Erythronium taylorii (Taylor's Fawn-Lily)

Overview

Critically Endangered

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Taylor's Fawn-Lily

Description

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Genus Erythronium

Herbs, perennial , scapose , from ovate to elongate bulbs, sometimes with small, beadlike segments of short, persistent rhizome attached; several species producing additional bulbs as sessile bulbels or at the ends of slender stolons or vertical droppers, these species typically flowering more sparingly than those without extensive vegetative reproduction. Leaves 2 (1 in nonflowering plants ), basal, ± petiolate ; blade green or mottled with purple, brown, or white, lanceolate to ovate (wider if solitary), flat to folded, 6-60 cm, glaucous in a few species, glabrous , base narrowed gradually or abruptly to petiole , margins entire or sometimes wavy. Scape green or sometimes reddish, typically elongating in fruit. Inflorescences terminal , racemose, 1-10-flowered. Flowers showy, usually nodding , sometimes held laterally or erect ; tepals 6 (as few as 4 in E. propullans), spreading to reflexed , distinct , similar, white, yellow, pink, or violet, often with basal zone of yellow or other colors, lanceolate to ovate, inner tepals auriculate at base in many species, auricles appressed to ovary and forming sac- or pocketlike hollows on adaxial surfaces; stamens 6; filaments generally slender; ovary superior; style 1, abruptly attached to ovary (or forming a beak in E. rostratum) ; stigma unlobed or 3-lobed, lobes recurved to erect. Fruits capsular , erect, obovoid to oblong , apex rounded , truncate , or umbilicate (beaked in E. rostratum), dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds brown, ± angular, ± ovoid . x = 11, 12.

Species ca. 27: all North American, except for the Eurasian Erythronium dens-canis Linnaeus and its segregates E. caucasicum Woronow, E. japonicum Decaisne, and E. sibiricum (Fischer & C. A. Meyer) Krylov; north temperate in forest and montane meadow habitats , one species (E. mesochoreum) in prairies.

Erythronium is a well-marked and distinctive genus closely related to Tulipa. In North America, Erythronium consists of distinct eastern and western groups, the former clearly having an affinity with species of the Old World. Most of the species have attractive and showy flowers, and several are well suited for naturalizing in woodland gardens.

Pressed specimens tend to fade, so leaf and flower colors and markings should be recorded on specimen labels at the time of collection . The orientation of flowers and fruits should also be recorded, and it is useful to collect bulbs of both flowering and nonflowering plants when this will not damage a population. Bulbs of Erythronium species are often more than 10 cm deep. Collectors should press flowers so that the shape of the style, stigmas, filaments, and petal bases can be observed later. Species of western North America (Rocky Mountains westward) and eastern North America (Great Plains eastward) seem to form two discrete evolutionary groups, and this geographic distinction is the first character used in the taxonomic key . Most western species can at least occasionally produce plants with multiple-flowered scapes, while eastern species always have a single flower. Bulbs of western species vary from ovoid to slender and elongate, while all eastern species have ovoid bulbs. Fruits of western species vary from obovoid to narrowly oblong, while all eastern species have obovoid fruits. In species with mottled leaves, the pattern of mottling in eastern species is a more or less random dappling (resembling that of the Eurasian Erythronium dens-canis), while in western species it takes the form of elongate lateral streaks or veining, often more or less symmetrical on either side of the midline . Several eastern species, but only a single western species (E. multiscapideum), propagate vegetatively by stolons originating largely from nonflowering bulbs. (The term ��stolon�� is used here to refer to the slender, white, elongate, underground structures found in Erythronium.) In E. propullans, one stolon per plant is produced from the flowering scape below ground level. In species with stolons, populations often contain relatively few flowering plants. In the following descriptions , measurements of bulbs and leaves refer to flowering plants. The base chromosome number in Erythronium is x = 12, except for the white-flowered species of eastern North America, E. albidum, E. mesochoreum, and E. propullans, which have x = 11. Both diploid and tetraploid species occur with each base chromosome number (2n = 22, 24, 44, and 48). Although the pollination biology of most species of Erythronium is not well known, that of the bumblebee-pollinated E. grandiflorum has been the subject of extensive study (e.g. , J. D. Thomson and D. A. Stratton 1985; J. D. Thomson and B . A. Thomson 1989). The oligolectic bee Andrena erythronii is associated with Erythronium in northeastern North America, although A. erythronii visits other species of plants, and other insects also visit Erythronium (P. Bernhardt 1977; W. E. LaBerge 1987).[1]

Taxonomy

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Kingdom: Plantae () - Plants
- Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Vascular Plants
  - Class: Liliopsida ()
    - Order: Liliales ()
      - Family: Lasiocampoidea ()
        Tribe: Tulipeae ()
        Genus: Erythronium () - Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 305. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 145. 1754. - Trout-lily, fawn-lily, dog's-tooth-violet [Greek erythros, red, alluding to the pink to purple flowers of Erythronium dens-canis]
        Specific epithet: taylorii - Shevock & G.A.Allen
        Botanical name: - Erythronium taylorii Shevock & G.A.Allen

Notes

Publishing author : Shevock & G.A.Allen Publication : Madroño 44: 360, fig. 1998

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Erythronium

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 174 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

Bisby FA, Roskov YR, Orrell TM, Nicolson D, Paglinawan LE, Bailly N, Kirk PM, Bourgoin T, van Hertum J, eds (2008). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2008 Annual Checklist Taxonomic Classification. CD-ROM; Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 24, 2007.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 14, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 14, 2008:

Berkeley Natural History Museums: University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 5970166
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-305814
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 15577135
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316375-2
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 316375-2
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMLIL0U0S0
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 169690

Footnotes

Geraldine A. Allen & Kenneth R. Robertson "Erythronium". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 15, 58, 153, 154, 162, 163. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

Erythronium taylorii

Overview

Common Names

Description

Genus Erythronium

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Erythronium

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes