Euterpe oleracea

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

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Description

Family Arecaceae

Trees or shrubs [lianas], perennial , branched or unbranched, solitary or clustered. Roots adventitious, thick. Stems woody, subterranean or terrestrial , creeping or erect [climbing ], slender or massive, sometimes conspicuously enlarged and storing starch and water, smooth or covered with fibrous or prickly remains of leaf bases . Leaves spirally arranged ; sheaths tubular , often forming crownshaft , sometimes with ligular appendages ; petioles terete , channeled , or ridged , unarmed or bearing prickles or marginal teeth; hastula (flap of tissue from petiole apex at junction with surface of blade ) absent or present adaxially, rarely present abaxially. Leaf blade palmate, costapalmate (intermediate between palmate and pinnate), pinnate, or 2-pinnate [undivided]; plication (folding lengthwise into pleats or furrows ) ^ - or tent-shaped (reduplicate , splitting along abaxial ridges ) or V-shaped (induplicate , splitting along adaxial ridges) ; segments lanceolate, linear , or cuneate [rhombic ], glabrous or variously scaly , unarmed or bearing prickles (proximal segments modified into spines in Phoenix) . Inflorescences from solitary [clustered] axillary buds, borne within, below, or above crown of leaves, paniculate , rarely spicate , usually branched to 1--5 orders ; prophyll (1st bract on main inflorescence axis ) 2-keeled; peduncular bract(s) (empty bract[s] between 1st prophyll and 1st bract subtending branch ) present [absent]; flowers bisexual , unisexual with staminate and pistillate on same plants or on different plants, or both bisexual and unisexual on same plant. Flowers solitary or variously clustered along rachillae of inflorescence, radially symmetric ; perianth 1--2-seriate; sepals [2--]3[--4], distinct or connate ; petals [2--]3[--4], distinct or variously connate; androecium: stamens [3--]6--34[--1000]; filaments distinct or connate or basally adnate to petals; anthers basifixed or dorsifixed , dehiscing latrorsely or introrsely; staminodes in pistillate flowers distinct or variously connate or adnate to pistil or petals; pistils 1 or 3, distinct or partially connate, each bearing 1 ovule and 1 stigma, or 1 pistil bearing 1--3 ovules and 3 stigmas; styles distinct or connate, short; stigmas dry; pistillode in staminate flower present or absent. Fruits drupaceous or berrylike; stigmatic remains basal or apical; exocarp smooth, warty, prickly, or hirsute [corky or scaly]; mesocarp fleshy or dry and fibrous; endocarp papery , leathery, or bony, sometimes with 3 germination pores . Seeds 1(--2+), free or adhering to endocarp; seed coat thin; endosperm homogeneous or ruminate , sometimes penetrated by seed coat; embryo basal, lateral , or apical, peglike, minute; eophyll (1st seedling leaf with blade) undivided and lanceolate or 2-cleft [pinnate].

Genera 1914, species ca. 2500 (19 genera, 29 species in the flora ) : worldwide, especially abundant in Central America, South America, se Asia.

Although palms appeared in various taxonomic schemes since the time of Linnaeus, the first attempt at a modern phylogenetic classification of the palms was published by H. E. Moore Jr. (1973) . Moore left his "major groups" unranked, and his untimely death in 1980 prevented his completing a formal synthesis. J. Dransfield and N. W. Uhl (1986) gave formal ranks to Moore€™s groups and divided the family into six subfamilies and numerous tribes and subtribes . Their Genera Palmarum (N. W. Uhl and J. Dransfield 1987, 1999) is a model of accuracy and completeness and will long serve the needs of the scientific, horticultural, and resource-management communities. With the advent of molecular techniques and a resurgence in palm research, however, realignments in the classification may be expected, and indeed additional data already require some changes in the current scheme (A. Barford 1991; R. G. Bernal et al. 1991; J. L. Dowe and N. W. Uhl 1989; J. Dransfield 1989, 1991; J. Dransfield and H. J. Beentje 1995, 1995b; A. Henderson and M. J. Balick 1991; N. W. Uhl and J. Dransfield 1999; N. W. Uhl et al. 1990, 1995.)

Modern cladistic analyses place the palms as the sister group to the Commelinanae clade (M. W. Chase et al. 1993; J. I. Davis 1995; M. R. Duvall et al. 1993b), with which they share ultraviolet-fluorescent phenolic compounds in their cell walls and Strelitzia-type epicuticular wax morphology (W. Barthlott and D. Frölich 1983; P. J. Harris and R. D. Hartley 1980) . Palms are currently treated as the sole representative of the superorder Arecanae , order Arecales (R. M. T. Dahlgren et al. 1985; R. F. Thorne 1992b) .

