Geum coccineum

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Rosaceae

Trees , shrubs , or herbs, deciduous or evergreen . Stems erect , scandent , arching , prostrate , or creeping , armed or unarmed . Buds usually with several exposed scales , sometimes with only 2. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or compound ; stipules paired , free or adnate to petiole , rarely absent, persistent or deciduous; petiole usually 2-glandular apically; leaf blade often serrate at margin , rarely entire. Inflorescences various, from single flowers to umbellate , corymbose , racemose or cymose-paniculate. Flowers usually actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual and then plants dioecious. Hypanthium (formed from basal parts of sepals, petals, and stamens) free from or adnate to ovary, short or elongate . Sepals usually 5, rarely fewer or more, imbricate; epicalyx segments sometimes also present. Petals as many as sepals, inserted below margin of disk, free, imbricate, sometimes absent. Disk lining hypanthium, usually entire, rarely lobed . Stamens usually numerous , rarely few, always in a complete ring at margin of or above disk; filaments usually free, very rarely connate ; anthers small, didymous , rarely elongate, 2-locular. Carpels 1 to many, free, or ± connate and then adnate to inner surface of cupular receptacle; ovary inferior, semi-inferior, or superior; ovules usually 2 in each carpel, rarely 1 or several, anatropous , superposed . Styles as many as carpels, terminal , lateral , or basal, free or sometimes connate. Fruit a follicle, pome, achene, or drupe, rarely a capsule, naked or enclosed in persistent hypanthium and sometimes also by sepals. Seeds erect or pendulous, sometimes winged , usually exalbuminous , very rarely with thin endosperm; cotyledons mostly fleshy and convex abaxially, rarely folded or convolute.

Between 95 and 125 genera and 2825-3500 species: cosmopolitan , mostly in N temperate zone; 55 genera (two endemic) and 950 species (546 endemic) in China.

Many plants of this family are of economic importance and contribute to people s livelihoods. The Rosaceae contain a great number of fruit trees of temperate regions . The fruits contain vitamins, acids, and sugars and can be used both raw and for making preserves, jam, jelly, candy, various drinks, wine, vinegar, etc. The dried fruits of the genera

Amygdalus and Armeniaca are of high commercial value. Some plants in the genus Rosa containing essential oils or with a high vitamin content are used in industry . Rosaceae wood is used for making various articles, stems and roots are used for making tannin extract, and young leaves are used as a substitute for tea. Numerous species are used for medical purposes or are cultivated as ornamentals .

The Rosaceae are very well represented in China, with great economic and scientific importance. The Co-chairs of the Editorial Committee (Wu and Raven) here note that the patterns of relationship are complex and the group is taxonomically difficult. [1]

Genus Geum

Herbs perennial , rhizomatous , sometimes stoloniferous . Stipules adnate to and sheathing petiole ; radical leaves pinnate or pseudopinnate; terminal leaflet largest; lateral leaflets often in alternating larger and smaller pairs; cauline leaves few, often 3-foliolate or bractlike. Flowers solitary or in corymbs, bisexual . Hypanthium turbinate or hemispheric . Sepals 5, valvate , persistent ; epicalyx segments 5, small, alternate with sepals. Petals 5, yellow, white, or red, orbicular or obovate . Stamens numerous , crowded. Disk lining hypanthium, smooth or ribbed . Carpels numerous, borne on prominent , usually cylindric receptacle, free ; ovule ascending ; style filiform , jointed ; stigma slightly recurved or hooked , minute. Achenes sessile or stipitate , small, hooked at apex of beak . Seed erect ; testa membranous; cotyledons oblong . x = 7.

About 70 species: widespread in temperate zones of both hemispheres; three species in China.[2]

Physical Description

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 15-18" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Geum grandiflorum K. Koch • Geum sadleri Friv.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Similar Species

Members of the genus Geum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 59 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

