Fraxinus velutina

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Oleaceae

Trees or erect or scandent shrubs . Branches and branchlets lenticellate . Leaves opposite, rarely alternate or whorled , simple , trifoliolate , or pinnately compound , without stipules; venation pinnate or palmate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary , in cymes, panicles, racemes , umbels, or fascicles. Flowers actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual or polygamous and plants monoecious, dioecious, or polygamodioecious. Calyx 4(-16) -lobed or -parted, rarely absent. Corolla 4(-16) -lobed, sometimes almost free to base , rarely absent; lobes sometimes united in pairs at base or into a very short tube . Stamens 2(-4), inserted on corolla tube or hypogynous; anthers dehiscing longitudinally; pollen 3-colpate or 3-colporate. Ovary superior, 2-loculed; ovules 2 in each locule, sometimes 1 or numerous . Style 1 or absent; stigma 2-lobed or capitate. Fruit a drupe, berry, capsule, or samara. Seeds with straight embryo, with or without endosperm; radicle curved upward or downward.

About 28 genera and over 400 species: tropical , subtropical , and temperate regions of world, but mainly in Asia. China has 10 genera and 160 species (95 endemic) and is the center of diversity for the genera Forsythia, Syringa, Osmanthus, and Ligustrum.

Many genera are important economically: Fraxinus and Forsythia (medicinal, ornamental ) ; Jasminum, Osmanthus, and Syringa (spice, ornamental) ; Olea (oil ) ; and Fraxinus (timber) .[1]

Genus Fraxinus

Trees or rarely shrubs , deciduous or rarely evergreen . Leaves odd-pinnate, opposite or rarely whorled at branch apices; petiole and petiolule often basally thickened. Inflorescences terminal or axillary toward end of branches, or lateral on branches of previous year, paniculate ; bracts linear to lanceolate, caducous or absent. Flowers small, unisexual , bisexual , or polygamous. Calyx 4-toothed or irregularly lobed , sometimes absent. Corolla white to yellowish, 4-lobed, divided to base or absent. Stamens 2, inserted at base of corolla lobes ; filaments short, exserted at anthesis . Ovules 2 in each locule, pendulous. Style short; stigma ± 2-cleft. Fruit a samara with apically elongated wing . Seeds usually 1, ovate-oblong; endosperm fleshy ; radicle erect .

About 60 species: mostly in temperate regions and subtropics of the Northern Hemisphere; 22 species in China.

Some species are widely used in China for commercial timber and the bark for medicinal drugs.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,647 meters (0 to 8,684 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 20-30' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Fraxinus pennsylvanica velutina (Torr.) G.S.Mill. • Fraxinus pennsylvanica velutina (Torr.) G. N. Mill. • Fraxinus velutina var. coriacea (S. Wats.) Rehd. • Fraxinus velutina var. glabra Rehd. • Fraxinus velutina var. toumeyi (Britt.) Rehd.

Notes

Publishing author : Lingelsh. Publication : Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40(2): 216 1907 [2 Aug 1907]

Similar Species

Members of the genus Fraxinus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 51 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