Morphologically the family is diverse and complex (see especially P. B . Tomlinson 1990) . The majority of palms produce a single indeterminate stem with axillary inflorescences; several noteworthy departures, however, also occur in numbers of vegetative and floral axes, position of inflorescence, and displacement of terminal bud. Stems may be solitary (monopodial) or clustered (sympodial), erect, prostrate , or lianoid. A majority of palms have unbranched vegetative axes, although aerial branching, sometimes dichotomous, is known in a variety of unrelated genera (e.g. , Korthalsia Blume, Nannorrhops H. Wendland) . Branching may also be nonaxiallary in some genera (J. B. Fisher et al. 1989) .

Studies of pollination (F. Borchsenius 1997; F. Ervik and J. P. Feil 1997; A. Henderson 1986; C. Listabarth 1992, 1993, 1993b, 1994; A. O. Scariot et al. 1991) indicate that insect pollination, especially by beetles (Coleoptera), bees and wasps (Hymenoptera), and flies (Diptera), is apparently more common than wind pollination. Bats (Chiroptera) play a role in the pollination of some species (S. A. Cunningham 1995) .

Dispersal of seeds is generally by means of animals for fleshy-fruited palms (S. Zona and A. Henderson 1989) . Many species of mammals include palm fruits in their diets (S. H. Bullock 1980; R. F. Harlow 1961; W. D. Klimstra and A. L. Dooley 1990; D. S. Maehr 1984; D. S. Maehr and J. R. Brady 1984), but birds also play a significant role. In the Eastern Hemisphere, Cocos Linnaeus and Nypa Steck have achieved a wide distribution as the result of dispersal by water. For the relationship between palms and seed-eating bruchid beetles (Bruchidae: Pachymerinae: Pachmerini), see C. D. Johnson et al. (1995) .[1]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,586 meters (0 to 5,203 feet).[2]

Biology

Growth

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Hist. nat. palm. 2:29, t. 28-30. 1824

Name verified on 12-Nov-1996 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 10-Feb-1999

Similar Species

Members of the genus Euterpe

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 98 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

E. aculeata (Coyure Palm) · E. acuminata (Sierran Palm) · E. acutifrons · E. andicola · E. andina · E. antioquensis · E. aphanolepis · E. aurantiaca · E. badiocarpa · E. beardii · E. brachyclada · E. brachyspatha · E. brasiliana · E. brevicaulis · E. brevivaginata · E. broadwayana · E. broadwayi · E. caatinga · E. carderi · E. caribaea · E. catinga · E. catinga var. catinga · E. catinga var. roraimae · E. chaunostachys · E. concinna · E. confertiflora · E. controversa · E. cuatrecasana · E. dasystachys · E. decurrens · E. disticha · E. dominicana · E. edulis (Edible Euterpe Palm) · E. elegans · E. ensiformis · E. erubescens · E. espiritosantensis · E. filamentosa · E. frigida · E. globosa · E. gracilis · E. haenkeana · E. jatapuensis · E. jenmanii · E. kalbreyeri · E. karsteniana · E. langloisii · E. latisecta · E. longepetiolata · E. longevaginata · E. longibracteata · E. longipetiolata · E. luminosa · E. macrospadix · E. manaele · E. manihot · E. megalochlamys · E. menziesii · E. microcarpa · E. microspadix · E. mollissima · E. montana · E. montis-duida · E. nimbice · E. oleracea (Palisade Palm (Suriname)) · E. oocarpa · E. panamensis · E. parviflora · E. pertenuis · E. petiolata · E. pisifera · E. praga · E. precatoria (Single-Stemmed Assai Palm) · E. precatoria var. longevaginata · E. precatoria var. longivaginata (Euterpe) · E. precatoria var. precatoria · E. precatoria 'Yellow Stripe' · E. ptariana · E. pubigera · E. purpurea · E. puruensis · E. rhodoxyla · E. roraimae · E. roseospadix · E. schultzeana · E. simiarum · E. simplicifrons · E. speciosa · E. stenophylla · E. subruminata · E. tenuiramosa · E. tobagonis · E. trichoclada · E. ventricosa · E. vinifera · E. williamsii · E. zamora · E. zephyria

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 24, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 6 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 28, 2008)
• World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 24, 2007:

• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2670673
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-83095
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13764151
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:666941-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 16475
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 506722
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 666941-1
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: EUOL2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 39389

Footnotes

1. Scott Zona "Arecaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 22 Page 95. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Mean = 128.590 meters (421.883 feet), Standard Deviation = 938.100 based on 73 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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