Fagus sylvatica (European Beech)

Overview

[ Back to top ]

European beech. <em>Fagus sylvatica</em>

Interesting Facts

[ Back to top ]

This tree has been in cultivation for a long time.

Common Names

[ Back to top ]

Common Names in English:

European Beech, Fern-Leaf Beech

Description

[ Back to top ]

Family Fagaceae

Trees or rarely shrubs , monoecious, evergreen or deciduous. Stipules usually early deciduous. Leaves alternate, sometimes false-whorled in Cyclobalanopsis. Inflorescences unisexual or androgynous with female cupules at the base of an otherwise male inflorescence. Male inflorescences a pendulous head or erect or pendulous catkin, sometimes branched; flowers in dense cymules . Male flower: sepals 4-6(-9), scalelike, connate or distinct ; petals absent; filaments filiform ; anthers dorsifixed or versatile, opening by longitudinal slits; with or without a rudimentary pistil. Female inflorescences of 1-7 or more flowers subtended individually or collectively by a cupule formed from numerous fused bracts, arranged individually or in small groups along an axis or at base of an androgynous inflorescence or on a separate axis. Female flower: perianth 1-7 or more; pistil 1; ovary inferior, 3-6(-9) -loculed; style and carpels as many as locules; placentation axile ; ovules 2 per locule. Fruit a nut. Seed usually solitary by abortion (but may be more than 1 in Castanea, Castanopsis, Fagus, and Formanodendron), without endosperm; embryo large.

Seven to 12 genera (depending on interpretation) and 900-1000 species: worldwide except for tropical and S Africa; seven genera and 294 species (163 endemic, at least three introduced ) in China.

Many species are important timber trees. Nuts of Fagus, Castanea, and of most Castanopsis species are edible, and oil is extracted from nuts of Fagus. Nuts of most species of this family contain copious amounts of water soluble tannin. Members of the Fagaceae are the main element of both broad-leaved evergreen and mixed mesophytic forests from 500-3200 m. [1]

Genus Fagus

Trees , winter-deciduous. Terminal buds present, long, tapered in maturity, all scales imbricate. Leaves: stipules prominent on new growth, soon deciduous. Leaf blade thin, secondary veins unbranched, ± parallel, extending to margin , each vein ending in acute or obscure tooth . Inflorescences unisexual , axillary in new growth leaves; staminate inflorescence lax, loosely capitate cluster of flowers; pistillate inflorescence short, stiff, cupule 1, terminal. Staminate flowers : sepals connate ; stamens 6-16; pistillode typically absent. Pistillate flowers 2 per cupule; sepals distinct ; carpels and styles 3. Fruits: maturation in 1st year following pollination; cupule 4-valved, valves distinct, ±completely enclosing nuts until maturity, prickly, prickles stout, unbranched, short, not obscuring surface of cupule, internal valves absent; nuts 2 per cupule, sharply 3-angled, slightly winged . x = 12.

Species 8-10: temperate , subtropical , and montane tropical forests , North America (e United States), Mexico, Europe, Asia.[2]

Physical Description

ID Features: Wavy entire leaf margins. Smooth, gray wrinkled bark. Dead leaves persist on tree through winter. Tree is very wide and branches generally touch ground. Alternate leaf arrangement. Three-winged fruit in a 4-lobed spiky involucre. Long pointed buds. 5 to 9 vein pairs.

Habit: Deciduous tree with a broad pyramidal shape . Trunk is short and branches generally touch ground .

Flowers: Monoecious. Usually flowers in April or Early May. Not ornamentally important. • Bloom Period: March, April, May. • Flower Color: pale yellow

Seeds: Fruit: Triangular nut. Nut is enclosed in a spiky involucre. 4-lobed involucre usually contains 2 nuts. Found singly on erect pedicels.

Foliage: Summer foliage: Alternate leaf arrangement . Simple leaves with wavy entire margins . Leaves are 2" to 4" long and approx. 2" wide. Glossy dark green leaf color, usually has a reddish tint. 5 to 9 vein pairs. • Fall foliage: Reddish bronze leaf color in fall . Very attractive. Leaves tend to persist through winter.

Size/Age/Growth

Growth Rate: Slow to moderate, about 1' per year. • Size: 50' to 60' tall and up to 50' wide.

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Very attractive tree . Beautiful large specimen tree. Naturalized areas. Large open spaces. Lawn tree. Parks. Golf courses . Hedge , with heavy pruning. • Liabilities: Branches generally touch ground . Grass tends not to grow under tree . Does not like wet soils. Tends to sucker. Fruit can be a litter problem. Few minor pest problems including: powdery mildew , aphids, canker , and. beech bark disease. • Care: Tolerates heavy pruning.

Habitat

Zone 4.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,500 meters (0 to 8,202 feet).[3]

Biology

[ Back to top ]

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Transplant during dormant season . Easier to transplant than American Beech, thanks to shallow roots . Full sun best. Shallow, wide root system. Prune in early summer or early fall .

Soil: Moist, well-drained, acidic soil. Does not like excessively wet soils. • Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun to part shade.

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b. (map)

Taxonomy

[ Back to top ]

Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Rosidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Faganae () - (Engler, 1892) Takhtajan, 1997
        Order: Fagales () - Engler, 1892
        Family: Fagaceae () - Dumortier, 1829 - Beech Family
        Subfamily: Fagoideae ()
        Tribe: Hibisceae ()
        Genus: Fagus () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Beech [Classical Latin name, from Greek figos, an oak with edible acorns, probably from Greek fagein, to eat]
        Specific epithet: sylvatica - L.
        Botanical name: - Fagus sylvatica L.

Synonyms

Castanea fagus Scop. • Fagus aenea Dum. Cours. • Fagus asplenifolia Dum. Cours. • Fagus cochleata (Dippel) Domin • Fagus comptoniifolia Desf. • Fagus crispa Dippel • Fagus cristata Dum. Cours. • Fagus cucullata Dippel • Fagus cuprea Hurter ex A. Dc. • Fagus echinata Gilib. • Fagus incisa Dippel • Fagus laciniata A. Dc. • Fagus pendula Dum. Cours. • Fagus purpurea Dum. Cours. • Fagus purpurea var. roseomarginata Cripps • Fagus quercoides (Pers.) Dippel • Fagus salicifolia A. Dc. • Fagus sylvatica f. aureovariegata C. K. Schneid. • Fagus sylvatica f. bornyensis Simon-Louis Ex Beissn. • Fagus sylvatica f. cochleata Dippel • Fagus sylvatica f. fastigiata Simon-Louis Ex K. Koch • Fagus sylvatica f. laciniata (Perr.) Domin • Fagus sylvatica f. pendula (Perr.) Domin • Fagus sylvatica f. purpurea (Aiton) C. K. Schneid. • Fagus sylvatica f. quercifolia C. K. Schneid. • Fagus sylvatica f. quercoides Pers. • Fagus sylvatica f. roseomarginata (Cripps) Domin • Fagus sylvatica f. tortuosa< /i> (Pépin) Hegi • Fagus sylvatica var. colorata A. Dc. • Fagus sylvatica var. cristata Loudon • Fagus sylvatica var. heterophylla Loudon • Fagus sylvatica var. luteovariegata Weston • Fagus sylvatica var. quercifolia (C. K. Schneid.) Geerinck • Fagus sylvatica var. tortuosa Dippel • Fagus sylvatica var. zlatia Spach Ex E. Goeze • Fagus sylvestris Gaertn. • Fagus tortuosa (Dippel) Domin • Fagus variegata A. Dc.