F. americana (Autumn Purple White Ash) · F. americana texensis (White Ash) · F. americana var. subcoriacea (American Ash) · F. americana 'Empire' (Empire White Ash) · F. americana 'Greenspire' (Greenspire® White Ash) · F. americana 'Junginger' (Autumn Purple® White Ash) · F. americana 'Rosehill' (Rosehill White Ash) · F. americana 'Skycole' (Skyline White Ash) · F. angustifolia 'Raywood' (Claret Ash) · F. anomala (Single-Leaf Ash) · F. anomala Torr. ex S.Watson var. anomala Torr. ex S.Watson (Singleleaf Ash) · F. anomala var. anomala (Singleleaf Ash) · F. anomala var. lowellii (Single-Leaf Ash) · F. berlandieriana (Mexican Ash) · F. caroliniana (Carolina Ash) · F. chinensis (Chinese Ash) · F. chinensis var. rhyncophylla (Beakleaf Chinese Ash) · F. cuspidata (Flowering Ash) · F. dipetala (California Ash) · F. excelsior (Common Ash) · F. excelsior 'Aureafolia' (European Ash) · F. excelsior 'Aurea' (Golden Ash) · F. excelsior 'Aurea Pendula' (Weeping Golden Ash) · F. excelsior 'Pendula' (Weeping European Ash) · F. gooddingii (Goodding Ash) · F. greggii (Gregg Ash) · F. griffithii (Emerald Wave Griffith Ash) · F. latifolia (Oregon Ash) · F. mandschurica (Manchurian Ash) · F. mandshurica (Manchurian Ash) · F. mariesii (Maries' Ash) · F. nigra (Black Ash) · F. ornus (Flowering Ash) · F. oxycarpa 'Raywood' (Raywood Ash) · F. papillosa (Chihuahua Ash) · F. pennsylvanica (Green Ash) · F. pennsylvanica f. erythrocarpa (Green Ash) · F. pennsylvanica Marshall var. pennsylvanica (Green Ash) · F. pennsylvanica 'Aerial' (Aerial Green Ash) · F. pennsylvanica 'Cimmaron' (Green Ash) · F. pennsylvanica 'Cimmzam' (Cimmaron® Ash) · F. pennsylvanica 'Marshall's Seedless' (Marshall's Seedless Ash) · F. pennsylvanica 'Patmore' (Green Ash) · F. pennsylvanica 'Summit' (Summit Ash) · F. pennyslvanica (Green Ash) · F. profunda (Pumpkin Ash) · F. quadrangulata (Blue Ash) · F. sieboldiana (Chinese Flowering Ash) · F. texensis (Texas Ash) · F. uhdei (Mexican Ash) · F. velutina (Arizona Ash)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- url p. 79, p. 80.
• A phytogeographic and taxonomic study of the southern California trees and shrubs. New York, 1910 url p. 436.
• American forest trees, by Henry H. Gibson; ed. by Hu Maxwell. Chicago, Hardwood record, 1913. url , p. 12, p. 418, p. 418.
• American forest trees; edited by Hu Maxwell. ChicagoHardwood Record1913 url , p. 418.
• An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] url p. 347, p. 348.
• Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States, by Donovan S. Correll and Helen B. Correll. [Washington]Environmental Protection Agency; [For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.]1972. url p. 1303, p. 1305.
• Biologia centrali-americana; or, Contributions to the knowledge of the fauna and flora of Mexico and Central America. London, Pub. for the editors by R. H. Porter and Dulau & co., 1879-88. url .
• Botanic contributions relating to the flora of western North America [by] Gray, Engelmann, Torrey [and] Fre?mont. v.p., 1843-53 url p. 149.
• Brigham Young University science bulletin. 11 1970 Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, [1955-1976] url p. 26, p. 27.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url , p. 100, p. 101, p. 103, p. 105, p. 108, p. 111, p. 136, p. 290, p. 469, p. 68, p. 91, p. 95, p. 96, p. 97.
• Bulletin / Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station. Tucson: Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arizona, 1890-1960. url p. 96.
• Bulletin / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Washington: G.P.O., 1901-1913. url p. 13.
• Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 6 1908-1910 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., url p. 436.
• California fish and game. [San Francisco, etc.]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Fish and Game. url p. 254, p. 266.
• Check list of the forest trees of the United States: their names and ranges / by George B. Sudworth. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of Agriculture, Forestry Division, 1898. url p. 106, p. 117.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 23 1920-1926 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 1136, p. 166, p. 207, p. 496, p. X.
• Cooperative economic insect report. Hyattsville, MD. [etc.]Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs Animal and Plant Health Service. url p. 375, p. 533, p. 617.
• Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants sold in the United by L. H. Bailey. .. assisted by William Miller. .. and many expert cultivators and botanists. London: The Macmillan company, 1909. url p. 1846.
