Eschscholzia californica

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Papaveraceae

Herbs or subshrubs , shrubs , or small trees , annual , biennial, or perennial , scapose or caulescent , usually from taproots , sometimes from rhizomes; sap clear, white, or colored , often sticky. Stems leafy or naked, erect , spreading , or decumbent , simple or branching. Leaves basal and/or cauline, alternate to opposite or whorled , simple, without stipules, petiolate or sessile; blade unlobed or with 1-3 odd-pinnate, subpalmate, or palmate orders of lobes . Inflorescences axillary or terminal , unifloral or else multifloral and cymiform, racemose, umbelliform, corybiform, or paniculate , pedunculate or subsessile ; bracts usually present. Flowers radially symmetric , pedicellate or sessile; receptacle sometimes expanded and forming cup or ring beneath calyx (only in Eschscholzia, Meconella, and Platystemon ) ; perianth and androecium sometimes perigynous; sepals caducous , 2 or 3, distinct or connate , usually obovate ; petals distinct, usually obovate, mostly 2 times number of sepals, sometimes more or absent; stamens many or 4-15 (only in Meconella and Canbya ) ; anthers 2-locular; pistil 1, 2-18[-22]-carpellate; ovary 1-2-locular or incompletely to completely multilocular by placental intrusion; placentas 2 or more, parietal ; style 1 or absent; stigmas or stigma lobes 2-many. Fruits capsular , dehiscence valvate , poricidal , or transverse , or carpels dissociating and breaking transversely into 1-seeded segments (only in Platystemon ) . Seeds usually many, small, sometimes arillate or carunculate.

Genera 25-30 (17 genera, 63 species in the flora ) : worldwide, mainly Northern Hemisphere.

According to W. R. Ernst (1962b), Papaveraceae "may be divided conveniently into four subfamilies." His scheme is followed here, but with the subfamilies taken up in alphabetic order; they seem to be natural groups, but their phylogenetic interrelationships are not yet clear. Similarly, the evolutionary relationships within the subfamilies remain ambiguous, and the genera in each are listed alphabetically. Subfamily Chelidonioideae Ernst includes genera 1-5; subf. Eschscholzioideae Ernst, genera 6-7; subf. Papavaroideae Ernst, genera 8-14; and subf. Platostamenoideae Ernst, genera 15-17.[1]

Genus Eschscholzia

Herbs, annual or perennial , scapose or caulescent , from taproots ; sap colorless or clear orange. Stems leafy. Leaves alternate, basal and sometimes cauline, petiolate ; blade 1-4× pinnately deeply lobed , lobes of each order usually 3; ultimate lobes narrow. Inflorescences terminal , cymose with bracts present, or 1-flowered. Flowers: receptacle dilated , forming cup beneath calyx, sometimes with free rim ; perianth and androecium perigynous; sepals 2, connate , calyptrate , deciduous as unit ; petals 4, rarely more (doubled flowers), obovate to obcuneate , with satin sheen from microscopic linear grooves ; stamens 12-many; pistil 2-carpellate; ovary 1-locular; style absent; stigmas 4-8, spreading , linear. Fruits capsular , cylindric , 2-valved, dehiscing from base along placentas, often explosively. Seeds many, tan, brown, or black, spheric to ovoid , reticulate , ridged and burlike, or pitted , aril absent. x = 6, 7.

Species 12: w North America (United States), nw Mexico.

Eschscholzia species are introduced from cultivation elsewhere in warm-temperate regions worldwide.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 5,107 meters (0 to 16,755 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual , Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 6-9" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

Similar Species

Members of the genus Eschscholzia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 40 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

E. caespitosa (Collarless California Poppy) · E. caespitosa 'Sundew' (Collarless California Poppy) · E. californica (California Goldenpoppy) · E. californica mexicana (California Goldenpoppy) · E. californica var. luxurians (California-Poppy) · E. californica 'Alba' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Apricot Chiffon' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Apricot Flambeau' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Aurantiaca Orange' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Ballerina' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Golden King' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Golden West' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Jersey Cream' (California Poppy) · E. californica subsp. mexicana (Mexican Goldenpoppy) · E. californica 'Mikado' (California Poppy Red) · E. californica 'Mission Bells' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Purple Gleam' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Red Chief' (Red California Poppy) · E. californica 'Rose Chiffon' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Strawberry Fields' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Summer Sorbet' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Thai Silk Fire Bush' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Thai Silk Lemon Bush' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Thai Silk Rose Bush' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'White Linen' (California Poppy) · E. ciliata (Ciliate Poppy) · E. glyptosperma (Desert Goldenpoppy) · E. hypecoides (San Benito Poppy) · E. lemmonii (Lemmon Poppy) · E. lemmonii subsp. kernensis (Tejon Poppy) · E. lobbii (Frying Pans) · E. mexicana mexicana (Mexican Goldenpoppy) · E. minutiflora covillei (Pygmy Goldenpoppy) · E. minutiflora twisselmannii (Pygmy Goldenpoppy) · E. minutiflora subsp. covillei (Coville's Goldenpoppy) · E. minutiflora subsp. twisselmannii (Red Rock Poppy) · E. parishii (Parish's Poppy) · E. ramosa (Channel Island Poppy) · E. rhombipetala (Diamond-Petal California Poppy) · E. 'Tropical Punch Mix' (California Poppy)

