Funaria hygrometrica

• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

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Description

Family Funariaceae

Plants minute to medium-sized, gregarious to forming open tufts, light- to yellow-green, annual to biennial. Stems short, erect , simple or with a few branches, central strand present, basal rhizoids few. Leaves usually larger and more crowded distally, often comose , reduced proximally, usually contorted when dry, spreading when wet, broadly elliptic to obovate , usually concave , margins plane to somewhat incurved , entire to serrate, sometimes limbate , apex acute to acuminate, rarely somewhat blunt , costa single, percurrent to excurrent; distal and median cells usually irregular-rhombic to hexagonal or rectangular, smooth and rather thin-walled, often lax , weakly chlorophyllose, proximal cells usually longer , oblong to rectangular, sometimes weakly inflated at proximal angles, differentiated alar cells absent. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition autoicous , sometimes polygamous, rarely synoicous or paroicous . Perigonia terminal on short basal branches, bud-like, paraphyses yellowish and club-shaped. Perichaetia terminal, paraphyses usually absent and filiform when present, perichaetial leaves often somewhat enlarged. Seta terminal, solitary, short to elongate , erect to somewhat curved , smooth or rarely papillose . Capsule stegocarpous or cleistocarpous , immersed to exserted, globose or pyriform to cupulate , sometimes flaring , symmetric and nearly smooth to asymmetric and striate when dry, usually with a neck; exothecial cells thick- to thin-walled; stomata restricted to neck, consisting of a slit in a rounded guard cell, superficial or immersed, annulus present or absent, revoluble , revoluble in fragments, or not; operculum present or absent, flat, conic-rounded, to rostrate ; peristome double , single, rudimentary , or absent, exostome teeth 16, erect to incurved, papillose-striolate or striate, trabeculate on adaxial surface, endostome segments 16 and opposite the exostome teeth, cilia absent, represented only by the exostome when single. Calyptra deciduous or persistent , mitrate to cucullate , smooth, usually long-rostrate and inflated towards the base . Spores spherical or sub-reniform, strongly ornamented to smooth.

Genera ca. 13, species ca. 300 (6 genera, 29 species in the flora ) : worldwide except Antarctica.

The Funariaceae is characterized by broad leaves, large, pale laminal cells, opposite peristomes, and the distinctive stomata. The majority of species are found in disturbed or open sites on bare soil. Many of the species are annuals or biennials, and some may be perennials . When sterile , only a few species have distinctive vegetative features that allow positive identification to genus or species level. Fortunately most are usually fertile and sporophytes are common, although seasonal.[1]

Genus Funaria

Plants small to medium-sized, gregarious or tufted , bright green to yellowish green. Stems short, erect , simple except for a short basal antheridial branch . Leaves larger and erect distally, reduced proximally, oblong-ovate to broadly obovate distally; concave ; apex usually acute or acuminate margins erect, entire to serrate beyond middle ; costa single, ending before the tip to excurrent; distal and medial laminal cells large, rhombic-hexagonal to rectangular, lax and rather thin-walled, proximal cells oblong-rectangular, differentiated alar cells absent. Sexual condition autoicous ; antheridial branches 1-2, basal, perigonial paraphyses clavate with an enlarged inflated cell; perichaetia apparently absent paraphyses. Seta elongate , erect to strongly curved or twisted. Capsule exserted, usually inclined to pendent, asymmetric and usually curved, yellow to brown, pyriform , often sulcate or plicate when dry and empty, annulus large and revoluble or not differentiated, exothecial cells oblong-hexagonal to linear , walls incrassate especially so on inner tangential wall, stomata immersed ; peristome double , inserted somewhat below the mouth , teeth well developed, obliquely directed, lance-acuminate, papillose-striate, often strongly trabeculate , frequently appendiculate at the tips and fusing with a latticed disk, endostome segments opposite the teeth, 1/6 or more the length of the teeth, papillose or weakly papillose-striate with a basal membrane and cilia absent. Operculum usually oblique to the axis of the capsule, convex to weakly conic, cells in obliquely radial rows . Calyptra large, cucullate , usually smooth , and often long-rostrate. Spores spherical , smooth or papillose to baccate-insulate.

Species ca. 200: North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia (including Indonesia), Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia.

Funaria comprises mainly small to medium seasonal mosses growing on moist mineral or peaty soils in strong light. For the most part, they are relatively short-lived pioneer species adapted to complete the life cycle by producing many spores quickly, in a cool, moist, bright (but not sunny for long periods), exposed, disturbed habitat . In North America, the best time to look for members of the family is spring before the soil dries out. The most common species can be recognized by the production of large numbers of sporophytes bearing a double peristome with inner and outer teeth opposite rather than alternate as is typical for most mosses. The teeth tend to be torqued in one direction with the tips of the exostome adhering weakly to a few-celled disk. Because the sporophyte shows more morphologic diversity than the gametophyte, it is often essential for identification. H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson (1981) discussed the indistinct generic limits between Funaria and Entosthodon and the application of generic names .[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Taxonomy

Ambiguous Synonyms

1. Entosthodon plagiostomus (C. Müller) Sim, 1926
2. Funaria androgyna Bridel, 1827
3. Funaria angustifolia Bridel, 1817
4. Funaria calvescens Schwaegrichen, 1816
5. Funaria campylopus Bridel, 1827
6. Funaria connivens C. Müller, 1855
7. Funaria globicarpa C. Müller, 1898
8. Funaria gracilescens W. P. Schimper Ex C. Müller, 1858
9. Funaria lonchopelma C. Müller, 1899
10. Funaria marginata Kindberg, 1883
11. Funaria megapoda C. Müller, 1897
12. Funaria papillata Hampe, 1876
13. Funaria plagiostoma C. Müller, 1855
14. Funaria ramificans Bridel, 1827
15. Funaria sphaerocarpa C. Müller, 1851
16. Tayloria henryae Dixon, 1941

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 19-Jul-2004

Similar Species

Members of the genus Funaria

There are approximately 168 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

F. acaulis · F. acicularis · F. acuta · F. acutifolia · F. aequidens · F. altissima · F. americana (American Funaria Moss) · F. androgyna · F. angustifolia · F. annulata · F. anomala · F. apiculatopilosa (Apiculate Funaria Moss) · F. apophysata · F. arctica (Arctic Funaria Moss) · F. aristatula · F. attenuata · F. beccarii · F. berteroana · F. beyrichii · F. bogosica · F. bolanderi · F. boliviana · F. bonatii · F. bonplandii · F. bullata · F. buseana · F. calcarea · F. californica · F. calvescens (Funaria Moss) · F. cameruniae · F. campylopus · F. capillaris · F. capillipes · F. chevalieri · F. chilensis · F. clavellata · F. commixta · F. commutata · F. connivens · F. convexa · F. convoluta · F. costesii · F. crispula · F. curviseta · F. cuspidata · F. decaryi · F. delicatula · F. dentata · F. discelioides · F. eberhardtii · F. epipedostegia · F. erectiuscula · F. euryloma · F. excurrentinervis · F. fascicularis · F. flava · F. flavicans (Funaria Moss) · F. flaviseta · F. fritzei · F. fuegiana · F. fuscescens · F. glabra · F. globicarpa · F. grossidens · F. groutiana (Funaria Moss) · F. helmsii · F. higrometrica · F. hosseusii · F. hungarica · F. hygometrica · F. hygrometrica (Funaria Moss) · F. hygrometrica arctica · F. hygrometrica calvescens · F. hygrometrica var. arctica · F. hygrometrica var. calvescens · F. hygrometrica var. convoluta · F. hygrometrica var. muralis · F. hygrometricoides · F. imerinensis · F. incompleta · F. incurvifolia · F. inflata · F. japonica · F. kanakensis · F. kilimandscharica · F. koelzei · F. laxissima · F. leptopoda · F. linearidens · F. lonchopelma · F. longicollis · F. longiseta · F. ludoviciae · F. luteo-limbata · F. luzonensis · F. macrocarpa · F. macrospora · F. maireana · F. marginata · F. maryannae

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed October 5, 2006.
• "Funaria hygrometrica". in Flora of North America Vol. 27 Page 15, 25, 189, 190, 191. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 27, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 18 providers.
• Moss TROPICOS DatabaseJul 1, 2004.
• Moss TROPICOS: the World Checklist of Mosses
• MOST: Moss TROPICOS Database
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 27, 2008:

• Australian Antarctic Data Centre: Australian Antarctic Division Herbarium
• Australian National Herbarium (CANB)
• Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem: GEO Biodiversity Day
• British Antarctic Survey: ANTARCTIC PLANT DATABASE
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad: Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México (IE-XAL)
• GBIF-Spain: Real Jardin Botanico, Madrid: MA-Musci
• GBIF-Spain: Universidad de Murcia, Dpto. Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Murcia: MUB-MUSCI
• GBIF-Sweden: Herbarium of Oskarshamn (OHN)
• GBIF-Sweden: Mosses (S)
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus: The AAU Herbarium Database
• Icelandic Institute of Natural History: Herbarium (AMNH)
• Icelandic Institute of Natural History: Herbarium (ICEL)
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (Costa Rica): Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Herbarium of New South Wales: Plants of Papua New Guinea
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo: Bryophyte herbarium, Oslo (O)
• The New York Botanical Garden: American Bryophyte Catalog
• UK National Biodiversity Network: British Bryological Society - Bryophyte data for Great Britain from the British Bryological Society held by BRC
• UK National Biodiversity Network: British Bryological Society - Bryophyte data for Great Britain held by BRC for compilation
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: MEXU/Colección de Briofitas
• University Museums of Norway (MUSIT)

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3872435
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: MOS-35145457
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13740696
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 15818
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: FUHYU
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 39971

Footnotes

1. Terry T. McIntosh "Funariaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 27 Page 180, 195, 199. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Donna H. Miller, Harvey A. Miller "Funaria". in Flora of North America Vol. 27 Page 10, 11, 12, 13, 181, 188, 189, 192, 193, 203. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

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