• Directory of Wetlands of International Importance. IUCN url p. 767.
• Emory oak in southern Arizona. By Frank J. Phillips. .. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1912. url p. 4.
• Entomological news, and proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia[Entomological Rooms of the Academy of Natural Sciences] url p. 129.
• Flora of New Mexico / by E.O. Wooton and Paul C. Standley. Washington: G.P.O., 1915. url p. 496.
• Flora of New Mexico. By E.O. Wooton and Paul C. Standley. WashingtonGovt. Print. Off.1915 url p. 496.
• Forest trees of the Pacific slope, by George B. Sudworth. WashingtonGovt. Print. Off.1908 url p. 423.
• Forest trees of the Pacific slope. By George B. Sudworth. .. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1908. url p. 423, p. 426, p. 8.
• Garden and forest; a journal of horticulture, landscape art and forestry. New York: The Garden and forest publishing co., 1888-97. url , p. 11, p. 13, p. 15, p. 22.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1982 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 118.
• Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. Lexington, KY: The Academy, 1998- url p. 127, p. 26.
• Mammals of the Mexican boundary of the United States: a descriptive catalogue of the species of mammals occurring in that region; with a general summary of the natural history, and a list of trees / Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1907. url , , , , , , , , , .
• Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) by Charles Sprague Sargent, with seven hundred and eighty-three illustrations from drawings by Charles Edward Faxon and Mary W. Gill. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin company, 1922. url p. 848, p. 848, p. 849, p. 849, p. 903, p. 903.
• Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1938. url , , , , , , p. 130, p. 131, p. 132.
• New and little known trees suitable for Southern California avenues [by] Dr. C.F. Franceschi. .. [Claremont, Cal.]1911. url p. 208.
• North American fauna. Washington: Fish and Wildlife Service; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off. url p. 35.
• North American trees (exclusive of Mexico and tropical United States) A handbook designed for field use, with plates and distribution maps. Ames, Iowa State University Press[1961] url p. 355.
• North American trees: being descriptions and illustrations of the trees growing independently of cultivation in North America, north of Mexico and the West Indies / New York: H. Holt and Co., 1908. url .
• North American trees; being descriptions and illustrations of the trees growing independently of cultivation in North America, north of Mexico and the West Indies; with the assistance of John Adolph Shafer. New YorkHolt1908 url p. 799, p. 803.
• Occasional papers - San Diego Society of Natural History. 1949 San Diego, The Society. url p. 106, p. 106.
• Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, url p. 9.
• Pamphlets on forestry in California. [1900?- url p. 351, p. 99.
• Pamphlets on forestry in Hawaii. [1900?- url p. 3.
• Pamphlets on forestry in Texas. [1900?- url p. 151.
• Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 371, p. 64, p. 66.
• Plants for California landscapes: a catalog of drought tolerant plants. [Sacramento, Calif.]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Water Resources, [1979] url p. 22.
• Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Boston: Metcalf and Co., 1846-1958 url p. 199, p. 202, p. 204, p. 209.
• Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington url p. 550.
• Report on the forests of North America (exclusive of Mexico) / by Charles S. Sargent. Washington [D.C.]: G.P.O., 1884. url p. 106, p. 228, p. 591.
• Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Made under the direction of the secretary of war, in 1853-[6]. .. Washington, A.O.P. Nicholson, Printer [etc.]1855-60. url p. 18.
• Shade and ornamental trees of California, by Merritt B. Pratt, state forester. Sacramento?1922? url p. 51.
• Synoptical flora of North America. New York, American Book Company, 1878-1895/97 [v.2, pt. 1, 1878] url p. 74.
• Synoptical flora of North America: the Gamopetalae, a second edition of vol. I, pt. II, and vol. II, pt. I / collected by Asa Gray. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1888. url p. 74.
• Texas conchologist. Houston, Houston Conchology Society url p. 81.
• The American woods: exhibited by actual specimens and with copious explanatory text / by Romeyn B. Hough. Lowville, N.Y.: Pub., and sections prepared by the author, 1910, c1888 url , , p. 33, p. 4, p. 4, p. 9.