More Info

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Further Reading

• Alien flora of Britain. London, West, Newman, 1905. url p. 9.
• An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] url p. 227, p. 229.
• Annuals hardy and half hardy. New York, Frederick A. Stokes Co., [1914?] url p. 114, p. 44.
• Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University. 28 1980-1982 Cambridge, Mass.: Botanical Museum, Harvard University, 1932- url p. 189.
• Bulletin of miscellaneous information /Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1903 London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1900-1941. url p. 11, p. 13, p. 13, p. 7, p. 7.
• Catalog of hymenoptera in America north of Mexico / prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein. .. [et al.]. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979- url p. 1778, p. 1819, p. 1891, p. 1930, p. 2117, p. 2125.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11 1906 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 283, p. 322, p. 401, p. 403, p. 528.
• Darwin and modern science; essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of the Origin of species. Edited for the Cambridge Philosophical Society and CambridgeUniversity Press1910 url p. 417.
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. url p. 25.
• Flora of the northwest coast, including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon. Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New Era Printing Company, 1915. url .
• Flora of the northwest coast: including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon / by Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie. Lancaster, Pa.: Press of the New era printing company, 1915. url p. 165.
• Flora of the state of Washington / by Charles V. Piper. Washington: G.P.O., 1906 url p. 283.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1987 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 451.
• Journal kept by David Douglas during his travels in North America 1823-1827, together with a particular description of thirty-three species of American oaks and eighteen species of Pinus, with appendices containing a list of the plants introduced by Douglas and an account of h London, W. Wesley & Son, 1914. url , p. 329.
• Journal of Hymenoptera research. Washington, D.C.: International Society of Hymenopterists, [1992- url p. 375.
• Leaflets of western botany. San Fransisco:[J. T. Howell], 1932-1966. url p. 263, p. 295, p. 356, p. 43.
• Lester Rowntree: California native plant woman: Berkeley, Calif.: University of California, c1979. url .
• Manual of vascular plants of the lower Yangtze Valley, China. Corvallis, Oregon State College[1958] url p. 593.
• Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: The Academy, 1868- url p. 19, p. 23.
• New Zealand plants and their story. By L. Cockayne. .. Wellington, N.Z., M.F. Marks, Govt. Printer, 1919. url p. 155.
• Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. 1 1900 - 19 Edinburgh: H. M. Stationery Off. url p. 28, p. 8.
• Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 91.
• Plants for California landscapes: a catalog of drought tolerant plants. [Sacramento, Calif.]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Water Resources, [1979] url p. 93.
• Principles of scientific botany, or, Botany as an inductive science by Dr. J.M. Schleiden. .. translated by Edwin Lankester. .. London: Printed for Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1849 url p. 404.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url p. 1014.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 601, p. 640, p. 692.
• Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington url p. 302.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 447, p. 725.
• The Entomologist's record and journal of variation. s.l., s.n. url p. 8.
• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url p. 31.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url p. 224, p. 25, p. 34.
• The Great Basin naturalist. 41 1981 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url p. 33.
• The London and Edinburgh philosophical magazine and journal of science. London: Richard and John E. Taylor, 1832-1840. url p. 77.
• The complete illustrated book of garden magic. Chicago, J.G. Ferguson Pub. Co.[1969] url p. 152.
• Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 154.
• Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle: T. & J. Hodgson; 1831-1838. url p. 8.
• Ernst, W. R. 1962. A Comparative Morphology of the Papaveraceae. Ph.D. dissertation. Stanford University.
• Ernst, W. R. 1962b. The genera of Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 43: 315-343.
• Ernst, W. R. 1967. Floral morphology and systematics of Platystemon and its allies Hesperomecon and Meconella (Papaveraceae: Platystemonoideae). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 47: 25-70.
• Fedde, F. 1936. Papaveraceae. In: H. G. A. Engler et al., eds. 1924+. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 2. 26+ vols. Leipzig and Berlin. Vol. 17b, pp. 5-145.
• Fedde, F. 1909. Papaveraceae-Hypecoideae et Papaveraceae-Papaveroideae. In: H. G. A. Engler, ed. 1900-1953. Das Pflanzenreich. 107 vols. Berlin. Vol. 40[IV,104], pp. 1-430.
• Grey-Wilson, C. 1993. Poppies: A Guide to the Poppy Family in the Wild and in Cultivation. Portland.
• Gunn, C. R. 1980. Seeds and fruits of Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae. Seed Sci. Techn. 8: 3-58.
• Gunn, C. R. and M. J. Seldin. 1976. Seeds and Fruits of North American Papaveraceae. Washington. [U.S.D.A. Agric. Res. Serv., Techn. Bull. 1517.]
• Harms, H. 1936. Reihe Rhoeadales. In: H. G. A. Engler et al., eds. 1924+. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 2. 26+ vols. Leipzig and Berlin. Vol. 17b, pp. 1-4.
• Hutchinson, J. 1925. Contributions towards a phylogenetic classification of flowering plants: V. The genera of Papaveraceae. Bull. Misinform. Kew 1925: 161-168.
• Kadereit, J. W. 1993. Papaveraceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 2+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 2, pp. 494-506.
• Stermitz, F. R. 1968. Alkaloid chemistry and the systematics of Papaver and Argemone. Recent Advances Phytochem. 1: 161-183.
• Clark, C. and J. A. Jernstedt. 1978. Systematic studies of Eschscholzia (Papaveraceae). II. Seed coat microsculpturing. Syst. Bot. 3: 386-402.
• Ernst, W. R. 1964b. The genus Eschscholzia in the south Coast Ranges of California. Madroño 17: 281-294.
• Greene, E. L. 1905b. Revision of Eschscholtzia. Pittonia 5: 205-308.
• Lewis, H. and R. Snow. 1951. A cytotaxonomic approach to Eschscholzia. Madroño 11: 141-143.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 11, 2012.
• "Eschscholzia californica". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 28, 2006. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 27, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 14, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• GBIF-Spain, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación de la Junta de Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS
• GBIF-Spain, Universidad de Oviedo. Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas: FCO
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Israel Nature and Parks Authority
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium
• inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-18956
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:90934-3
• GRIN Nomen Number: 15817
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18956
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 30043364
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDPAP0A020
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ESCAP ESCA
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 38525

Footnotes

1. Robert W. Kiger "Papaveraceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Curtis Clark "Eschscholzia". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 219.140 meters (718.963 feet), Standard Deviation = 396.930 based on 7,477 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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