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Erysimum menziesii yadonii

(Menzies' Wallflower, Yadon's Wallflower)

Overview

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Vulnerable
Threat status

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Menzies´ Wallflower, Menzies' Wallflower, Yadon's Wallflower

Description

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Family Brassicaceae

Herbs annual , biennial, or perennial , sometimes subshrubs or shrubs , with a pungent , watery juice. Eglandular trichomes unicellular, simple , stalked or sessile, 2- to many forked , stellate , dendritic , or malpighiaceous (medifixed , bifid, appressed ), rarely peltate and scalelike; glandular trichomes multicellular, with uniseriate or multiseriate stalk . Stems erect , ascending , or prostrate , sometimes absent. Leaves exstipulate , simple, entire or variously pinnately dissected , rarely trifoliolate or pinnately, palmately, or bipinnately compound ; basal leaf rosette present or absent; cauline leaves almost always alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , petiolate or sessile, sometimes absent. Inflorescence bracteate or ebracteate racemes , corymbs, or panicles, sometimes flowers solitary on long pedicels originating from axils of rosette leaves . Flowers hypogynous, mostly actinomorphic . Sepals 4, in 2 decussate pairs, free or rarely united , not saccate or lateral (inner) pair saccate. Petals 4, alternate with sepals, arranged in the form of a cross (cruciform ; hence the earlier family name Cruciferae), rarely rudimentary or absent. Stamens 6, in 2 whorls, tetradynamous (lateral (outer) pair shorter than median (inner) 2 pairs), rarely equal or in 3 pairs of unequal length, sometimes stamens 2 or 4, very rarely 8-24; filaments slender, winged , or appendaged, median pairs free or rarely united; anthers dithecal , dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Pollen grains 3-colpate, trinucleate . Nectar glands receptacular , highly diversified in number, shape , size, and disposition around base of filaments, always present opposite bases of lateral filaments, median glands present or absent. Pistil 2-carpelled; ovary superior, sessile or borne on a distinct gynophore , mostly 2-locular and with a false septum connecting 2 placentae; placentation parietal , rarely apical; ovules anatropous or campylotropous, bitegmic, 1 to many per locule. Fruit typically a 2-valved capsule, generally termed silique (siliqua) when length 3 × or more than width , or silicle (silicula) when length less than 3 × width, dehiscent or indehiscent, sometimes schizocarpic, nutletlike, lomentaceous , or samaroid , segmented or not, terete , angled , or flattened parallel to septum (latiseptate ) or at a right angle to septum (angustiseptate) ; valves 2(or 3-6) ; replum (persistent placenta) rounded , rarely flattened or winged; septum complete, perforated, reduced to a rim , or lacking; style 1, distinct, obsolete , or absent; stigma capitate or conical , entire or 2-lobed, sometimes lobes decurrent and free or connate . Seeds without endosperm, uniseriately or biseriately arranged in each locule, aseriate when 1, winged or wingless, mucilaginous or not when wetted; cotyledons incumbent (embryo notorrhizal: radicle lying along back of 1 cotyledon), accumbent (embryo pleurorrhizal: radicle applied to margins of both cotyledons), or conduplicate (embryo orthoplocal: cotyledons folded longitudinally around radicle), rarely spirally coiled (embryo spirolobal) . Germination epigeal.

About 330 genera and 3500 species: all continents except Antarctica, mainly in temperate areas, with highest diversity in Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean, and W North American regions; 102 genera (eight endemic) and 412 species (115 endemic) in China.

Because of lack of a comprehensive classification based on phylogenetic relationships among genera, and in order to facilitate direct comparison between the accounts in FOC and FRPS, the sequence of genera follows Schulz (Nat. Pflanzenfam. 17b: 227-658. 1936) . However, it should be emphasized that his system is largely artificial because he placed closely related genera in different tribes and remotely related genera in the same tribe. For example, Arabis, Aubrieta, Draba, and Macropodium, which are very closely related on the basis of recent molecular studies, were placed by Schulz in four different tribes, whereas the unrelated Capsella, Lepidium, and Thlaspi were placed in one tribe. The delimitation of genera is often difficult, and mature fruits are needed for reliable identification.

