiolus) · G. x hortulanus 'Mon Amour' (Gladiolus)

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A biochemic basis for the study of problems of taxonomy, heredity, evolution, etc., with especial reference to the starches and tissues of parent-stock and hybrid-stocks and the starches and hemoglobi Washington, D.C.Carnegie institution of Washington1919 url p. 114, p. 115, p. 152, p. 153, p. 165, p. 171, p. 176, p. 177, p. 245, p. 4, p. 4, p. 6, p. 6, p. 675, p. 678, p. 681, p. 683.
• A complete dictionary of practical gardening: comprehending all the modern improvements in the art; whether in the raising of the various esculent vegetables, or in the forcing and managing of different sorts of fruits and plants, and that of lay By Alexander McDonald [pseud.] London, 1807. url .
• A dictionary of English names of plants applied in England and among English-speaking people to cultivated and wild plants, trees, and shrubs, by William Miller; in two parts, English-Latin and Latin-English. London, J. Murray, 1884. url p. 52.
• A garden of South African flowers, K. C. Stanford. Cape Town: M. Miller, [19-?] url p. 2, p. 58.
• A natural arrangement of British plants: according to their relations to each other as pointed out by Jussieu, De Candolle, Brown, &c.. .. / with an introduction to botany. .. By Samuel Frederick Gray. .. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1821. url p. 67.
• A practical guide to garden plants, containing descriptions of the hardiest and most beautiful annuals and biennials, hardy herbaceous and bulbous perennials, hardy water and bog plants, flowering and ornamental trees and shrubs, conife London;Longmans, Green, 1901. url , p. 949.
• A systematic treatise on comparative physiology, introductory to the physiology of man / London: Published by John Churchill and Thos. Kaye, 1834. url p. 352.
• Bulletin / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Washington: G.P.O., 1901-1913. url p. 19.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- url , , , p. 114, p. 115, p. 171, p. 244, p. 259, p. 277, p. 675, p. 678, p. 681, p. 683.
• Cultivated plants, their propagation and improvement. Edinburgh, W. Blackwood & Sons, 1877. url p. 350.
• Curtis's botanical magazine. 27 1808 London; New York [etc.]: Academic Press [etc.] url , p. 75, p. 95.
• Dictionary of the common names of plants with list of foreign plants cultivated in the open / by Rudolf Marloth. Cape Town: Specialty Press of South Africa, 1917. url , p. 141, p. 69.
• Edwards's botanical register. 29 1843 London: James Ridgway, 1829-1847. url p. 2, p. 46, p. 46.
• Edwards, S. T. The Botanical register: consisting of coloured figures of. .. 7 1821 London: Printed for James Ridgway, 1815-1828. url .
• Flowers of the French Riviera by M. Henry L. de Vilmorin. London, Printed by Spottiswoode, 1893. url p. 19.
• Garden and forest; a journal of horticulture, landscape art and forestry. New York: The Garden and forest publishing co., 1888-97. url p. 350, p. 364, p. 446.
• Genetics in relation to agriculture, New York, McGraw-Hill; [etc., etc.]1918. url , p. 658.
• Gladiolus studies / Alvin C. Beal [and A. C. Hottes] Ithaca, N.Y.New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, 1916. url p. 121, p. 125, p. 126, p. 127, p. 144, p. 147, p. 149, p. 151, p. 153, p. 155, p. 169, p. 174, p. 251.
• Gray's school and field book of botany. Consisting of "Lessons in botany, " and "Field, forest, and garden botany, " bound in one volume. New York, American book company, 1901?, c1887 url p. 423.
• Growth of plants; twenty years' research at Boyce Thompson Institute. New York, Reinhold Pub. Corp., 1948. url p. 431, p. 453.
• Hand-list of tender momocotyledons, excluding Orchideae, cultivated in the Royal Gardens, Kew. London, Printed for H. M. S. O., by Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1897. url p. 89.
• Hand-list of tender monocotyledons, excluding Orchideae, cultivated in the Royal Gardens, Kew. 1897. LondonPrinted for H.M. Stationery Off. by Eyre and Spottiswoode1897 url p. 89.
• Handbook of flower pollination based upon Hermann Müller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects'; tr. by J.R. Ainsworth Davis. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1906. url p. 18, p. 90.
• Handbook of flower pollination: based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' / Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906-09. url , .
• Handbook of the Irideae. London, Bell, 1892. url p. 203, p. 231.
• Henderson's Handbook of plants and general horticulture. By Peter Henderson. New York, P. Henderson & company, 1910. url p. 167.
• Irish gardening. Dublin: Pub. Office, 1906-1922 url , p. 86.
• Journal of Indian botany. Madras: Methodist Pub. House, 1919-1923. url p. 59.
• Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. 30 1929 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., 1900- url p. 148, p. 149, p. 42, p. 56, p. 60, p. 73, p. 74, p. 75, p. 77, p. 78, p. 79.
• List of intercepted plant pests / United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Quarantine and Control Administration. [Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O.], 1932- url p. 3, p. 6, p. 61.
• Pamphlets on silviculture. [1899- url p. 1278.
• Seeds and plants imported / U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1903-1913. url p. 19.
• South African journal of natural history. Pretoria, South African Biological Society. url p. 214.
• The American florist: a weekly journal for the trade. Chicago: American Florist Company, [1885-1931] url p. 1283, p. 1286, p. 900.
• The Cottage gardener. [London: W.S. Orr, url p. 111, p. 203.
• The Florists' exchange: a weekly medium of interchange for florists, nurserymen, seedsmen and the trade in general. New York, N.Y.: [A.T. De la Mare Ptg. and Pub. Co., url p. 684.
• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url , p. 107, p. 138, p. 214, p. 248, p. 280, p. 296, p. 315, p. 315, p. 334, p. 358, p. 378, p. 4, p. 416, p. 420, p. 424, p. 465, p. 465, p. 466, p. 509, p. 541, p. 554, p. 58.
• The Gardeners' chronicle and agricultural gazette. London: published for the proprietors, 1844-1873. url p. 742.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url , , , , , p. 145, p. 174, p. 18, p. 183, p. 187, p. 192, p. 271, p. 275, p. 290, p. 290, p. 329, p. 329, p. 329, p. 330, p. 334, p. 339, p. 341, p. 352, p. 357, p. 362, p. 368, p. 370, p. 386, p. 4, p. 404, p. 41, p. 47, p. 489, p. 578, p. 630, p. 701, p. 766.
• The Irish naturalist. Dublin: Eason & Son, Ltd., 1892- url , p. 108.
• The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. url p. 240.
• The Magazine of horticulture, botany, and all useful discoveries and improvements in rural affairs. Boston: Hovey and Co., 1837- url .
• The Modern gladiolus grower. Calcium, N.Y.: Madison Cooper, c1914-c1917. url p. 13, p. 72, p. 88.
• The bulb book; or, Bulbous and tuberous plants for the open air, stove, and greenhouse, containing particulars as to descriptions, culture, propagation, etc.. .. by John Weathers. London, J. Murray, 1911. url p. 245, p. 250.
• The florist cultivator, or, Plain directions for the management of the principal florist flowers, shrubs, etc. etc.: adapted to the flower-garden, shrubbery, and greenhouse: with select lists of the finest roses, geraniums, carnations, pinks, auriculas, polyanthuses, tulips, dahlias, heartsease, &c &c.. .. / by Thomas Willats. London: J. Ridgeway, 1836. url p. 107.
• The illustrated dictionary of gardening, a practical and scientific encyclopedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists. Ed. by George Nicholson. Assisted by Professor J. W. H. Trail and J. Garrett. London: L. U. Gill, [1884]-89. url p. 71.
• The nature-study review Ithica, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Co., 1905-1923 url p. 186.
• The scented garden / by Eleanour Sinclair Rohde. London: Medici Society, [19--] url p. 307.
• The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1340, p. 1342.
• The universe: or, The infinitely great and the infinitely little. New York, C. Scribner, 1870. url .
• Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 1, p. 26, p. 67.
• Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society. 14 1904 Cape Town, : The Society. url p. 334.
• Vegetable teratology, an account of the principal deviations from the usual construction of plants, by Maxwell T. Masters. .. With numerous illus. by E.M. Williams. London, Published for the Ray society by R. Hardwicke, 1869. url p. 506.
• W. Curtis (ed.) The Botanical magazine, or, Flower-garden displayed. .. /by William Curtis. 8 1794 [S.l.: s.n.], 1790-1800; url .
• Zhao Yu-tang. 1985. Iridaceae. In: Pei Chien & Ting Chih-tsun, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 16(1): 120--198.
• Goldblatt, P. and J. C. Manning. 1998. Gladiolus in Southern Africa. Cape Town.
• Goldblatt, P. 1996. Gladiolus in Tropical Africa. Portland.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 24, 2007:

• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2670926
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-328973
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13793928
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:437939-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 17606
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 506996
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 437939-1
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: GLTR2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 40475

Footnotes

1. Yu-tang Zhao, Henry J. Noltie & Brian F. Mathew "Iridaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 297. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Peter Goldblatt "Gladiolus". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 349, 407, 408. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Gladiolus tristis". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 408, 409. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 201.440 meters (660.892 feet), Standard Deviation = 147.060 based on 9 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.