• The Asa Gray bulletin. 1 1952 Ann Arbor, Mich. url p. 292.
• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url .
• The Great Basin naturalist. 31 1971 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url froeschner, page 160, p. 199, p. 34, p. 49, p. 516, fig. 2, page 517, fig. 5, page 521, p. 522, p. 523, p. 525, fig. 7a-d, page 526, p. 92.
• The Plant world. Baltimore [etc.]Plant World Association [etc.] url p. 241, p. 243, p. 244, p. 298, p. 40.
• The effects of water development upon populations of Gambel's Quail in southwestern Utah / [Salt Lake City]: Utah State Department of Fish and Game, 1964. url p. 133.
• The silva of North America a description of the tree which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico / by Charles Sprague Sargent; illustrated with figures and analyses drawn from nature by Charles Edward Faxon. Boston;Houghton, Mifflin, 1902 url .
• The silva of North America: a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico /by Charles Sprague Sargent. .. illustrated with figures and analyses drawn from nature by Charles Edward Faxon. .. 6 1894 Boston, New York: Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1891-1902. url p. 123, p. 125, p. 33, p. 41, p. 42, tab. CCLXVII, p. v.
• The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1277, p. 380, p. 382.
• The tree book. A popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation. By Julia Ellen Rogers. With sixteen plates in colour and one hundred and sixty in black-and-white from photographs by A. Radclyffe Dugmore. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page, 1912. url p. 440.
• The tree book: A popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation / New York: Doubleday, Page, 1920. url p. 440.
• The tree book: a popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation / Garden City: Doubleday, Page, 1914. url p. 440.
• The tree book; a popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation, Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page & Company, 1913. url p. 440.
• The trees of California. San FranciscoCunningham, Curtis & Welch[1909] url p. 211.
• The trees of Great Britain & Ireland / by Henry John Elwes and Augustine Henry. Edinburgh: Priv. print., 1906-13. url , p. 863, p. 912, p. 913.
• Torrey, J. Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey: made under the direction of the secretary of the Interior /by William H. Emory, major First Cavalry, and United States commissioner. 2(1) 1859 Washington: C. Wendell, printer, 1857-59. url p. 166.
• Tree ancestors; a glimpse into the past, by Edward Wilber Berry. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1923. url p. 228.
• Trees and shrubs of Mexico / By Paul C. Standley. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1920-1926. url p. 1136.
• Trees: the yearbook of agriculture 1949. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: 1949. url p. 918.
• Trees: the yearbook of agriculture, 1949 / the United States Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1949 url p. 918.
• Chang Mei-chen, Miao Bo-mao, Lu Rui-ling, & Qiu Lian-qing in: Chang Mei-chen & Qiu Lian-qing, eds. 1992. Oleaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 61: 1-222.
• Chang Mei-chen, Miao Bo-mao, Lu Rui-ling, & Qiu Lian-qing in: Chang Mei-chen & Qiu Lian-qing, eds. 1992. Oleaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 61: 1-222.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed April 30, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2655473
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-32936
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13746797
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:609265-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 319
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 32936
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 609265-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDOLE040H0
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: FRVEG
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 39850

Footnotes

1. Mei-chen Chang, Lien-ching Chiu, Zhi Wei & Peter S. Green "Oleaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 15 Page 272. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Wei Zhi, Peter S. Green "Fraxinus". in Flora of China Vol. 15 Page 273. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 1,265.150 meters (4,150.755 feet), Standard Deviation = 489.670 based on 220 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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