G. aleppicum (Yellow Avens) · G. aleppicum var. cuneatum (Yellow Avens) · G. aurantiacum (Avens) · G. calthifolium (Caltha-Leaf Avens) · G. canadense (White Avens) · G. canadense var. brevipes (White Avens) · G. canadense var. camporum (White Avens) · G. canadense var. grimesii (Grand Birch) · G. canadense var. texanum (Texan Avens) · G. chiloense (Avens) · G. chiloense 'Lady Stratheden' (Lady Stratheden Avens) · G. coccineum (Scarlet Avens) · G. coccineum 'Cooky' (Scarlet Avens) · G. geniculatum (Bent Avens) · G. glaciale (Glacier Avens) · G. laciniatum (Rough Avens) · G. laciniatum var. laciniatum (Rough Avens) · G. macranthum (Avens) · G. macrophyllum (Large Leaf Avens) · G. macrophyllum var. macrophyllum (Largeleaf Avens) · G. magellanicum (Hierba Del Clavo) · G. montanum (Alpine Avens) · G. peckii (Mountain Avens) · G. pentapetalum (Aleutian Avens) · G. pulchrum (Avens) · G. radiatum (Appalachian Avens) · G. rivale (Bog Avens) · G. rivale 'Album' (Bog Avens) · G. rivale 'Leonard's Double' (Bog Avens) · G. rivale 'Leonard's Variety' (Bog Avens) · G. rossii (Ross Avens) · G. rossii var. depressum (Ross' Avens) · G. rossii var. turbinatum (Ross Avens) · G. triflorum (Old Man's Whiskers) · G. triflorum f. ornatum (Old-Man´s-Whiskers) · G. triflorum var. campanulatum (Old Man's Whiskers) · G. triflorum var. canescens (Alpine Old Man's Whiskers) · G. triflorum var. ciliatum (Old Man's Whiskers) · G. urbanum (Avens) · G. urbanum 'Checkmate' (Bennet) · G. vernum (Spring Avens) · G. virginianum (Cream Avens) · G. x aurantiacum (Avens) · G. x heldreichii 'Georgenberg' (Georgenberg Chilean Avens) · G. x macranthum (Avens) · G. x pulchrum (Avens) · G. 'Blazing Sunset' (Avens) · G. 'Borisii' (Boris Avens) · G. 'Coppertone' (Avens) · G. 'Dolly North' (Avens) · G. 'Fireball' (Avens) · G. 'Georgenberg' (Avens) · G. 'Lady Stratheden' (Avens) · G. 'Lemon Drops' (Avens) · G. 'Mango Lassi' (Grecian Rose) · G. 'Mrs J. Bradshaw' (Avens) · G. 'Paso Doble' (Avens) · G. 'Prinses Juliana' (Avens) · G. 'Werner Arends' (Scarlet Avens)

