Description
Genus Funaria
Plants small to medium-sized, gregarious
or tufted
, bright green to yellowish green. Stems short, erect
, simple
except for a short basal antheridial
branch
. Leaves larger and erect distally, reduced proximally, oblong-ovate to broadly obovate
distally; concave
; apex usually acute or acuminate margins
erect, entire
to serrate beyond middle
; costa single, ending before the tip
to excurrent; distal and medial
laminal
cells
large, rhombic-hexagonal to rectangular, lax
and rather thin-walled, proximal
cells oblong-rectangular, differentiated alar cells
absent. Sexual condition autoicous
; antheridial branches 1-2, basal, perigonial paraphyses clavate
with an enlarged inflated
cell; perichaetia apparently absent paraphyses. Seta elongate
, erect to strongly curved
or twisted. Capsule exserted, usually inclined
to pendent, asymmetric
and usually curved, yellow to brown, pyriform
, often sulcate
or plicate
when dry and empty, annulus large and revoluble
or not differentiated, exothecial cells oblong-hexagonal to linear
, walls incrassate
especially so on inner tangential wall, stomata immersed
; peristome double
, inserted
somewhat below the mouth
, teeth well developed, obliquely directed, lance-acuminate, papillose-striate, often strongly trabeculate
, frequently appendiculate
at the tips and fusing with a latticed disk, endostome segments opposite the teeth, 1/6 or more the length of the teeth, papillose
or weakly papillose-striate with a basal membrane
and cilia absent. Operculum usually oblique
to the axis of the capsule, convex
to weakly conic, cells in obliquely radial
rows
. Calyptra large, cucullate
, usually smooth
, and often long-rostrate. Spores spherical
, smooth or papillose to baccate-insulate.
Species ca.
200: North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia (including Indonesia), Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia.
Funaria comprises mainly small to medium seasonal mosses growing on moist mineral or peaty soils in strong
light. For the most part, they are relatively short-lived pioneer species adapted to complete
the life cycle by producing many spores quickly, in a cool, moist, bright (but not sunny for long periods), exposed, disturbed
habitat
. In North America, the best time to look for members
of the family
is spring
before the soil dries out. The most common species can be recognized by the production
of large numbers of sporophytes bearing a double peristome with inner and outer teeth opposite rather than alternate as is typical for most mosses. The teeth tend to be torqued in one direction
with the tips of the exostome
adhering weakly to a few-celled disk. Because the sporophyte shows more morphologic diversity
than the gametophyte, it is often essential for identification. H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson (1981) discussed the indistinct generic
limits
between Funaria and Entosthodon and the application
of generic names
.Donna H. Miller, Harvey A. Miller "Funaria". in Flora of North America Vol. 27 Page 10, 11, 12, 13, 181, 188, 189, 192, 193, 203. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Taxonomy
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
)
- Plants
- Phylum:
Bryophyta
()
- Mosses
- Class:
Bryopsida
()
- Mosses
- Order:
Funariales
()
- Family:
Bombycoidea
()
- Genus:
Funaria
()
- Hedwig, Sp. Musc. Frond. 172. 1801.
- [Latin funis, rope, alluding to cord-like twisted seta]
- Specific epithet:
berteroana
- Hampe ex C. Müller, 1862
- Botanical name: - Funaria berteroana Hampe ex C. Müller, 1862
- Specific epithet:
berteroana
- Hampe ex C. Müller, 1862
- Genus:
Funaria
(
- Family:
Bombycoidea
(
- Order:
Funariales
(
- Class:
Bryopsida
(
- Phylum:
Bryophyta
(
Notes
Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 19-Jul-2004
Similar Species
Members of the genus Funaria
There are approximately 143 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:
F. acicularis · F. acuta · F. acutifolia · F. aequidens · F. altissima · F. americana (American Funaria Moss) · F. annulata · F. anomala · F. apiculatopilosa (Apiculate Funaria Moss) · F. apophysata · F. arctica (Arctic Funaria Moss) · F. aristatula · F. attenuata · F. beccarii · F. berteroana · F. beyrichii · F. bogosica · F. bolanderi · F. bonatii · F. bonplandii · F. bullata · F. buseana · F. calcarea · F. californica · F. calvescens (Funaria Moss) · F. cameruniae · F. capillaris · F. capillipes · F. chevalieri · F. chilensis · F. clavellata · F. commixta · F. convexa · F. convoluta · F. costesii · F. curviseta · F. cuspidata · F. decaryi · F. delicatula · F. dentata · F. discelioides · F. eberhardtii · F. epipedostegia · F. erectiuscula · F. euryloma · F. excurrentinervis · F. fascicularis · F. flava · F. flavicans (Funaria Moss) · F. flaviseta · F. fritzei · F. fuegiana · F. fuscescens · F. glabra · F. grossidens · F. groutiana (Funaria Moss) · F. helmsii · F. higrometrica · F. hosseusii · F. hungarica · F. hygometrica · F. hygrometrica (Funaria Moss) · F. hygrometrica var. arctica · F. hygrometrica var. calvescens · F. hygrometrica var. convoluta · F. hygrometrica var. muralis · F. imerinensis · F. incompleta · F. incurvifolia · F. inflata · F. japonica · F. kilimandscharica · F. koelzei · F. koelzii · F. laxissima · F. leptopoda · F. linearidens · F. longicollis · F. ludoviciae · F. luteo-limbata · F. luzonensis · F. macrocarpa · F. macrospora · F. maireana · F. maryannae · F. mayottensis · F. mediterranea · F. meeseacea · F. megapoda · F. meridionalis · F. mexicana · F. microstoma (Funaria Moss) · F. microstoma var. obtusifolia · F. minuticaulis · F. muehlenbergii · F. muhlenbergi · F. muhlenbergii (Muhlenberg's Funaria Moss) · F. mulhenbergii · F. nepalensis · F. nubica
Bibliography
- Bartram, E. B. 1928. Studies in Funaria from southwestern United States. Bryologist 31: 89-96
- Fife, A. J. 1979. Taxonomic observations on three species of North American Funaria. Bryologist 82: 204-214.
- Ireland, R. R. 1971c. Funaria. In: E. Lawton. 1971. Moss Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Nichinan. Pp. 152-154.
More Info
- Search for Pictures: images.google.com
- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
- Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Notes
Contributors
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed October 5, 2006.
- MOST: Moss TROPICOS Database
- Moss TROPICOS DatabaseJul 1, 2004.
- Moss TROPICOS: the World Checklist of Mosses
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3935979
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: MOS-35160222
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 531601