Similar Species

[ Back to top ]

Members of the genus Fagus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 47 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

More Info

[ Back to top ]

Search for Pictures: images.google.com
Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

A check-list of plants mentioned in the Arnold Arboretum bulletins / [compiled by Charles Downing Lay, Robert Wheelwright]. Harrisburg, Pa.: Landscape Architecture, Inc., 1919 url p. 14, p. 15, p. 53.
A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, by J. C. Willis. CambridgeThe University Press, 1919 url p. 177, p. 263.
A first report on the relations between climates and crops. By Cleveland Abbe. Washington [D.C.]: Govt. Print. Off., 1905. url p. 227.
A guide to the identification of our more useful timbers, being a manual for the use of the students of forestry. CambridgeUniversity Press1920 url p. 31.
A guide to the natural history of the Isle of Wight: a series of contributions by specialists relating to the various branches of natural history and kindred subjects / edited by Frank Morey. Newport, Isle of Wight: The County Press, 1909. url p. 178.
A handbook of forestry, Watford [Eng.]The Cooper laboratory for economic research[1913] url , .
A handbook of forestry, by W.F.A. Hudson, M.A. Wartford [Eng.]The Cooper laboratory for economic research[1913] url , p. 60, p. 80.
A handbook of systematic botany; with a revision of the fungi, by E. Knoblauch; tr. and ed. by M.C. Potter. London, Swan[1904] url p. 348.
A manual of dangerous insects likely to be introduced in the United States through importations. Ed. by W. Dwight Pierce, entomologist, southern field crop insect investigations. Washington: Govt. print. off., 1918. url p. 39.
A manual of forestry. LondonBradbury, Agnew1906-25 url p. 230, p. 332, p. 346.
A manual of the North American gymnosperms, exclusive of the cycadales but together with certain exotic species, by David Pearce Penhallow. Boston, Ginn, 1907. url p. 369, p. 48.
A manual of the timbers of the world: their characteristics and uses: to which is appended an account by S. Fitzgerald of the artificial seasoning of timber. London: Macmillan, 1920. url , , , .
A manual of veterinary hygiene. New York: W. R. Jenkins, 1911. url .
A new British flora: British wild flowers in their natural haunts / described by A. R. Horwood; with sixty-four plates in colour representing 350 different plants, from drawings by J. N. Fitch and many illustrations from photographs. London: Gresham, 1919. url p. 102, p. 103, p. 105, p. 218.
A new British flora; British wild flowers in their natural haunts, described by A. R. Horwood, with 64 plates in col. representing 350 different plants, from drawings by J. N. Fitch and many illus. from photo. London, Gresham Pub. Co., 1919. url p. 102.
A partial list of plants available for various uses in general landscape planting, comp. by Albert D. Taylor. Cleveland, A.D. Taylor, c1916 url p. 11, p. 11, p. 41, p. 41, p. 9, p. 9.
A study of some characteristics of vegetable oils, by James B. McNair. 9 1930 Chicago, 1930. url p. 58, p. 63.
A text-book of botany, by Dr. Eduard Strasburger. .. Dr. Heinrich Schenck, Ludwig Jost [and] Dr. George Karsten. LondonMacmillan1912 url p. 143, p. 551.
A text-book of botany, by Eduard Strasburger. .. Dr. Heinrich Schenck. .. Dr. Fritz Noll. .. [and] Dr. George Karsten. London, Macmillan and co., limited, 1908. url p. 133, p. 561.
A text-book of plant diseases caused by cryptogramic parasites, London: Duckworth and co.;1903. url p. 185.
A textbook of botany for colleges and universities, by. .. John Merle Coulter. .. Charles Reid Barnes. .. Henry Chandler Cowles. .. New York, American book company[1910-11] url p. 791, p. 791.
About trees, shrubs, and climbing plants for South Africa; concise hints on the making of farm plantations, shrubberies. .. Maritzburg, 1919. url p. 81.
Afforestation. LondonW. & R. Chambers1918 url p. 38.
Agricultural botany, theoretical and practical. New York, H. Holt, 1910. url , .
American forestry. Washington, D.C.: American Forestry Association, 1910-1923. url p. 1325.
An arboreal guide of scarborough pond. 1981. url .
An illustrated encyclopaedia of gardening, by Walter P. Wright London, J. M. Dent & sons, ltd.; url p. 113, p. 27.
An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. Addison Brown. New York: C. Scribner's sons, 1913. url p. 614.
An introduction to the embryology of angiosperms. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1950. url p. 213.
An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants, London, G. Bell and sons ltd., 1920. url , .
An introduction to vegetable physiology, by J. Reynolds Green. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 1907. url p. 198.
An outline of plant geography, by Douglas Houghton Campbell. New York, The Macmillan company, 1926. url p. 378, p. 47.
Andorra hand-book [of trees and shrubs] Philadelphia[1903] url p. 167, p. 49.
Annual report of the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University and the Agricultural Experiment Station. [Ithaca, N.Y.?], 1911-1971. (Albany, N.Y.: url p. 475.
Bartonia;proceedings of the Philadelphia botanical club. .. 1944-1945 Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, Academy of Natural Sciences. url p. 11.
Beautiful flowering trees and shrubs for British and Irish gardens / by John Weathers. London: Simpkin, Marshall, [1903?] url p. 30.
Beautiful home surroundings. Framingham, Mass., Framingham nurseries, c1918 url p. 38.
Beeton's Dictionary of everyday gardening. .. to which is added a monthly calendar of garden work throughout the year. London, Ward, Lock, 1909. url p. 21, p. 210, p. 50.
Biltmore Nursery, Biltmorse, N.C. [North Carolina?: The Nursery?], c1912 url p. 27.
Biochemistry; a study of the origin, reactions, and equilibria of living matter. By Benjamin Moore. London: E. Arnold, 1921. url p. 337, p. 58.
Biological effects of radiation; mechanism and measurement of radiation, applications in biology, photochemical reactions, effects of radiant energy on organisms and organic products. Edited by Benjamin M. Duggar. With the cooperation of Janet Howell Clark, Kenneth S. Cole, Farrington Daniels [and others] New York andMcGraw-Hill Book Co., 1936. url p. 995.
Birds of the Boston Public Garden, a study in migration, Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin co., 1909. url .
Birds of the Boston Public Garden: a study in migration / by Horace Winslow Wright; with an introduction by Bradford Torrey and illustrations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1909. url , , .
Birds of the Boston Public garden, a study in migration, by Horace Winslow Wright; with an introduction by Bradford Torrey and illustrations. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin co., 1909. url .
Book of garden plans, Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday, Page & company, 1916. url .
Botanic drugs, their materia medica, pharmacology, and therapeutics, by Thomas S. Blair. Cincinnati, O.: The Therapeutic digest publishing co., 1917. url p. 345.
Botanical abstracts. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co. url p. 202, p. 260.
Botany for secondary schools; a guide to the knowledge of the vegetation of the neighborhood, by L. H. Bailey. New York, Macmillan, 1920. url p. 343.
British flowering plants. By W. F. Kirby. With 120 coloured plates, showing the most important characters of each plant figured; and 119 illustrations in the text. London, Sidney Appleton, 1906. url p. 195.
