Fragaria virginiana

Taxonomy

Notes:

Name Status: Provisionally Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: –

Place of publication: Gard. dict. ed. 8: Fragaria no. 2. 1768 (A. N. Duchesne, Hist. nat. frais. 204. 1766, as "races principales")

Name verified on 24-Mar-2006 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 24-Mar-2006

Physical Description

Family Rosaceae:

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, deciduous or evergreen. Stems erect, scandent, arching, prostrate, or creeping, armed or unarmed. Buds usually with several exposed scales, sometimes with only 2. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or compound; stipules paired, free or adnate to petiole, rarely absent, persistent or deciduous; petiole usually 2-glandular apically; leaf blade often serrate at margin, rarely entire. Inflorescences various, from single flowers to umbellate, corymbose, racemose or cymose-paniculate. Flowers usually actinomorphic, bisexual, rarely unisexual and then plants dioecious. Hypanthium (formed from basal parts of sepals, petals, and stamens) free from or adnate to ovary, short or elongate. Sepals usually 5, rarely fewer or more, imbricate; epicalyx segments sometimes also present. Petals as many as sepals, inserted below margin of disk, free, imbricate, sometimes absent. Disk lining hypanthium, usually entire, rarely lobed. Stamens usually numerous, rarely few, always in a complete ring at margin of or above disk; filaments usually free, very rarely connate; anthers small, didymous, rarely elongate, 2-locular. Carpels 1 to many, free, or ± connate and then adnate to inner surface of cupular receptacle; ovary inferior, semi-inferior, or superior; ovules usually 2 in each carpel, rarely 1 or several, anatropous, superposed. Styles as many as carpels, terminal, lateral, or basal, free or sometimes connate. Fruit a follicle, pome, achene, or drupe, rarely a capsule, naked or enclosed in persistent hypanthium and sometimes also by sepals. Seeds erect or pendulous, sometimes winged, usually exalbuminous, very rarely with thin endosperm; cotyledons mostly fleshy and convex abaxially, rarely folded or convolute.

Between 95 and 125 genera and 2825-3500 species: cosmopolitan, mostly in N temperate zone; 55 genera (two endemic) and 950 species (546 endemic) in China.

Many plants of this family are of economic importance and contribute to people s livelihoods. The Rosaceae contain a great number of fruit trees of temperate regions. The fruits contain vitamins, acids, and sugars and can be used both raw and for making preserves, jam, jelly, candy, various drinks, wine, vinegar, etc. The dried fruits of the genera

Amygdalus and Armeniaca are of high commercial value. Some plants in the genus Rosa containing essential oils or with a high vitamin content are used in industry. Rosaceae wood is used for making various articles, stems and roots are used for making tannin extract, and young leaves are used as a substitute for tea. Numerous species are used for medical purposes or are cultivated as ornamentals.

The Rosaceae are very well represented in China, with great economic and scientific importance. The Co-chairs of the Editorial Committee (Wu and Raven) here note that the patterns of relationship are complex and the group is taxonomically difficult. ^[1]

Genus Fragaria:

Herbs perennial, mostly stoloniferous, polygamo-dioecious, usually spreading or appressed hairy. Stolons often rooting at nodes and forming plantlets. Leaves alternate, petiolate; stipules adnate to base of petiole, often membranous, sheathing; leaf blade 3-foliolate or pinnately 5-foliolate. Inflorescence erect, cymose or corymbiform, few flowered, rarely a solitary flower. Hypanthium obconic or turbinate. Sepals 5, valvate, persistent; epicalyx segments 5, alternating with and smaller than sepals, margin entire. Petals 5, white, rarely yellow, broadly obovate or suborbicular. Stamens numerous; anther 2-loculed. Carpels numerous, free, borne on convex receptacle; ovule ascending from middle of locule; style adaxial, short, persistent. Aggregate fruit formed from enlarged receptacle, berry-like, long conic to globose, fleshy. Achenes numerous, seated in pits on surface of aggregate fruit, minute, brittle. Seed testa membranous; cotyledons convex. x = 7.