The Brassicaceae include many important crop plants that are grown as vegetables (Brassica, Nasturtium, Raphanus) and sources of vegetable oils (Brassica) and condiments (Armoracia, Brassica, Eutrema, Sinapis) . Oils of Brassica probably rank first in terms of tonnage of the world's production of edible oils. The family includes many ornamentals in the genera Erysimum, Iberis Linnaeus, Lobularia, Malcolmia, and Matthiola. Of these, only Lobularia maritima has become naturalized in China. The family also includes more than 120 species of weeds . Arabidopsis thaliana, which is naturalized in China, has become the model organism in many fields of experimental biology .

The delimitation of genera in the Brassicaceae is often difficult because of the frequent independent evolution of what appear to be similar character states , the variability of a given character in one genus and its fixture in another, and the inadequate sampling of material by most authors . Fruit characters are essential in the identification of genera. However, a key emphasizing flowering material is given in addition to the one emphasizing fruit. The most reliable determination of genera can be achieved when the material has both fruit and flowers and when both keys are successfully used to reach the same genus.

The types of cotyledonary position, which in reality is the position of the radicle in relation to the cotyledons (e.g. , radicle accumbent, incumbent, or conduplicate, though radicle referred to as "cotyledon" throughout) are important in the separation of many genera, and a cross section of the seed provides the easiest and simplest way of determining that position. The exact number of ovules per ovary can easily be determined from the fruit because aborted ovules persist through fruit dehiscence. However, it is more laborious to determine the ovule number from pistils and young fruit.Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz & Vladimir Dorofeev "Brassicaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Genus Erysimum

Herbs annual , biennial, or perennial , rarely subshrubs or shrubs . Trichomes sessile, medifixed , appressed , malpighiaceous or 3-5(-8) -rayed stellate . Stems simple or branched basally and/or apically. Basal leaves petiolate , rosulate, simple, entire or dentate , rarely pinnatifid or pinnatisect . Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, cuneate or attenuate at base , rarely auriculate , entire or dentate. Racemes ebracteate or basally bracteate , rarely bracteate throughout, corymbose , elongated or not in fruit. Fruiting pedicels slender or thickened and nearly as wide as fruit, erect , ascending , divaricate , or reflexed . Sepals oblong or linear , erect, pubescent , base of lateral pair saccate or not. Petals yellow or orange, rarely white, pink, purple, or violet; blade suborbicular , obovate , spatulate , or oblong, apex rounded or emarginate ; claw differentiated from blade, subequaling or longer than sepals. Stamens 6, erect, tetradynamous ; anthers oblong or linear. Nectar glands 1, 2, or 4, distinct or confluent and subtending bases of all stamens; median glands present or absent. Ovules 15-100 per ovary. Fruit dehiscent siliques or rarely silicles , linear or rarely oblong, terete , 4-angled, latiseptate , or angustiseptate, sessile or rarely shortly stipitate ; valves with an obscure to prominent midvein , pubescent on outside, rarely also on inside, keeled or not, smooth or torulose ; replum rounded; septum complete , membranous, translucent or opaque , veinless; style obsolete or short, rarely half as long as or subequaling fruit, often pubescent; stigma capitate, entire or 2-lobed. Seeds uniseriate or rarely biseriate , winged , margined , or wingless, oblong, plump or flattened; seed coat minutely reticulate , mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons incumbent or rarely accumbent .

About 150 species: N hemisphere, primarily in Asia and Europe, with 14 species in Central and North America and eight species in N Africa and Macaronesia; 17 species (five endemic) in China.Zhou Taiyan (Cheo Tai-yien, Lu Lianli (Lou Lian-li, Yang Guang, Vladimir I. Dorofeyev, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz "Erysimum". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 163. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Physical Description

Habit: Deciduous.

Flowers: Bloom Period: January, February, March. • Flower Color: gold, yellow-orange

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 6-12" tall.