British journal of entomology and natural history. [London]: British Entomological and Natural History Society, 1988- url , , , , p. 124, p. 132, p. 136, p. 137, p. 167, p. 177, p. 193, p. 29, p. 73.
British oak galls. London, Adlard, 1908. url , p. 100.
British plant-galls; a classified text book of cecidology, London, Methuen & co. ltd.[1912] url , .
British plants: their biology and ecology / by J. F. Bevis and H. J. Jeffery. London: A. Rivers, 1911. url p. 266, p. 266, p. 320, p. 324, p. 324.
British plants; their biology and ecology, London, Methuen[1920] url .
British trees / London: Hutchinson, 1907. url p. 1, p. 35.
Brooklyn Botanic Garden record. 26 1937 [Brooklyn]: Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1912-44. url p. 187.
Bulletin - Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. Amherst, : Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, 1907-1974. url p. 27, p. 48, p. 50, p. 75.
Bulletin / Ontario Department of Agriculture. Toronto: The Dept., [1905- url p. 6, p. 6.
Bulletin / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology. Washington: G.P.O., 1904-1916. url p. 37.
Bulletin Harrisburg, Pa.: The Department, [1923]- url .
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: The Museum, 1951-1992. url p. 70.
Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. [Washington, D.C.?]: Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., 1913-1923. url p. 2.
By meadow, grove and stream: an introduction to nature study / by Henry Hilton Brown. .. London: Religious Tract Society, [1907?] url , p. 49.
California fish and game. [San Francisco, etc.]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Fish and Game. url p. 608.
Canadian forestry journal. [Ottawa]: Canadian Forestry Association. url .
Carbon and the biosphere; proceedings of the 24th Brookhaven symposium in biology, Upton, N.Y., May 16-18, 1972. Editors: George M. Woodwell [and] Erene V. Pecan. [Washington]Technical Information Center, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission; [available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va.]1973. url p. 357.
Catalogue of museum of natural history and miscellaneous antiquities, curios, &c., collected by Rev. Donald Miller. Bordighera, Italy, Manse Printing Press[1922] url p. 158, p. 159.
Catalogue of scientific papers (1800-1900) Comp. by the Royal society of London. Cambridge, C. J. Clay and sons, 1867-1902; url p. 299, p. 480, p. 685, p. 708, p. 759, p. 838, p. 957.
Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. url p. 299, p. 480, p. 685, p. 708, p. 759, p. 838, p. 957.
Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University / compiled under the direction of Charles Sprague Sargent by Ethelyn Maria Tucker. Cambridge: Printed at the Cosmos Press, 1914-1933. url p. 210.
Cellulose: an outline of the chemistry of the structural elements of plants, with reference to their natural history and industrial uses. By Cross & Bevan (C. F. Cross, E. J. Bevan, and C. Beadle). New impression with a supplement. London, Longmans, Green, and co., 1918. url p. 190.
Chestnut blight. 1906-1960. url .
Chinese economic trees, [Shanghai]Printed by the Commercial Press, Ltd.[1921] url , , , p. 4.
Circular / United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology. Washington, D.C.: The Bureau, 1904-1913. url p. 7.
Colonsay, one of the Hebrides, its plants: their local names and usses--legends, ruins, and place-names--Gaelic names of birds, fishes, etc.--climate, geological formation, etc. By Murdoch McNeill. Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1910. url p. 169.
Commercial gardening, a practical & scientific treatise for market gardeners, market growers, fruit, flower & vegetable growers, nurserymen, etc. By many practical specialists under the editorship of John Weathers. London, The Gresham publishing company, 1913. url , p. 22.
Common trees of Ohio: a handy pocket manual of the common and introduced trees of Ohio / by Joseph S. Illick, in cooperation with Edmund Secrest. Washington, D. C.: The American Tree Association, 1927. url p. 55.
Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium. 9 1972 Ann Arbor: University Herbarium, University of Michigan, 1939- url p. 580.
Control of scale insects and mealybugs on ornamentals / New Haven: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1970. url p. 17.
Cooperative economic insect report. Hyattsville, MD. [etc.]Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs Animal and Plant Health Service. url p. 1209.
Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants sold in the United by L. H. Bailey. .. assisted by William Miller. .. and many expert cultivators and botanists. London: The Macmillan company, 1909. url p. 1835, p. 1836, p. 1843, p. 1844, p. 571.
Department circular. Boston, Mass., 1918-1920. url p. 22.
Directory of Wetlands of International Importance. IUCN url p. 269, p. 766.
Diseases of deciduous forest trees / by Hermann von Schrenk and Perley Spaulding. Washington: G.P.O., 1909. url p. 27.
Diseases of deciduous forest trees, Washington, D.C.Govt. Print. Off.1909 url p. 27.
Early British botanists and their gardens, based on unpublished writings of Goodyer, Tradescant, and others, by R. T. Gunther. With nine plates and twenty-one other illustrations. Oxford, Printed by F. Hall for the author at the University Press, 1922. url p. 107, p. 188.
Endothia parasitica and related species. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917. url .
English estate forestry / by A.C. Forbes. London: Edward Arnold, 1904. url p. 330, p. 74.
English estate forestry. London, E. Arnold, 1906. url , .
English estate forestry. London: Arnold, 1904. url p. 330, p. 74.
Eton nature-study and observational lessons, by Matthew Davenport Hill, . .. and Wilfred Mark Webb, . .. With a foreword by the Rev. Edmond Warre, . .. Part I-[II]. London, Duckworth & Co., 1903-1904. url p. 151, p. 153, p. 167.
European forests and protected areas: gap analysis. (Technical report) UNEP-WCMC url p. 15, p. 17.
Extracts from the Bulletin of the Forest Experiment Station, Meguro, Tokyo. Tokyo, Bureau of Forestry, Dept. of Agriculture and Commerce, 1915. url , .
Familiar trees and their leaves, described and illustrated by F. Schuyler Mathews, with illus. in colors and over two hundred drawings by the author, and an introd. by L.H. Bailey. Ed. in colors. 1911 New YorkD. Appleton1911 url p. 109, p. 321, p. 324.
Familiar trees, London, Cassell, 1906-07. url .
Familiar trees, with coloured plates by W.H.J. Boot and A. Fairfax Muckley and plain plates from photographs and micro-photographs. LondonCassell1906-07 url p. 105, p. 165.
Flora Malesiana. general editor, C.G.G.J. van Steenis. Djakarta: Noordhoff-Kolff, 1950- url p. 270, p. 272.
Flora montana formosae; an enumeration of plants found on Mt. Morrison, the central chain and other mountainous regions of Formosa at altitudes of 3, 000-13, 000 ft. By B. Hayata. Tokyo, The University, 1908. url p. 206.
Flora of County Kerry: including the flowering plants, ferns, Characeae, &c. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, 1916. url .
Flora of Japan: in English: combined, much revised and extended translation / by the author of his Flora of Japan (1953) and Flora of Japan, Pteridophyta (1957); edited by Frederick G. Meyer and Egbert H. Walker. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1965. url p. 377.
Flora of Sussex; or a list of the flowering plants & ferns found in the county of Sussex, with localities of the less common species. London, Simpkin [et al.]1907. url p. 100.
Flora of the Queen Charlotte Islands. [Ottawa: Queen's Printer], 1968-. url p. 53.
