Overview
Shrub or small, native to Asia, fruit eaten raw as a dessert, dried, and preserved; all parts of fruit edible. The yield in warm countries such as Greece is about 1,600 lbs . per acre .
Interesting Facts
Common Names
Click on the language to view common names.
Common Names in Burmese:
Thaphan, Thinbaw Thapan
Common Names in Chinese:
Wu Hua Guo
Common Names in Croatian:
Divja Smokva, Divja Smokva Gluica, Gluha Smokva, Gluica, Smokva, Smokva-Gluhaa, Smokvenica, Smokvina
Common Names in Danish:
Almindelig Figen
Common Names in Dutch:
Gewone Vijgeboom, Vijg, Vijgeboom, Vijgeboom;echte Vijgeboom
Common Names in English:
Brevo, Caprifig, Common Fig, Cultivated Fig, Edible Fig, Fig, Fig Tree, Fiku, Higo, Piku, Wild Fig, Wild Mediterranean Fig
Common Names in Finnish:
Viikuna
Common Names in French:
Figue, Figue Commune, Figuier Commun
Common Names in German:
Echte Feige, Echter Feigenbaum, Feige, Feigenbaum
Common Names in Gujarati:
Anjir
Common Names in Hindi:
Anjeer, Anjir, अंजीर
Common Names in Italian:
Fico, Fico Comune
Common Names in Japanese:
Ichijiku
Common Names in Kannada:
Anjura, Simeyam
Common Names in Korean:
Mu Hwa Gwa Na Mu
Common Names in Macedonian:
Smoka
Common Names in Marathi:
Anjir
Common Names in Portuguese:
Behereira, Caprifigos (Brazil), Figo, Figos Do Tipo, Figos Do Tipo Comum (Brazil), Figos Do Tipo São Pedro (Brazil), Figos Do Tipo Smirna (Brazil), Figueira, Figueira-Comum, Figueira-Da-Europa, Figueira-Do-Reino
Common Names in Russian:
Inžir, инжир
Common Names in Sanskrit:
Anjir (Anjeer), Anjira, Kakodomar, Phalgu
Common Names in Serbian:
Smoka, Smokovnica, Smokva
Common Names in Slovenian:
Figa, Figovec, Figovina, Smokvovec
Common Names in Spanish:
Higo, Higuera, Higuera Común
Common Names in Swedish:
Fikon, Fikonträd
Common Names in Tamil:
Cimaiyatti, Simaiyatti
Common Names in Urdu:
Anjeer
Description
Family Moraceae
Trees
, shrubs
, vines
, or rarely herbs, frequently with milky
or watery latex, sometimes spiny
. Stipules present, frequently caducous
. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite; petiole
often present and well-defined; leaf blade
simple
, sometimes with cystoliths
, margin
entire or palmately lobed
, venation
pinnate or palmate. Inflorescences axillary
, frequently paired
, racemose, spicate
, capitate, or rarely cymose
, sometimes a fig or syconium with flowers completely enclosed within a hollow receptacle. Flowers unisexual
(plants
monoecious or dioecious), small to very small. Calyx lobes
(1 or) 2-4(-8), free
or connate
, imbricate or valvate
. Corolla absent. Male flowers: stamens as many as and opposite to calyx lobes (except in Artocarpus), straight or inflexed
in bud; anthers
1- or 2-loculed, crescent-shaped to top-shaped; pistillode
(rudimentary
sterile
pistil) often present. Female flowers: calyx lobes usually 4; ovary superior, semi-inferior, or inferior, 1(or 2) -loculed; ovules 1 per locule, anatropous
or campylotropous; style branches 1 or 2; stigmas usually filiform
. Fruit usually a drupe, rarely an achene, enveloped by an enlarged calyx and/or immersed
in a fleshy
receptacle, often joined into a syncarp. Seed solitary; endosperm present or absent.
Between 37 and 43 genera and 1100â1400 species: widespread in tropical
and subtropical
areas, less common in temperate
areas; nine genera and 144 species (26 endemic, five introduced
) in China.
Economically, the most important species are those of Morus and Maclura associated with the production
of silk
. Some species in Broussonetia, Maclura, and Morus are important for paper making; some species in Artocarpus, Ficus, and Morus have edible fruit; and some species of Artocarpus and Broussonetia are used for furniture or timber.[1]
Genus Ficus
Trees
, shrubs
, or woody vines
, evergreen
or deciduous, commonly epiphytic or scandent
as seedlings; sap
milky
. Terminal
buds surrounded by pair of stipules. Leaves alternate, monomorphic
(dimorphic
in F . pumila ) ; stipules caducous
, fused, enclosing naked buds. Leaf blade
: margins
entire (lobed
in F . carica ), rarely dentate
; venation
pinnate or nearly palmate. Inflorescences small, borne on inner walls of fruitlike and fleshy
receptacle (syconium) . Flowers: staminate
and pistillate
on same plant. Staminate flowers
sessile or pedicellate
; calyx of 2-6 sepals; stamens 1-2, straight. Pistillate flowers sessile; ovary 1-locular; style unbranched, lateral
. Syconia globose
to pyriform
; achenes completely embedded
in enlarged, fleshy, common receptacle and accessible by apical opening (ostiole) closed
by small scales
. x
= 13.