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Biennial, Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

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Unambiguous Synonyms

  1. Erysimum menziesii (Hook.) Wettst. subsp. yadonii R.A. Price
  2. Erysimum menziesii ssp. yadonii Price
  3. Erysimum menziesii yadonii Price

Notes

An accepted name in the RHS Horticultural Database.

Place of publication : Oesterr. Bot. Z. 39:283. 1881

Name verified on 08-Apr-1994 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 26-Jan-1995

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Erysimum

There are approximately 930 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

E. 'Anne Marie' · E. 'Apricot Delight' · E. 'Apricot Twist' (Perennial Wallflower) · E. 'Aunt May' · E. 'Baby Purple' · E. 'Bowles' Mauve' (Bowles' Mauve Perennial Wallflower) · E. 'Bowles' Purple' · E. 'Bowles' Yellow' · E. 'Bredon' · E. 'Breedon' · E. 'Butterscotch Variegated' · E. 'Butterscotch' · E. 'Changeling' · E. 'Charity Rose Red' · E. 'Charity Scarlet' · E. 'Cheerfulness' · E. 'Chelsea Jacket' · E. 'Chequers' · E. 'Clent Calcutt' · E. 'Constant Cheer' · E. 'Cotswold Gem' (Perennial Wallflower) · E. 'Cream Delight' · E. 'Dawn Breaker' · E. 'Devon Cream' · E. 'Devon Gold' · E. 'Devon Sunset' · E. 'Dorothy Elmhirst' · E. 'Ellen Willmott' · E. 'Emm's Variety' · E. 'Eryzwer' · E. 'Fragrant Sunshine' (Perennial Wallflower) · E. 'Gingernut' · E. 'Glowing Embers' · E. 'Gold Flame' · E. 'Gold Shot' · E. 'Golden Gem' · E. 'Golden Jubilee' · E. 'Hareknoll' · E. 'Hector Harrison' · E. 'Hector's Gate Post' · E. 'Hector's Gatepost' · E. 'Jacob's Jacket' · E. 'Jaunty Joyce' · E. 'Jenny Brook' · E. 'Joan Adams' · E. 'John Codrington' (Perennial Wallflower) · E. 'Joseph's Coat' · E. 'Jubilee Gold' · E. 'Julian Orchard' · E. 'Lady Roborough' · E. 'Lewis Hart' · E. 'Little Kiss' · E. 'Mayflower' · E. 'Mill Cottage Dawn' · E. 'Mill Cottage Dusk' · E. 'Miss Hopton' · E. 'Miss Massey' · E. 'Moonlight' · E. 'Mrs L.K. Elmhirst' · E. 'Multicolor' · E. 'New Zealand Limelight' · E. 'Newark Park' · E. 'Onslow Seedling' · E. 'Orange Flame' · E. 'Orange Queen' · E. 'Orange' · E. 'Parish's' · E. 'Pastel Patchwork' (Perennial Wallflower) · E. 'Perry's Peculiar' · E. 'Perry's Pumpkin' · E. 'Perry's Variegated' · E. 'Plant World Antique' · E. 'Plant World Gold' (Perennial Wallflower) · E. 'Plant World Lemon' (Perennial Wallflower) · E. 'Primrose' · E. 'Purple' · E. 'Rosemoor' · E. 'Rufus' · E. 'Rushfield Sunrise' · E. 'Rushfield Sunset' · E. 'Rushfield Surprise' · E. 'Ruston Royal' · E. 'Scorpio' · E. 'Sissinghurst Variegated' · E. 'Sprite' · E. 'Starbright' · E. 'Stars and Stripes' · E. 'Sunbright' · E. 'Sunshine' · E. 'Sweet Sorbet' · E. 'Tricolor' · E. 'Turkish Bazaar' · E. 'Valerie Finnis' · E. 'Variegated Butterscotch' · E. 'Walfrasun' · E. 'Wembdon Bravery' · E. 'Wenlock Beauty Variegated' · E. 'Wenlock Beauty' · E. 'Winter Joy' · E. 'Yellow Bird'

Bibliography

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More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

Identifiers

Footnotes

Last Revised: 2008-08-21