Florists' review Chicago: Florists' Pub. Co. url , , .
Flowering plants of the Riviera: a sescriptive account of 1800 of the more interesting species / by H. Stuart Thompson; with an introduction on Riviera vegetation by A. G. Tansley London; New York: Longmans, Green, 1914. url p. 9.
Flowers of the field. London, G. Routledge, 1908. url .
Forest entomology. EdinburghW. Blackwood1908 url p. 354.
Forest nurseries and nursery methods in Europe, Albany, J. B. Lyon company, state printers[1904?] url p. 203.
Forest products, their manufacture and use; embracing the principal commercial features in the production, manufacture, and utilization of the most important forest products other than lumber in the United States. New YorkWiley1919 url p. 244.
Forestry for woodmen / by C. O. Hanson. Oxford: At the Clarendon press, 1911. url p. 150, p. 19.
Forestry for woodmen, by C. O. Hanson. Oxford, Clarendon press, 1921. url p. 19.
Forestry for woodmen. OxfordClarendon Press1921 url p. 150, p. 19.
Forestry of Japan. TokyoBureau of Forestry, Dept. of Agriculture & Commerce1910 url , p. 116, p. 116, p. 28, p. 3, p. 31, p. 32, p. 35, p. 35, p. 65.
Forestry, by Dr. Adam Schwappach. London, J. M. Dent & co., 1904. url p. 24.
French forests and forestry; Tunisia, Algeria, Corsica, with a translation of the Algerian code of 1903, by Theodore S. Woolsey, jr.. .. New York, J. Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1917. url p. 227.
Gardeners' chronicle of America. New York: Chronicle Press, 1905-1950. url p. 290.
Gardening for amateurs; a simple, complete, and practical guide for garden lovers, edited by H. H. Thomas. Illustrated by twenty-four coloured plates and many hundreds of photographs and sketches. New York: Funk and Wagnalls company, [1915] url p. 863, p. 922, p. 925.
Gardening for beginners; a handbook to the garden, by E.T. Cook. [London]"Country Life" [etc., 1914] url .
Gardening in California, San Francisco, A. M. Robertson, 1914. url p. 107, p. 381, p. 385.
Gardening in California, landscape and flower, by John McLaren... San Francisco, A.M. Robertson, 1909. url p. 106, p. 385, p. 385.
Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 104, p. 111, p. 304, p. 768, fig. 183, page 796.
Hand-list of Coniferae: grown in the Royal botanic gardens. London: Printed for H. M. Stationery off. by Darling & son, Ltd., 1903. url p. 717.
Handbook of flower pollination based upon Hermann Müller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects'; tr. by J.R. Ainsworth Davis. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1906. url p. 376, p. 70.
Handbook of flower pollination: based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' / Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906-09. url , .
Hardy plants for cottage gardens, by Helen R. Albee; illustrated from photographs. New York, H. Holt and company, 1910. url , p. 80.
Harmful non-indigenous species in the U.S.: hearings before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, March 11 and 15, 1994. Washington: For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, 1994. url p. 159, p. 186.
Henderson's Handbook of plants and general horticulture / By Peter Henderson. New York, P. Henderson & Co., 1910. url p. 46.
Horticulture. Boston, Mass.: Horticulture Pub. Co., c1904- url p. 108, p. 456.
How to find and name wild flowers; being a new method of observing and identifying upwards of 1, 200 species of flowering plants in the British isles; with an introduction by F.E. hulme. .. illustrated by the author, and with four autochrome plates by H. Essenhigh Corke. .. London, Cassell[1906-1930] url p. 247.
How to make a country place; an account of the successes and the mistakes of an amateur in thirty-five years of farming, building and development: together with a practical plan for securing a home and an independent income, star New York, Orange Judd company; [etc., etc.]1914. url p. 366.
Illinois Natural History Survey bulletin. Champaign, Ill.: The Survey, 1987- url p. 297.
Illustrated key to the wild and commonly cultivated trees of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada; based primarily upon leaf characters, New YorkHolt1912 url p. 164.
Illustrations of the British flora: a series of wood engravings, with dissections, of British plants. London, L. Reeve, 1919. url .
Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity: A review of the recent scientific literature UNEP-WCMC url p. 29.
Impacts of Climate Change on Wildlife RSPB url p. 52.
Insects affecting park and woodland trees / by Ephraim Porter Felt. Albany: New York State Education Dept., 1905-1906. url p. 218.
Introduction to plant geography and some related sciences. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960. url p. 600.
Journal of Hymenoptera research. Washington, D.C.: International Society of Hymenopterists, [1992- url p. 127, p. 284.
Journal of economic entomology. [College Park, Md., etc.]Entomological Society of America [etc.] url p. 257.
Journal of genetics. Cambridge: University Press, 1910-1977. url p. 155.
Lake Superior. [With a narrative of the tour by J. Elliot Cabot. Huntington, N.Y.]R. E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1974 [c1850] url p. 156, p. 158, p. 163.
Landscape garden series, ed. by Ralph Rodney Root. Davenport, Ia.: The Garden Press, [1921] url p. 10, p. 13.
Landscape gardening as applied to home decoration. By Samuel T. Maynard. .. New York, J. Wiley, 1915. url p. 196, p. 199.
Landscape reclamation: a report on research into problems of reclaiming derelict land, by a research team of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. GuildfordIPC Science and Technology Press1971- url p. 18, p. 19.
Landscaping your home / Urbana: University of Illinois Press, c1975. url p. 216.
Lectures on plant physiology / by Ludwig Jost; authorized English translation by R.J. Harvey Gibson. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907. url p. 344, p. 63, p. 71.
Lectures on plant physiology / translated by R.J. Harvey Gibson. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1907. url p. 344, p. 63, p. 71.
Lectures on plant physiology. Authorized English translation by R.J. Harvey Gibson. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1907. url p. 63, p. 71.
List of intercepted plant pests / United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Quarantine and Control Administration. [Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O.], 1932- url p. 25, p. 31, p. 31, p. 31, p. 48, p. 49, p. 50, p. 54, p. 55, p. 65, p. 66.
Lists of plant types for landscape planting; the materials of planting for ornament listed according to their various uses, by Stephen F. Hamblin. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1923. url , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , p. 10, p. 12, p. 14, p. 16, p. 18, p. 19, p. 20, p. 23, p. 25, p. 27, p. 3, p. 3, p. 6, p. 7, p. 8.
London parks and gardens, by the Honble Mrs. Evelyn Cecil (Alicia Amherst). .. With illustrations by Lady Victoria Manners. .. New York: Dutton, 1907. url p. 370.
London trees. Being an account of the trees that succeed in London, with a descriptive account of each species and notes on their comparative value and cultivation. With guide to where the finest London trees may b by A. D. Webster. London, The Swarthmore Press, 1920. url p. 208, p. 214, p. vii.
MAB Biosphere Reserves: Site Descriptions, post compilation 5 (October 1990) UNESCO MAB Programme url , , , , .
MAB Information System: Biosphere Reserves, Compilation 4, October 1986: Supplement September 1989 UNESCO url .