Species ca.
750: tropics and subtropics, chiefly Asian.
Worldwide, Ficus is one of the largest genera of flowering plants
. Members
of the genus are usually treated as a separate tribe
within Moraceae because of their unique inflorescence and wasp-dependent system
of pollination.
The floral
characters (especially of the American species, which are quite uniform
) are exceedingly difficult to use or of little value in distinguishing species. Therefore they are not used in the species descriptions. The form of the syconium, however, is often significant and taxonomically useful.[2]
Physical Description
Species Ficus carica
Shrubs or small trees , deciduous, to 5 m. Roots not adventitious. Bark grayish, slightly roughened. Branchlets pubescent . Leaves: stipules 1-1.2 cm; petiole 8-20 cm. Leaf blade obovate , nearly orbiculate, or ovate , palmately 3-5-lobed, 15-30 × 15-30 cm, base cordate, margins undulate or irregularly dentate , apex acute to obtuse ; surfaces abaxially and adaxially scabrous-pubescent; basal veins 5 pairs; lateral veins irregularly spaced. Syconia solitary, sessile, green, yellow, or red-purple, pyriform , 5-8 cm, pubescent; peduncle ca. 1 cm; subtending bracts ovate, 1-2 mm; ostiole with 3 subtending bracts, umbonate . [source]
Habit: Tree , Shrub
Flowers: Bloom Period: February, March, April, May, June, July. • Flower Color: inconspicuous, none
Size/Age/Growth
Size: 6-8' tall.
Habitat
Disturbed sites; 0-300 m ; introduced [3].
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[4]
Biology
Reproduction
Duration: Perennial
Growth
Soil: Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 8.5
Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .
Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
)
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
)
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
)
- Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
)
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
)
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
(
)
- Brongniart, 1843
- Dicotyledons
- Subclass:
Rosidae
(
)
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder:
Urticanae
(
)
- Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
- Order:
Urticales
(
)
- Perleb, 1826
- Series:
servation Press (
)
- Botanical name: - Ficus carica L.
- Series:
servation Press (
- Order:
Urticales
(
- Superorder:
Urticanae
(
- Subclass:
Rosidae
(
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Similar Species
Members of the genus Ficus
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 164 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:
F. afghanistanica (Fig Tree) · F. albert-smithii (Figueira-Do-Alberto) · F. altissima (Council Tree) · F. altissima 'Aureo Variegata' (Council Tree) · F. amazonica (Figueira-Amaz) · F. americana (Jamaican Cherry Fig) · F. aripuanensis (Figueira-De-Aripuana) · F. arnottiana (Crow Fig (Ceylon)) · F. aspera (Mosaic Fig) · F. aurea (Florida Strangler Fig) · F. auriculata (Elephant Ear Fig Tree) · F. bengalensis (Banyan Tree) · F. benghalensis (Ban Yan) · F. benghalensis 'Bengal Tiger' (Ban Yan) · F. benjamina (Benjamin Fig) · F. benjamina 'Exotica' (Exotic Fig) · F. benjamina 'Golden Princess' (Weeping Chinese Banyan) · F. Benjamina 'Jamie K' (Chinese Banyan) · F. benjamina 'Natasha' (Miniature Ficus) · F. benjamina 'Starlight' (Chinese Banyan) · F. benjamina 'Variegata' (Chinese Banyan) · F. benjamina 'Wintergreen' (Chinese Banyan) · F. binnendijkii (Long-Leaf Fig) · F. binnendykii (Narrow Leaf Ficus) · F. blepharophylla (Mulemb) · F. broadwayi (Gameleira-Do-Cerrado) · F. calyptroceras (Gameleira-Branca) · F. capensis (Broom Cluster Fig) · F. carica (Brevo) · F. carica 'Alma' (Fig Tree) · F. carica 'Black Jack' (Black Jack Fig) · F. carica 'Black Mission' (Common Fig) · F. carica 'Brown Turkey' (Brown Turkey Fig) · F. carica 'Calimyrna' (Common Fig) · F. carica 'Celeste' (Common Fig) · F. carica 'Desert King' (Common Fig) · F. carica 'Italian Honey' (Fig) · F. carica 'Kadota' (Fig Tree) · F. carica 'Lsu Purple' (Common Fig) · F. carica 'Magnolia' (Common Fig) · F. carica 'Mission' (Mission Fig) · F. carica 'Osborn's Prolific' (Osborn's Prolific Fig) · F. carica 'Peter's Honey' (Peter's Honey Fig) · F. carica 'Petite Negra' (Common Fig) · F. carica 'Verte' (Common Fig) · F. carica 'Violette Du Bordeaux' (Common Fig) · F. carica 'Violette Normande' (Common Fig) · F. carica 'White Adriatic' (Common Fig) · F. castellviana (Figueira-De-Rond) · F. catappifolia (Falsa-Catapa) · F. citrifolia (Shortleaf Fig) · F. clusiifolia (Red-Fig Tree) · F. communis (Atlantic Figsnail) · F. congesta (Red Leaf Fig) · F. cordata (Namaqua Fig Tree) · F. cordata salicifolia (Wonderboom Fig (South Africa)) · F. coronata (Sandpaper