About 20 species: temperate and subtropical regions of N hemisphere, extending to South America; nine species (three endemic, one introduced) in China.^[2]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: March, April, May. • Flower Color: near white, white

Images:

Distribution

Range and Population

Native: Alabama, Alberta, Arizona, Arkansas, British Columbia, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Newfoundland, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 6-9" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a. (map)

Similar Species

Members of the genus Fragaria:

There are approximately 1,035 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: F. ananassa cuneifolia · F. nilgerrensis hayatae · F. vesca americana · F. vesca bracteata · F. vesca monophylla · F. virginiana platypetala · F. 'Bowles' Double' · F. 'Cambridge Late Pine' · F. 'Cantata' · F. 'Devon Pine' · F. 'Early Walpole's' · F. 'Gerald Straley' (Strawberry) · F. 'Lipstick' (Lipstick Alpine Strawberry) · F. 'Oso Grande' · F. 'Ostara' (Strawberry) · F. 'Polka' · F. 'Pretty In Pink' (Strawberry) · F. 'Ruby Surprise' · F. 'Schneefeder' · F. 'Seascape' · F. 'Selva' · F. 'Strazzberry' (Strawberry) · F. 'Variegata' · F. 'Virginia' · F. 'Yellow Wonder' · F. abnormis · F. abortiva · F. alba · F. aliena · F. alpina (Alpine Strawberry) · F. alpina 'Alba' · F. americana var. alba · F. ananassa · F. ananassa f. cuneifolia · F. ananassa subsp. cuneifolia · F. ananassa var. variegata · F. argentea · F. arguta · F. aurea · F. bargea · F. bathonica · F. bella · F. bifera · F. bifurca · F. bonariensis · F. botryformis · F. bractesta · F. breslingea · F. breslingea var. abortiva · F. breslingea var. hispida · F. breslingea var. nigra · F. breslingea var. pendula · F. breslingea var. pratensis · F. breslingea var. viridis · F. breviscapa · F. bucharica · F. californica · F. californica californica · F. californica var. crinita · F. californica var. lucida · F. calycina · F. calyculata · F. campana · F. canadensis · F. caroliniana · F. caroliniensis · F. caulescens · F. cerino-alba · F. chilensis · F. chiloënsis · F. chiloeensis · F. chiloensis (Beach Strawberry) · F. chiloensis 'Chaval' · F. chiloensis 'Pink Panda' (Ornamental Strawberry) · F. chiloensis 'Variegata' · F. chiloensis chiloensis (Beach Strawberry) · F. chiloensis f. chiloensis · F. chiloensis f. patagonica · F. chiloensis forma chiloensis · F. chiloensis forma patagonica · F. chiloensis lucida (Beach Strawberry) · F. chiloensis pacifica (Pacific Beach Strawberry) · F. chiloensis sandwicensis (Sandwich Beach Strawberry) · F. chiloensis subsp. lucida · F. chiloensis subsp. pacifica · F. chiloensis subsp. sandwicensis · F. chiloensis var. ananassa · F. chiloensis var. calyculata · F. chiloensis var. carolinensis · F. chiloensis var. tincta · F. chiloensis var. tincta · F. collina · F. collina var. cerino-alba · F. collina var. collivaga · F. collina var. consobrina · F. collina var. drymophila · F. collina var. dumetorum · F. collina var. hagenbachiana · F. collina var. rubricaulis · F. collina var. silvulicola

Members of the genus Geum:

There are approximately 467 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: G. rivale eu-rivale · G. 'Apricot Beauty' · G. 'Beech House Apricot' · G. 'Bell Bank' · G. 'Birkhead's Cream' · G. 'Birkhead's Creamy Lemon' · G. 'Blazing Sunset' (Avens) · G. 'Borisii' (Boris Avens) · G. 'Borisii' × montanum · G. 'Bremner's Nectarine' · G. 'Butterscotch' · G. 'Caitlin' · G. 'Chipchase' · G. 'Coppertone' (Avens) · G. 'Dingle Apricot' · G. 'Dolly North' (Avens) · G. 'Farmer John Cross' · G. 'Feuerball' · G. 'Feuermeer' · G. 'Fire Opal' · G. 'Fireball' (Avens) · G. 'Flames of Passion' · G. 'Georgenberg' (Avens) · G. 'Georgenburg' · G. 'Gordon Cooper' · G. 'Herterton Primrose' · G. 'Hilltop Beacon' · G. 'Karlskaer' · G. 'Kashmir' · G. 'Kath Inman' · G. 'Lady Stratheden' (Avens) · G. 'Lemon Drops' (Avens) · G. 'Lemon Frilled' · G. 'Lionel Cox' · G. 'Lisanne' · G. 'Llyn Cream' · G. 'Mandarin' · G. 'Mango Lassi' (Grecian Rose) · G. 'Marmalade' · G. 'Moorland Sorbet' · G. 'Mrs J. Bradshaw' (Avens) · G. 'Mrs W. Moore' · G. 'Nordek' · G. 'Orangeman' · G. 'Paso Doble' (Avens) · G. 'Pink Frills' · G. 'Primrose' · G. 'Prince of Orange' · G. 'Prinses Juliana' (Avens) · G. 'Rearsby Hybrid' · G. 'Red Wings' · G. 'Rijnstroom' · G. 'Rubin' · G. 'Sigiswang' · G. 'Starker's Magnificum' · G. 'Susan Grayer' · G. 'Tangerine' · G. 'Tim's Tangerine' · G. 'Tinpenny Orange' · G. 'Two Ladies' · G. 'Wallace's Peach' · G. 'Werner Arends' (Scarlet Avens) · G. adnatum · G. aequilobatum · G. agrimonioides · G. albarracense · G. albiflorum · G. album · G. album var. flavum · G. album var. simplicifolium · G. aleppicum (Yellow Avens) · G. aleppicum f. aurantiaco-plenum · G. aleppicum f. glabricaule · G. aleppicum f. plenum · G. aleppicum forma aurantiaco-plenum · G. aleppicum forma glabricaule · G. aleppicum forma plenum · G. aleppicum strictum · G. aleppicum subvar. dissectum · G. aleppicum subvar. hirsutum · G. aleppicum subvar. rugosum · G. aleppicum var. cuneatum · G. aleppicum var. decurrens · G. aleppicum var. glabricaule · G. alpinum · G. ambiguum · G. andicola · G. anemonoides · G. antarcticum · G. atlanticum · G. atrosanguineum · G. aucklandicum · G. aurantiacum (Avens) · G. balcanum · G. besseri · G. besserianum · G. biflorum · G. billietii · G. boliviense · G. brachypetalum

Bibliography

• Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. (F Tex) [lists as F. virginiana Duchesne].
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. (CRC MedHerbs ed2)
• Erhardt, W. et al. 2002. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 17. Auflage. (Zander ed17)
• Facciola, S. 1990. Cornucopia, a source book of edible plants. (Cornucopia)
• Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2. (Glea Cron ed2) [lists as F. virginiana Duchesne].
• Hitchcock, C. L. et al. 1955–1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. (F Pacif NW) [lists as F. virginiana Duchesne].
• IPGRI. New World Fruits Database - on-line resource. (New World Fruits)
• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. (L US Can ed2) [lists as F. virginiana Duchesne].
• Kunkel, G. 1984. Plants for human consumption. (L Edible Pl) [lists as F. virginiana Duchesne].
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. (Hortus 3) [lists as F. virginiana Duchesne].
• Mabberley, D. J. 2002. Potentilla and Fragaria (Rosaceae) reunited. Telopea 9:800. [= Potentilla vesca (Mill.) E. H. L. Krause].
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2. (Food Feed Crops US)
• McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
• Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. (F Carolin) [lists as F. virginiana Duchesne].
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. (Dict Rehm)
• Scoggan, H. J. 1978–1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol. (F Canada) [lists as F. virginiana Duchesne].
• Staudt, G. 1962. Taxonomic studies in the genus Fragaria. Typification of Fragaria species known at the time of Linnaeus. Canad. J. Bot. 40:880. [lists as F. virginiana Duchesne].
• Staudt, G. 1999. Systematics and geographical distribution of the American strawberry species. Taxonomic studies in the genus Fragaria (Rosaceae: Potentilleae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 81:68.
• Steyermark, J. A. 1977. Flora of Missouri. (F Missouri) [lists as F. virginiana Duchesne].
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. (F Eur) [lists as F. virginiana Duchesne].
• Yü Te-tsun, Lu Ling-ti, Ku Tsue-chih, Li Chao-luan, Kuan Ke-chien & Chiang Wan-fu. 1974, 1985, 1986. Rosaceae. In: Yü Te-tsun, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 36: 1443; 37: 1516; 38: 1133.

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Notes

Contributors:

• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 28, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 29 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 28, 2008)

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal January 28, 2008:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers:

• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 24639
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 616065
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:725144-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDROS0R040
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: FRVIT FRVI
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 39815

Footnotes:

1. Cuizhi Gu, Chaoluan Li, Lingdi Lu, Shunyuan Jiang, Crinan Alexander, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, David E. Boufford, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba, Kenneth R. Robertson & Steven A. Spongberg "Rosaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 46. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
2. Li Chao-luang, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba "Fragaria". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 335. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.