Manual of gardening: a practical guide to the making of home grounds and the growing of flowers, fruits, and vegetables for home use / New York: Macmillan Co., 1911. url .
Manual of gardening; a practical guide to the making of home grounds and the growing of flowers, fruits, and vegetables for home use, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1917. url .
Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) by Charles Sprague Sargent, with seven hundred and eighty-three illustrations from drawings by Charles Edward Faxon and Mary W. Gill. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin company, 1922. url p. 228, p. 228, p. 903, p. 903.
Manures for fruit and other trees, a practical handbook for the gardener, horticulturist and student. London, Robert Sutton, 1908. url , .
Matson and Roth family history, a love of ships, horses and gardens: and related material, Lurline Matson Roth; tape recorded interview conducted by Suzanne B. Riess in 1980-1981. Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, California, 1982: url p. 211.
Methods in microscopial research; vegetable histology. London, Sherratt and Hughes, 1905. url , .
Miscellaneous studies in agriculture and biology. BerkeleyUniversity of California Press1919 url p. 13, p. 13, p. 14.
Missouri Botanical Garden invites you to know our trees. 1990 [St. Louis]: Missouri Botanical Garden, 1990. url p. 14, p. 42, 43.
Miyabe-festschrift, or A collection of botanical papers presented to Prof. Dr. Kingo Miyabe on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of his academic service by his friends and pupils. Tokio, Rokumeikwan, 1911. url p. 37.
Morphology of angiosperms (Morphology of spermatophytes, Part II) by John Merle Coulter and Charles James [!] Chamberlain. New York, Appleton & Co., 1903. url p. 105, p. 147.
Morphology of angiosperms: (Morphology of spermatophytes, Part II) / by John Merle Coulter and Charles Joseph Chamberlain. New York: D. Appleton, 1909, c1903. url p. 105, p. 147.
Museum bulletin / New York State Museum. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1908-1916. url p. 133.
Mycotrophy in plants; lectures on the biology of mycorrhizae and related structures. Waltham, Mass., Chronica Botanica Co., 1950. url .
Natural history of Selborne, and observations on nature / by Gilbert White; with the text and new letters of the Buckland edition; introduction by John Burroughs; illustrations by Clifton Johnson. Toronto: Musson Book Co., 1904. url p. 222, p. 223.
New Japanese fungi. Notes and translations. [Washington, Bureau of Plant Industry], 1917- url p. 80.
New York State Museum bulletin. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1916-1944. url p. 50.
North American trees (exclusive of Mexico and tropical United States) A handbook designed for field use, with plates and distribution maps. Ames, Iowa State University Press[1961] url p. 167.
North American trees; being descriptions and illustrations of the trees growing independently of cultivation in North America, north of Mexico and the West Indies; with the assistance of John Adolph Shafer. New YorkHolt1908 url p. 271.
Occasional papers of the Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany. 15 1980 Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University, Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany. url p. 117.
Oecology of plants: an introduction to the study of plant-communities / by Eug. Warming; assisted by Martin Vahl; prepared for publication in English by Percy Groom and Isaac Bayley Balfour. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909. url p. 331, p. 338, p. 357, p. 72.
Oecology of plants; an introduction to the study of plant-communities, by Eug. Warming, assisted by Martin Vahl. Prepared for publication in English by Percy Groom and Isaac Bayley Balfour. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909. url p. 331, p. 338, p. 357, p. 411, p. 72.
Official guide to the museums of economic botany. LondonPrinted for H.M. Stationery Off., by Darling1907 url p. 206.
Our native trees and how to identify them; a popular study of their habits and their peculiarities, New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1917. url .
Oxford gardens, based upon Daubeny's Popular guide to the physick garden of Oxford: with notes on the gardens of the colleges and on the University park, by R. T. Günther. Oxford: Parker & son; [etc., etc.], 1912. url p. 259.
Palladin's Plant physiology. Authorized ed. in English, based on the German translation of the 6th Russian ed. and on the 7th Russian ed. (1914) of the Text-book of plant physiology. By Vladimir I. Palladin. With additions and Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son, [c1926] url p. 291, p. 89.
Pennsylvania trees / by J.S. Illick. Harrisburg., Pa.: W. S. Ray, State Printer, 1915. url p. 124.
Pennsylvania trees. Harrisburg, Pa.W.S. Ray, State Printer1914 url p. 125.
Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Manchester: Flaters, Milborne & McKechnie, [191-?] url .
Photoperiodism and related phenomena in plants and animals; proceedings, edited by Robert B. Withrow, with the cooperation of Arthur C. Giese [and others]. Washington, 1959. url p. 242, p. 87, p. 880.
Photosynthesis and related processes, by Eugene I. Rabinowitch. .. New York, N.Y., Interscience Publishers, inc., 1945- url p. 678.
Physiological plant anatomy, tr. by Montagu Drummond. London, MacMillan, 1914. url p. 144, p. 295, p. 624, p. 685, p. 770.
Phytologia memoirs. Plainfield, N.J.: H.N. Moldenke and A.L. Moldenke, 1980- url p. 223.
Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 19, p. 331.
Plant Form OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS url p. 119, p. 265, p. 328.
Plant bugs on fruit crops in Canada: Heteroptera: Miridae / Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1982. url p. 107, p. 113, p. 181.
Plant health care for woody ornamentals: a professional's guide to preventing and managing environmental stresses and pests / [Urbana, Ill.]: Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, c1997. url p. 191, p. 193.
Plant morphogenesis. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960. url p. 348, p. 472.
Plant physiology, Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co.[c1918] url .
Plant physiology, by Vladimir I. Palladin. Authorized English ed. based on the German translation of the 6th Russian ed. and on the 7th Russian ed. (1914) Edited by Burton Edward Livingston. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son & co.[c1923] url p. 289, p. 89.
Plant physiology; authorized English translation by R. J. HarveyGibson; supplement incorporating the alterations of the 2d ed. of the German original. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1913. url p. 63, p. 71.
Plant-geography upon a physiological basis. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903. url p. 108, p. 110, p. 161, p. 189, p. 20, p. 437, p. 558, p. 584.
Plant-life, by Charles A. Hall, with 74 full-page illus., 24 being from photos. by the author and 50 in colour from drawings by C. F. Newall. London, A. & C. Black, 1915. url .
Plant-life, by Charles A. Hall. .. with 74 full-page illustrations, 24 being from photographs by the author and 50 in colour from drawings by C. F. Newall. London: A. & C. Black, ltd., 1915. url p. 211.
Plant-life, ill. by the author and C.F. Newall. London, Black, 1915. url p. 211.
Plant-life, with 74 full-page illus., 24 being from photos, by the author and 50 in colour from drawings London, A. & C. Black, 1915. url .