Fig) · F. cotinifolia (Strangler Fig) · F. craterostoma (Forest Fig) · F. cyclophylla (Gameleira-Grande) · F. dammaropsis (Dinner Plate Fig) · F. deltoidea (Delta Fig) · F. dendrocida (Mata-Pau) · F. destruens (Rusty Fig) · F. drupacea (Brown-Woolly Fig) · F. drupacea var. pubescens (Fig) · F. elastica (Indian Rubberplant) · F. elastica 'Variegata' (Rubber Tree) · F. elastica var. Burgundy (Rubber Tree) · F. elastica 'Decora' (Rubber Tree) · F. elastica 'Honduras' (Rubber Plant) · F. elastica 'Sylvia' (Rubber Tree) · F. erecta (Inu-Biwa) · F. fraseri (Sandpaper Fig) · F. geniculata (Dotted Fig) · F. glumosa (Mountain Rock Fig) · F. gnaphalocarpa (Quicuio) · F. godeffroyi (Fig) · F. greiffiana (Figueira-De-Greif) · F. hirsuta (Molemb) · F. hispida (Boombil) · F. infectoria (White-Fruited Wavy Leaf Fig Tree) · F. ingens (Red-Leaved Rock Fig) · F. insipida (Red Fig (Belize)) · F. krukovii (Figueira-De-Krukoff) · F. lacor (Java Fig) · F. luschnathiana (Agarrapalo) · F. lutea (Big Leaved Fig) · F. lyrata (Fiddle Fig) · F. maclellandii (Alii Bush) · F. maclellandii 'Alii' (Banana-Leaf Ficus) · F. macrocarpa (Moreton Bay Fig) · F. macrophylla (Moreton Bay Fig) · F. macrophylla columnaris (Lord Howe Island Banyan) · F. malacocarpa (Cumacabali) · F. matiziana (Figueria-De-Matiz) · F. mexiae (Figueira-De-Mexia) · F. microcarpa var. crassifolia 'Green Mound' (Ficus) · F. microcarpa 'Green Island' (Dwarf Ficus) · F. microcarpa 'Hawaii' (Chinese Banyan)
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Further Reading
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Notes
Contributors
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 11, 2012.
- IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
- Participants of the FFI/IUCN SSC Central Asian regional tree Red Listing workshop, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (11-13 July 2006) 2007. Ficus carica. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:
- Australian National Herbarium
- , Australian National Herbarium
- Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
- Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
- Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
- European Environment Agency, EUNIS
- GBIF-Spain, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación de la Junta de Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS
- GBIF-Spain, Herbario Universidad de Málaga: MGC-Cormófitos
- GBIF-Spain, Hortus Botanicus Sollerensis Herbarium
- GBIF-Spain, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
- GBIF-Spain, Universidad de Almería, HUAL
- Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
- Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
- , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
- International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), EURISCO
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Israel Nature and Parks Authority
- Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
- Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
- SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
- SysTax, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen
- SysTax, Museu Botanico Municipal
- The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
- The Swedish Museum of Natural History
- , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
- The Swedish Museum of Natural History
- , Lund Botanical Museum
- The Swedish Museum of Natural History
- , Plants
- Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
- US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
- USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
- University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
- University of Vienna, Institute for Botany - Herbarium WU, Herbarium WU
- Utah Valley State College
- , Utah Valley State College Herbarium
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-19093
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:118755-3
- GRIN Nomen Number: 16801
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 19093
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 852556-1
- IUCN ID: 209758
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDMOR0A020
- U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: FICA
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 39609
Footnotes
- Zhengyi Wu, Zhe-Kun Zhou & Michael G. Gilbert "Moraceae". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 21. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- "Ficus". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- "Ficus carica". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Mean = 271.580 meters (891.011 feet), Standard Deviation = 505.350 based on 1,355 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
