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Geum rivale

(Indian Chocolate)

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Chinese:

Zi E Lu Bian Qing

Common Names in English:

Bog Avens, Cure All, Indian Chocolate, Purple Avens, Water Avens

Description

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Genus Geum

Herbs perennial , rhizomatous , sometimes stoloniferous . Stipules adnate to and sheathing petiole ; radical leaves pinnate or pseudopinnate; terminal leaflet largest; lateral leaflets often in alternating larger and smaller pairs; cauline leaves few, often 3-foliolate or bractlike. Flowers solitary or in corymbs, bisexual . Hypanthium turbinate or hemispheric . Sepals 5, valvate , persistent ; epicalyx segments 5, small, alternate with sepals. Petals 5, yellow, white, or red, orbicular or obovate . Stamens numerous , crowded. Disk lining hypanthium, smooth or ribbed . Carpels numerous, borne on prominent , usually cylindric receptacle, free ; ovule ascending ; style filiform , jointed ; stigma slightly recurved or hooked , minute. Achenes sessile or stipitate , small, hooked at apex of beak . Seed erect ; testa membranous; cotyledons oblong . x = 7.

About 70 species: widespread in temperate zones of both hemispheres; three species in China.[1]

Physical Description

Species Geum rivale

Roots robust , terete . Stems erect , 25-70 cm tall, pilose or hirtellous. Radical leaves lyrately pinnate, 10-35 cm including petiole , with 2-4 pairs of leaflets , both surfaces scattered strigose ; leaflets unequal, terminal one largest, usually rhombic-ovate, lobed , 4-9 × 3-8 cm, base broadly cuneate or subtruncate, margin markedly incised-lobed to 3-parted and coarsely serrate, apex rounded ; cauline leaves: stipules green, ovate-elliptic, lobed to parted , herbaceous; leaf blade simple , 3-lobed or 3-parted. Inflorescence usually nodding , laxly 2-4-flowered. Flowers 2-2.5 cm in diam.; pedicel densely yellow pubescent and pilose. Sepals ovate-triangular, apex acuminate; epicalyx segments usually purplish, linear-lanceolate, minute, 1/3-1/2 as long as sepals, apex acuminate. Petals yellow, purple-brown striate , semiorbicular, longer than sepals, base abruptly tapered into a rather long claw . Style terminal, filiform , twisted at joint ; proximal section yellow villous ; distal section deciduous at fruit maturity. Fruiting receptacle hirtellous, hairs 1.5-2 mm; achenes yellow villous; proximal section of style persistent. Fl. and fr. May-Aug. [source]

Habit: Forb/herbGrowth Form: Single CrownShape and Orientation: Erect

Flowers: Bloom Period: Mid SpringFlower Color: Purple • Flower Conspicuous: Yes

Seeds: Seed per Pound: 400000 • Seed Spread Rate: Moderate • Seedling Vigor: Medium • Fruit/Seed Abundance: High • Fruit/Seed Color: Brown • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: No • Cold Stratification Required: No

Foliage: Foliage Color: Green • Foliage Porosity Summer: Moderate • Foliage Porosity Winter: Porous • Foliage Texture: CoarseFall Conspicuous: No • Leaf Retention: No

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Moderate • After Harvest Regrowth Rate: Slow • Mature Height (feet): 3.0 • Size: 6-12" tall. • Vegetative Spread Rate: None • Lifespan: Lifespan

Habitat

Thickets, meadows in valleys, ravine gravels ; 1200--2300 m [2].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,632 meters (0 to 11,916 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: PerennialCoppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: No • Propagated by Container: No • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: SpringFruit/Seed Period End: Summer • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Space 6-9" apart.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: Medium • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium • Minimum pH: 4.8 • Maximum pH: 7.0 • Fertility Requirement: High

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade. • Shade Tolerance: Intolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Low • Minimum Precipitation: 30 • Maximum Precipitation: 55 • Moisture Use: High

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -33 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 95 • Cold Hardiness: 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Unambiguous Synonyms

  1. Geum aleppicum strictum (Sol.) R. T. Clausen
  2. Geum aleppicum var. bipinnatum (Batalin) Hand. -Mazz.
  3. Geum aleppicum var. strictum (Sol.) Fernald
  4. Geum intermedium Ledeb.
  5. Geum potaninii Juz.
  6. Geum Ranunculoides Auct.
  7. Geum ranunculoides Ser.
  8. Geum strictum Sol.
  9. Geum strictum var. bipinnata Batalin
  10. Geum strictum var. decurrens (Rydb.) Kearney and Peebles

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Name verified on 04-Mar-2003 by ARS Systematic Botanists.