Plantae Wilsonianae; an enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold arboretum of Harvard university during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910, by E. H. Wilson, ed. by Charles Sprague Sargent. Cambridge, University Press, 1913-17. url p. 190, p. 191, p. 608.
Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany, New York, H. Holt and Company, 1913. url .
Poisonous plants of all countries, by A. Bernhard-Smith. London, Baillière, Tindall & Cox, 1923. url p. 90.
Popular botany; the living plant from seed to fruit, by A.E. Knight and Edward Step. .. New York: H. Holt and company, [1913] url p. 309, p. 309.
Practical foresty; a popular handbook on the rearing and growth of trees for profit or ornament. LondonW. Rider[pref.1917] url p. 118, p. 136, p. 85.
Practical landscape gardening: the importance of careful planning, locating the house, arrangement of walks and drives, construction of walks and drives, lawns and terraces, how to plant a property, laying out a flower garden, arch New York, A.T. De La Mare Company, inc., 1916. url .
Practical landscape gardening; the importance of careful planning, locating the house, arrangement of walks and drives, construction of walks and drives, lawns and terraces, how to plant a property, laying out a flower garden, arch by Robert B. Cridland. New York, A.T. De La Mare Company, inc., 1918. url p. 253.
Practical plant biochemistry, by Muriel Wheldale Onslow. .. Cambridge, University press, 1920. url p. 156, p. 171.
Practical plant biochemistry. CambridgeUniversity Press1923 url p. 171, p. 187.
Principles of plant culture; an elementary treatise designed as a text-book for beginners in agriculture and horticulture. Madison, Wis.University Co-operative Co., 1912 [c1906] url .
Proceedings and transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society. London, British Entomological and Natural History Society. url , p. 115, p. 12, p. 38, p. 46, p. 70, p. 71, p. 72, p. 73, p. 73.
Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science. Media, Pa.: The Institute, 1906- url p. 158.
Proceedings, resolutions, and summary of statements. London, 1921. url p. 276.
Protected Areas in Eastern and Central Europe and the USSR (an interim review) IUCN url p. 7.
Protected Areas of the World: a review of National Systems. Vol 2: Palearctic IUCN url p. 129, p. 83.
Protected Landscapes: experience around the world. Prepared for the International Symposium on Protected Landscapes, Grange-over-Sands, England 5-10 October 1987 IUCN url p. 101, p. 105, p. 109, p. 110, p. 113, p. 115, p. 117, p. 15, p. 157, p. 159, p. 16, p. 162, p. 164, p. 167, p. 173, p. 175, p. 18, p. 185, p. 188, p. 21, p. 24, p. 25, p. 26, p. 32, p. 34, p. 35, p. 36, p. 38, p. 39, p. 45, p. 52, p. 55, p. 59, p. 60, p. 71, p. 79, p. 85, p. 89, p. 91, p. 93.
Researches on Fungi. .. by A. H. Reginald Buller. .. London, New York [etc.]Longmans, Green and co., 1909- url p. 370, p. 484.
Sargent, C. S. Plantae Wilsonianae: an enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold arboretum of Harvard university during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910 /by E. H. Wilson, ed. by Charles Sprague Sargent. 3 1917 Cambridge: The University press, 1913-17. url p. 191, p. 608.
Schlich's manual of forestry / by Wm. Schlich. London: Bradbury, Agnew, 1910- url p. 328.
Science progress. London: John Murray, 1916- url p. 555.
Scientific and applied pharmacognosy, intended for the use of students in pharmacy, as a hand book for pharmacists, and as a reference book for food and drug analysts and pharmacologists. New York, Wiley, 1920. url p. 42.
Scientific feeding of the domestic animals, by Martin Klimmer. Chicago, A. Eger, 1923. url p. 122, p. 98.
Seaside planting of trees and shrubs. By Alfred Gaut, F.R.H.S. Illustrated from photographs by Frank Sutcliffe. London, C. Scribner's sons, 1907. url p. 80.
Seeding and planting; a manual for the guidance of forestry students, foresters, nurserymen, forest owners, and farmers, by James W. Toumey. .. New York, J. Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1916. url p. 445, p. 445, p. 445.
Senior botany. London, Univ. Tutor. Press, 1918. url p. 399.
Shade and ornamental trees of California, by Merritt B. Pratt, state forester. Sacramento?1922? url p. 129, p. 62, p. 62.
Spixiana. 10 1987 München: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, 1977- url nicolai , p. 139, p. 143, p. 184, p. 189, p. 190, p. 191, p. 192, p. 196, p. 66.
Standardized plant names; a catalogue of approved scientific and common names of plants in American commerce. Salem, Mass., 1923. url p. 142, p. 37, p. 38.
Strasburger's Text-book of botany. Rewritten by Dr. Hans Fitting. .. Dr. Ludwig Jost. .. Dr. Heinrich Schenck. .. Dr. George Karsten. London, Macmillan, 1921. url p. 113, p. 158, p. 612, p. 614, p. 779.
Studies in French forestry / New York: Wiley, 1920. url .
Studies in French forestry, by Theodore S. Woolsey, jr. with two chapters by William B. Greeley. New York, Wiley, 1920. url p. 390, p. 390, p. 407, p. 407.
Studies in French forestry, with two chapters by William B. Greeley. New YorkWiley1920 url p. 390, p. 407.
Studies of trees / by J. J. Levison. New York: J. Wiley & sons, 1914. url p. 120, p. 69.
Studies of trees / by J.J. Levison. New York: J. Wiley, 1914. url p. 69.
Studies of trees in winter; a description of the deciduous trees of northeastern America, with an introd. by Charles S. Sargent, BostonKnight and Millet1905 url p. 195.
Sub-alpine plants: or, Flowers of the Swiss woods and meadows / by H. Stuart Thompson; with 33 coloured plates (168 figures) by George Flemwell. London: Dutton, 1912. url p. 258, p. 316.
Sub-alpine plants: or, flowers of the Swiss woods and meadows / [London]: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1912. url , .
Swedish forests, lumber industry, and lumber export trade, by Axel H. Oxholm, trade commissioner. .. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1921. url p. 27.
Textbook of theoretical botany, by R. C. McLean and W. R. Ivimey-Cook. London, Longmans, Green[1951- url p. 1760, p. 1761, p. 879.
The American flower garden / by Neltje Blanchan; planting lists by Leonard Barron; illustrated with one hundred full-page photographs. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1909. url p. 188.
The Bradley bibliography; a guide to the literature of the woody plants of the world published before the beginning of the twentieth century; Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1911-18. url p. 125, p. 126, p. 127, p. 32, p. 360, p. 486, p. 493, p. 494, p. 495, p. 496, p. 497, p. 498, p. 499, p. 537, p. 635, p. 737, p. 830, p. 872.
The British nature book; a complete handbook and guide to British nature study, embracing the mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, insects, plants, etc., in the United Kingdom, by S.N. Sedgwick. .. Edinburgh, T.C. & E.C. Jack, Ltd., 1922. url p. 443.
The Buprestidae of North America, exclusive of Mexico, a catalogue including synonomy, bibliography, distribution, type locality and hosts of each species, by W. J. Chamberlin. Eugene, Or., c1926 url p. 163.
The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 42.
The Ecology of arboreal folivores: a symposium held at the Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, May 29-31, 1975 / Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. url p. 57.
The Glasgow naturalist. Glasgow, Andersonian Naturalists of Glasgow. url p. 115, p. 140, p. 142, p. 148, p. 148, p. 15, p. 16, p. 18, p. 53.
The Great Basin naturalist. 41 1981 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url p. 33.