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Further Reading

• A contribution to our knowledge of seedlings; by the Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, & co., ltd., 1892. url , p. 480, p. 486.
• A first report on the relations between climates and crops. By Cleveland Abbe. Prepared under the direction of Willis L. Moore, chief United States Weather Bureau. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1905. url p. 209.
• A little book of perennials, by Alfred C. Hottes. New York, N. Y., The A. T. De La Mare1923. url p. 167, p. 33, p. 37, p. 97.
• A manual of scientific terms, pronouncing, etymological, and explanatory, chiefly comprising terms in botany, natural history, anatomy, medicine, and veterinary science, with an appendix of specific names. Designed for the use of by Rev. James Stormonth Edinburgh, Maclachlan and Stewart, 1885 url p. 178.
• A practical guide to garden plants, containing descriptions of the hardiest and most beautiful annuals and biennials, hardy herbaceous and bulbous perennials, hardy water and bog plants, flowering and ornamental trees and shrubs, conife London;Longmans, Green, 1901. url , p. 375, p. 92.
• Alpine flowers for English gardens / by W. Robinson. London: Murray, 1879. url p. 428.
• American flower-garden directory: containing practical directions for the culture of plants in the flower-garden, hot-house, green-house, rooms, or parlour windows. .. / by Robert Buist. New York: Orange Judd, 1854. url p. 44, p. 44, p. 44.
• An illustrated encyclopaedia of gardening, by Walter P. Wright London, J. M. Dent & sons, ltd.; url p. 119.
• Annual catalogue of fruit and ornamental trees and plants cultivated at the Linn©an Botanic Garden and Nurseries / William Prince & Sons, proprietors, Flushing, Long Island, near New-York. [New York: s.n.], 1837 url p. 82.
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• Bulletin of miscellaneous information /Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1920 London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1900-1941. url p. 30.
• Carotenoids, by Paul Karrer and Ernst Jucker. Translated and rev. by Ernest A. Braude. New York, Elsevier Pub. Co., 1950. url p. 368, p. 71.
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• Colour in my garden, by Louise Beebe Wilder. Illustrated in colour, by Anna Winegar. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page, 1918. url p. 384, p. 390, p. 392, p. 394, p. 395.
• Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants sold in the United by L. H. Bailey. .. assisted by William Miller. .. and many expert cultivators and botanists. London: The Macmillan company, 1909. url p. 642.
• Don, G. A general history of the dichlamydeous plants: comprising complete descriptions of the different orders...the whole arranged according to the natural system /by George Don. 2 1832 London: J.G. and F. Rivington, 1831-1838. url p. 526.
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• Garden guide, the amateur gardener's handbook; how to plan, plant and maintain the home grounds, the suburban garden, the city lot. How to grow gook vegetables and fruit. How to care for roses and other favorite flowers, hardy plants, trees, shrub ed. by J. Harrison Dick... New York, A. T. De La Mare company, inc.1917 url p. 65.
• Garden guide, the amateur gardeners' handbook; how to plan, plant and maintain the home grounds, the suburban garden, the city lot. How to grow good vegetables and fruit. How to care for roses and other favorite flowers, hardy plants, trees, shrub New York, A. T. De La Mare company, inc.[c1917] url , .
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• Horticulture. Boston, Mass.: Horticulture Pub. Co., c1904- url p. 581, p. 924.
• Hortus suburbanus Calcuttensis; A catalogue of the plants which have been cultivated in the Hon. East India Company's botanical garden, Calcutta, and in the Serampore botanical garden. By the late J. O. Voigt, printed under the superintendence of W. Griffith. Calcutta, Bishop's College Press, 1845. url p. 196.
• Irish gardening. Dublin: Pub. Office, 1906-1922 url p. 180.
• Jottings of a gentleman farmer: a practical guide to flower gardening for amateur gardeners: to which is added some suggestions on growing food plants during the war / by E.T. Ellis. London: L. Reeve & co., 1917. url , .
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. url p. 275.
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• Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. 15 1914 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., 1900- url p. 295, p. 88.
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• Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society. London: The Society, 1857-1864. url p. 197.
• Lawns and gardens. How to plant and beautify the home lot, the pleasure ground and garden, by N. Jönsson-Rose. With numerous plans and illustrations by the author. New York, G. P. Putnam, 1897. url p. 309.
• Loddiges, C. L. The botanical cabinet: consisting of coloured delineations of plants, from all countries, with a short account of each, directions for management, &c, &c /by Conrad Loddiges & Sons; the plates by George Cooke... 16 1829 London: John & Arthur Arch. .., 1817-1833. url no. 1527.
• Making a garden of perennials, New York, McBride, Nast & company, 1912. url p. 44, p. 51.
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• Meehans' monthly: a magazine of horticulture, botany and kindred subjects / conducted by Thomas Meehan. Philadelphia: Thomas Meehan & Sons, 1891-1902. url .
• My garden, its plan and culture together with a general description of its geology, botany, and natural history, London, Bell and Daldy, 1872. url .
• Ornamental gardening for Americans: a treatise on beautifying homes, rural districts, towns, and cemeteries / by Elias A. Long. New York: O. Judd, 1885. url p. 142.
• Popular gardening and fruit growing; An illustrated periodical devoted to horticulture in all its branches. Buffalo, New York;Popular gardening publishing company. url p. 146.
• Pot-pourri from a Surrey garden / by Mrs. C. W. Earle; with an appendix by Lady Constance Lytton. London: Smith, Elder, 1897. url p. 191.
• Pot-pourri from a Surrey garden, New York, E. P. Dutton, 1898. url .
• Pot-pourri from a Surrey garden, by Mrs. C. W. Earle. With an appendix by Lady Constance Lytton. New York, E.P. Dutton, 1898. url p. 191.
• Practical landscape gardening, with reference to the improvement of rural residences, giving the general principles of art; with full directions for planting shade trees, shrubbery and flowers, and laying out grounds. Cincinnati, Moore, Wilstach, Keys & co., 1855. url p. 225.
• Practical landscape gardening: the importance of careful planning, locating the house, arrangement of walks and drives, construction of walks and drives, lawns and terraces, how to plant a property, laying out a flower garden, arch New York, A.T. De La Mare Company, inc., 1916. url , , .
• Prince's select catalogue of the unrivaled collection of roses, carnations, chrysanthemums, phlox, iris, double sweet williams, hollyhocks: and other herbaceous flowering plants, Linn©an Botanic Gardens and Nurseries, Flushing, Long Island, N.Y. / William R. Prince & Co. New York: Baker and Godwin, 1857. url p. 42.
• Standardized plant names; a catalogue of approved scientific and common names of plants in American commerce. Salem, Mass., 1923. url p. 25.
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• The book of hardy flowers; a simple and complete descriptive guide to the cultivation in gardens of the trees and shrubs, perennial and annual flowers, that are hardy, or are suitable for planting out-of-doors in summer in temp Ed. by H. H. Thomas. .. Beautifully illustrated with thirty-two direct color photographs by H. Essenhigh Corke and sixty-four half-tone plates. 1915 New York, Funk & Wagnalls company; [etc., etc.][1915] url p. 199.
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• The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1335, p. 1468, p. 1474, p. 1476.
• The villa gardener; comprising the choice of a suburban villa residence; the laying out, planting, and culture of the garden and grounds; and the management of the villa farm, including the dairy and poultry-yard. .. By J. C. Loudon. London, W. S. Orr & co., 1850. url p. 254, p. 505.
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• Yü Te-tsun, Lu Ling-ti, Ku Tsue-chih, Li Chao-luan, Kuan Ke-chien & Chiang Wan-fu. 1974, 1985, 1986. Rosaceae. In: Yü Te-tsun, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 36: 1443; 37: 1516; 38: 1133.
• Yü Te-tsun, Lu Ling-ti, Ku Tsue-chih, Li Chao-luan, Kuan Ke-chien & Chiang Wan-fu. 1974, 1985, 1986. Rosaceae. In: Yü Te-tsun, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 36: 1443; 37: 1516; 38: 1133.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 06, 2007:

• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• GBIF-Spain, Jardi Botanic de Valencia: VAL
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1672414
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ros-32481
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13535128
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:725216-1
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 648039

Footnotes

1. Cuizhi Gu, Chaoluan Li, Lingdi Lu, Shunyuan Jiang, Crinan Alexander, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, David E. Boufford, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba, Kenneth R. Robertson & Steven A. Spongberg "Rosaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 46. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Li Chao-luang, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba "Geum". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 286. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.