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Geum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 463 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

G. adnatum · G. aequilobatum · G. agrimonioides · G. albarracense · G. albiflorum · G. album · G. album flavum · G. album var. flavum · G. album var. simplicifolium · G. aleppicum (Yellow Avens) · G. aleppicum f. aurantiaco-plenum · G. aleppicum f. glabricaule · G. aleppicum f. plenum · G. aleppicum forma aurantiaco-plenum · G. aleppicum forma glabricaule · G. aleppicum forma plenum · G. aleppicum strictum · G. aleppicum subvar. dissectum · G. aleppicum subvar. hirsutum · G. aleppicum subvar. rugosum · G. aleppicum var. cuneatum (Aleppo Avens) · G. aleppicum var. decurrens · G. alpinum · G. ambiguum · G. andicola · G. anemonoides · G. antarcticum · G. 'Apricot Beauty' · G. atlanticum · G. aucklandicum · G. aurantiacum (Avens) · G. balcanum · G. 'Beech House Apricot' · G. 'Bell Bank' · G. besseri · G. besserianum · G. biflorum · G. billietii · G. 'Birkhead's Creamy Lemon' · G. 'Birkhead's Cream' · G. 'Blazing Sunset' (Avens) · G. boliviense · G. 'Borisii' × montanum · G. brachypetalum · G. 'Bremner's Nectarine' · G. brevicarpellatum · G. bulgaricum · G. 'Butterscotch' · G. 'Caitlin' · G. calthaefolium · G. calthifolium (Caltha-Leaf Avens) · G. calthifolium nipponicum · G. calthifolium subsp. nipponicum · G. calthifolium var. dilatatum · G. calthifolium var. nipponicum · G. calthifolium var. rotundifolium · G. calthifolium x rossii · G. camporum · G. camschaticum · G. camtschaticum · G. canadense (White Avens) · G. canadense f. adenophorum · G. canadense f. glandulosum · G. canadense forma adenophorum · G. canadense forma glandulosum · G. canadense var. brevipes (White Avens) · G. canadense var. camporum (White Avens) · G. canadense var. canadense · G. canadense var. flavum · G. canadense var. grimesii (Grimes' Avens) · G. canadense var. texanum (Texan Avens) · G. canescens · G. capense · G. carolinianum · G. caryophyllata · G. caryophyllatum · G. catlingii · G. caucasicum · G. cebennense · G. ceretanicum · G. ceretanum · G. chamaedryfolium · G. 'Cherry Cordial' · G. chilense · G. chilense var. grandiflorum · G. chiloense (Rose of the Rockery) · G. chiloense 'Georgenberg' · G. chiloense 'Lady Stratheden' (Lady Stratheden Rose of the Rockery) · G. chiloense 'Mrs Bradshaw' · G. chiloense 'Red Dragon' · G. 'Chipchase' · G. ciliata · G. ciliatum · G. coccineum (Scarlet Avens) · G. coccineum 'Cooky' (Scarlet Avens) · G. coccineum 'Eos' · G. coccineum var. florepleno · G. coccineum var. heldreichii · G. coccineum 'Werner Arends' · G. cockaynei

More Info

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Further Reading

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  • Yü Te-tsun, Lu Ling-ti, Ku Tsue-chih, Li Chao-luan, Kuan Ke-chien & Chiang Wan-fu. 1974, 1985, 1986. Rosaceae. In: Yü Te-tsun, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 36: 1443; 37: 1516; 38: 1133.
  • Notes

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    Contributors

    Data Sources

    Accessed through GBIF Data Portal January 28, 2008:

    Identifiers

    Footnotes

    1. Li Chao-luang, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba "Geum". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 286. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
    2. "Geum". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 287. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
    3. Mean = 290.930 meters (954.495 feet), Standard Deviation = 327.600 based on 18,827 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
    Last Revised: 7/1/2009