The Review of applied entomology. Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc. url p. 109, p. 12, p. 59, p. 642, p. 704, p. 822.
The San José scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus, Comst.) and methods of treatment. A. E. Stene. Joint bulletin of the State board of agriculture and Extension department of the Rhode Island college of agriculture and mechanic arts. 1908. Providence, 1908 url p. 28.
The Victoria history of the county of Warwick. London: Published for the University of London Institute of Historical Research by Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1965- url p. 49.
The anthocyanin pigments of plants. By Muriel Wheldale. Cambridge, University Press, 1916. url p. 154, p. 21, p. 23, p. 309.
The art & craft of garden making / Thomas H. Mawson. London: B.T. Batsford; [1912] url p. 283.
The bogs and bog flora of the Huron River Valley. .. By Edgar Nelson Transeau. [Chicago]The University of Chicago Press[1906] url p. 225.
The book of hardy flowers; a simple and complete descriptive guide to the cultivation in gardens of the trees and shrubs, perennial and annual flowers, that are hardy, or are suitable for planting out-of-doors in summer in temp Ed. by H. H. Thomas. .. Beautifully illustrated with thirty-two direct color photographs by H. Essenhigh Corke and sixty-four half-tone plates. 1915 New York, Funk & Wagnalls company; [etc., etc.][1915] url p. 182.
The complete garden, by Albert D. Taylor, assisted by Gordon D. Cooper. Illustrated with fifty full page cuts, four line charts, and nine coloured plates. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page, 1921. url p. 123, p. 123, p. 125, p. 125, p. 146, p. 146, p. 289, p. 289, p. 291, p. 291, p. 316, p. 316.
The complete grazier and farmers' and cattlebreeders' assistant. .. originally written by William Youatt. .. considerably enlarged and mainly rewritten in 1893 and 1900 by William Fream. .. London, C. Lockwood and son, 1908. url p. 800.
The complete home landscape, by Arthur J. Jennings, in collaboration with Leonard H. Johnson. New York, A. T. De La Mare, 1924. url p. 119, p. 134, p. 135.
The differentiation and specificity of starches in relation to genera, species, etc.; stereochemistry applied to protoplasmic processes and products, and as a strictly scientific basis for the classification of plants and animals Washington, D.C.Carnegie institution of Washington1913 url p. 248, p. 6.
The early stages of Tabanid (horse-flies) by Werner Marchand, PH. D. New York, The Rockefeller institute for medical research, 1920. url p. 127.
The elements of British forestry, a handbook for forest apprentices and students of forestry, by John Nisbet. .. Edinburgh, W. Blackwood and Sons[1911] url p. 5.
The encyclopedia of gardening. A dictionary of cultivated plants, etc., giving in alphabetical sequence the culture and propagation of hardy and half-hardy plants, trees and shrubs, orchids, ferns, fruit, vegetables, hothouse and g London, W. H. & L. Collingridge[1908] url .
The entomologist's log-book and dictionary of the life histories and food plants of the British Macro-Lepidoptera, giving many thousands of facts and data connected with the appearance of the ova, larvæ, pupæ, and imagines: methods of capture: habitats: food plants: authorities: synonyms: etc., in Latin and Englis by Alfred George Scorer. London, G. Routledge & sons, limited, 1913. url p. 33.
The first fifty years of the Arnold Arboretum [by] C.S. Sargent. Cambridge, Mass., 1922 url p. 152.
The flowering plants, grasses, sedges, & ferns of Great Britain and their allies, the club mosses, horsetails, etc. London, F. Warne, 1905. url .
The fungi / by Frederick A. Wolf and Frederick T. Wolf. New York: J. Wiley, [1947] url p. 302.
The identification of trees & shrubs; how to recognize, without previous knowledge of botany, wild or garden trees and shrubs native to the north temperate zone, with 2, 500 diagrams made by the author. New York, Dutton[1937] url p. 275, p. 46.
The influence of light and darkness upon growth and development. New York1903 url p. 195, p. 196, p. 239.
The international bibliography of electron microscopy. New York[1959-1962] url p. 251.
The landscape gardening book, wherein are set down the simple laws of beauty and utility which should guide the development of all grounds, by Grace Tabor. New York, R. M. McBride, 1916. url p. 36.
The lipids, their chemistry and biochemistry. New York, Interscience Publishers, 1951-57. url p. 379, p. 899.
The mammals of the Caucasus; a history of the evolution of the fauna. (Mlekopitayushchie Kavkaza; istoriya formirovaniya fauny). [By] N. K. Vereskchagin. Chief editor: E. N. Pavlovskii. Editor of this volume: A. A. Strelkov. Translated from Russian [by A. Lerman and B. Rabinovich. Edited by M. Loeb] Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations [available from the U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Va.], 1967. url p. 97.
The microbiology of the atmosphere. London, L. Hill;1961. url p. 212, p. 240.
The mutation theory; experiments and observations on the origin of species in the vegetable kingdom, by Hugo de Vries. .. tr. by Prof. J. B. Farmer and A. D. Darbishire. .. Chicago, Open Court Publishing Company; [etc., etc.]1909-10. url p. 371, p. 373, p. 452, p. 456.
The nature-study of plants in theory and practice for the hobby-botanist, by Thomas Alfred Dymes, with an introduction by F.E. Weiss. London, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge;1920. url .
The new forestry; or, The continental system adapted to British woodlands and game preservation. Illustrated by J. Simpson. Sheffield, Pawson & Brailsford, 1903. url p. 101.
The new gardening: a guide to the most recent developments in the culture of flowers, fruits, and vegetables, by Walter P. Wright. .. New York, Doubleday, Page and company, 1913. url p. 260.
The plant community [by] Herbert C. Hanson [and] Ethan D. Churchill. New York, Reinhold Pub. Corp.[1961] url p. 87.
The practice of forestry, concerning also the financial aspect of afforestation. LondonT.F. Unwin1909 url p. 342.
The quantitative method in biology, London, Longmans, Green & co., 1919 url .
The quantitative method in biology. Manchester [Eng.]University Press1919 url p. 11.
The romance of our trees, Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page[c1920] url , , , .
The romance of our trees, by Ernest H. Wilson, illustrated from photographs. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1920. url p. 155, p. 157, p. 246, p. 273.
The ruffed grouse; life history, propagation, management, by Gardiner Bump [and others] With 4 paintings in full color by Fred. Everett and 127 sketches by Clayton B. Seagears and Fred. Everett. [Albany?]1947. url p. 889, p. 902.
The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1202, p. 1440, p. 1800, p. 2302, p. 2682, p. 373, p. 381.
The story of plant life in the British Isles; types of the common natural orders, by A.R. Horwood. London, J. & A. Churchill, 1914-15. url .
The study of plants; an introduction to botany and plant ecology. OxfordClarendon Press1915 url p. 236.
The timbers of commerce and their identification, London, W. Rider & son, limited, 1918. url , , .
The tree book. A popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation. By Julia Ellen Rogers. With sixteen plates in colour and one hundred and sixty in black-and-white from photographs by A. Radclyffe Dugmore. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page, 1912. url p. 578.
The tree book: A popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation / New York: Doubleday, Page, 1920. url p. 578.
The tree book: a popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation / Garden City: Doubleday, Page, 1914. url p. 578.
The trees of Great Britain & Ireland / by Henry John Elwes and Augustine Henry. Edinburgh: Priv. print., 1906-13. url , p. 1952, p. 1968, p. 4, p. 5, p. 6, p. 79.
The world's commercial products; a descriptive account of the economic plants of the world and of their commercial uses by W. G. Freeman and S. E. Chandler. .. with contributions by T. A. Henry, C. E. Jones, and E. H. Wilson. London, Sir I. Pitman and sons, limited1907. url p. 304.
Threatened non-marine molluscs of Europe Council of Europe url p. 65.
Timber. LondonConstable1908 url p. 56.
Timbers and their uses; a handbook for woodworkers, merchants, and all interested in the conversion and use of timber, London, E. P. Dutton & Co., 1919. url .
Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science. [Lexington, Ky.]Kentucky Academy of Science, 1923-1997. url p. 234, p. 59.
Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society. Sapporo, Japan, Sapporo Natural History Society, Hokkaido Imperial University. url p. 172.
Trees & shrubs for English gardens. [London]"Country life", 1908. url p. 132, p. 141.
Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles / by W. J. Bean. London: J. Murray, 1916. url p. 550, p. 551, p. 63, p. 64, p. 97.
Trees and shrubs of Central Park, New York, Manhattan press[c1903] url , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
Trees and shrubs of Nantucket; Descriptions, identification keys, list of trees and shrubs [by] Mabel Agnes Rice. [Ann Arbor, Michigan., Lithoprinted by Edwards brothers, inc.]1946. url p. 72.
Trees and shrubs of Prospect park, New York, The Greenwich printing company[c1906] url , p. 117, p. 130, p. 40, p. 5, p. 56, p. 6.
Trees and shrubs of the British Isles; native and acclimatised, LondonDent1909 url p. 243, p. 260, p. 29, p. 30.
Trees and shrubs, hardy in the British isles. LondonJ. Murray1914 url p. 550, p. 551, p. 64, p. 97.
Trees and their life histories. Illustrated from photographs by Henry Irving. LondonCassell1909 url p. 10, p. 202.
Trees for Long Island. [S.l.:s.n.], 1908. url p. 12, p. 13, p. 2.
Trees in winter; their study, planting, care and identification, New YorkMacmillan1913 url p. 100, p. 294.
Trees: a woodland notebook containing observations on certain British and exotic trees / by Sir Herbert Maxwell; illustrated with photographs by Mr. Henry Irving and others. Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons, Publishers to the University, 1915. url p. 16.
Trees: the yearbook of agriculture 1949. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: 1949. url p. 819, p. 828, p. 918.
Trees: the yearbook of agriculture, 1949 / the United States Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1949 url p. 819, p. 828.
Trees; a handbook of forest-botany for the woodlands and the laboratory Cambridge, At the University press url p. 175, p. 176, p. 264, p. 62.
Types of British vegetation, Cambridge, University Press, 1911. url , , , , , , , .
U.S. gardening guide: everything you need to know about how to make things grow / compiled by Jeffery Feinman. New York: Simon and Schuster, c1979. url p. 179.
Vegetation of the Peak District / C. E. Moss. Cambridge: University Press, 1913. url p. 209, p. 210, p. 39, p. 40, p. 41, p. 43, p. 49, p. 58, p. 68, p. 70.
Vegetation of the Peak District. Cambridge, University Press, 1913. url , p. 209, p. 210, p. 219, p. 269, p. 271, p. 283, p. 39, p. 39, p. 40, p. 40, p. 41, p. 41, p. 43, p. 45, p. 49, p. 53, p. 58, p. 66, p. 68, p. 70, p. 80, p. 82, p. 84.
Vernacular list of trees, shrubs, and woody climbers in the Madras Presidency. Madras, Printed by the Superintendant, Government Press, 1915. url p. 349, p. 380, p. 433, p. 557, p. 834.
Veterinary materia medica and therapeutics, New York, William R. Jenkins company[c1916] url p. 305.
Veterinary toxicology. Chicago, A. Eger, 1912. url .
Water in the physiology of plants, by A. S. Crafts, H. B. Currier and C. R. Stocking. Waltham, Mass., Chronica Botanica Co., 1949. url p. 61.
Webster's Practical forestry: a popular handbook on the rearing and growth of trees for profit or ornament / by A.D. Webster. London: W. Rider & son, limited, [1917] url p. 118, p. 136, p. 137, p. 85.
Webster's practical forestry: a popular handbook on the rearing and growth of trees for profit or ornament. By A.D. Webster. .. London, W. Rider & Son, Limited[pref. 1905] url p. 123, p. 54, p. 79.
West Virginia trees. Morgantown, 1920. url p. 17.
Winter botany, a companion volume to the author's Plant materials of decorative gardening, by William Trelease. .. Urbana, The author, 1918. url p. 32.
Winter botany, by William Trelease. .. Urbana, The author, 1918. url p. 27, p. 32.
Huang Chengchiu, Chang Yongtian, Hsu Yongchun & Jen Hsienwei. 1998. Fagaceae. In: Chun Woonyong & Huang Chengchiu, eds. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 22: 1-332.
Cooper, A. W. and E. P. Mercer. 1977. Morphological variation in Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. in North Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 93: 136-149.
Hardin, J. W. and G. P. Johnson. 1985. Atlas of foliar surface features in woody plants, VIII. Fagus and Castanea (Fagaceae) of eastern North America. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112: 11-20.
Rehder, A. J. 1907. Some new or little known forms of New England trees. Rhodora 9: 109-116.

Notes

[ Back to top ]

Contributors

Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed April 30, 2012.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 11, 2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 17, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 30 providers.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 27, 2008)
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Release date: November 27, 2009

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 17, 2007:

Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, GEO Biodiversity Day
Institute of Dendrology PAS, Institute of Dendrology PAS, Flora of Sudety Mountains
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Botany
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Lund Botanical Museum
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2667093
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-83891
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4395043
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:305836-2
GRIN Nomen Number: 16557
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 502590
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 305836-2
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDFAG03020
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: FASYA
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 38219

Footnotes

Chengjiu Huang, Yongtian Zhang & Bruce Bartholomew "Fagaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 314. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Haining Qin & Peter Fritsch "Fagus". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 243.700 meters (799.541 feet), Standard Deviation = 393.650 based on 18,348 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Fagus sylvatica

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Fagaceae

Genus Fagus

Physical Description

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Similar Species

Members of the genus Fagus

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes