Interesting Facts
Common Names
Common Names in English:
European Wallflower
Description
Genus Erysimum
Herbs annual
, biennial, or perennial
, rarely subshrubs
or shrubs
. Trichomes
sessile, medifixed
, appressed
, malpighiaceous or 3-5(-8) -rayed stellate
. Stems simple
or branched basally and/or apically. Basal leaves
petiolate
, rosulate, simple, entire or dentate
, rarely pinnatifid
or pinnatisect
. Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, cuneate or attenuate at base
, rarely auriculate
, entire or dentate. Racemes
ebracteate
or basally bracteate
, rarely bracteate throughout, corymbose
, elongated or not in fruit. Fruiting pedicels slender or thickened and nearly as wide as fruit, erect
, ascending
, divaricate
, or reflexed
. Sepals oblong
or linear
, erect, pubescent
, base of lateral
pair saccate
or not. Petals yellow or orange, rarely white, pink, purple, or violet; blade
suborbicular
, obovate
, spatulate
, or oblong, apex rounded
or emarginate
; claw
differentiated from blade, subequaling or longer
than sepals. Stamens 6, erect, tetradynamous
; anthers
oblong or linear. Nectar glands 1, 2, or 4, distinct
or confluent
and subtending
bases of all stamens; median
glands
present or absent. Ovules 15-100 per ovary. Fruit dehiscent siliques or rarely silicles
, linear or rarely oblong, terete
, 4-angled, latiseptate
, or angustiseptate, sessile or rarely shortly stipitate
; valves
with an obscure
to prominent
midvein
, pubescent on outside, rarely also on inside, keeled
or not, smooth
or torulose
; replum rounded; septum complete
, membranous, translucent
or opaque
, veinless; style obsolete
or short, rarely half as long as or subequaling fruit, often pubescent; stigma capitate, entire or 2-lobed. Seeds uniseriate
or rarely biseriate
, winged
, margined
, or wingless, oblong, plump or flattened; seed coat
minutely reticulate
, mucilaginous
when wetted; cotyledons incumbent
or rarely accumbent
.
About 150 species: N hemisphere, primarily in Asia and Europe, with 14 species in Central and North America and eight species in N Africa and Macaronesia; 17 species (five endemic) in China.[1]
Physical Description
Species Erysimum hieraciifolium
Herbs biennial, (10-) 30-90(-110) cm tall. Trichomes
primarily 3-
or 4-fid, malpighiaceous ones primarily on stem and pedicels. Stems
erect
, often branched above, slightly ribbed
. Basal leaves
rosulate,
withered by fruiting; petiole
1-4 cm; leaf blade
elliptic-oblong
or oblanceolate
, (1-) 2-6(-8) cm × (0.3-) 5-10 mm, base
cuneate,
margin
entire or obscurely denticulate
, apex acute. Cauline leaves
sessile or subsessile
; leaf blade linear
or elliptic-linear, entire
or obscurely denticulate. Racemes
corymbose
, densely flowered, ebracteate
,
elongated considerably in fruit. Fruiting pedicels suberect or ascending
,
(3-) 4-8(-10) mm, slender, narrower than fruit, subappressed to rachis.
Sepals oblong
, 4-7 × 1-1.5 mm, not saccate
. Petals yellow,
obovate
, (6-) 7-9(-10) × 2-3 mm, apex rounded
; claw
distinct
,
subequaling sepals. Filaments
yellow, 4-6 mm; anthers
oblong, 1.5-2
mm.
Ovules 40-60 per ovary. Fruit linear, 4-angled, (1-) 1.5-2.5(-4)
cm × 1-1.3 mm, somewhat torulose
, erect and often appressed
to rachis, straight; valves
with a distinct midvein, outside with
3- or 4-forked trichomes and fewer malpighiaceous ones, inside glabrous
or rarely sparsely pubescent
; style slender, 0.5-2 mm, cylindric
;
stigma capitate, entire. Seeds oblong, 1-1.5 × 0.4-0.6 mm.
Fl.
May-Aug, fr. Jun-Sep. 2n = 16. [source]
This is a highly variable species, and many of the Himalayan records
,
including those from Bhutan, Nepal, and Sikkim, belong to Erysimum
benthamii. The record of E. odoratum Ehrhart in FRPS is
likely based on misidentified plants
of E. hieraciifolium.
The present authors
have seen no material
of the strictly European
E. odoratum from China. [source]
Habit: Forb/herb
Flowers: Bloom Period: January, February, March, April, May. • Flower Color: orange, yellow
Size/Age/Growth
Size: 6-12" tall.
Habitat
Moist areas, grasslands; 2100-3800 m. [2].
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 773 meters (0 to 2,536 feet).[3]
Biology
Reproduction
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Growth
Culture: Space 9-12" apart.
Soil: Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 8.5
Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun .
Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 7a. (map)
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
()
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
()
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
()
- Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
()
- Class:
Spermatopsida
()
- Brongniart, 1843
- Subclass:
Rosidae
()
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder:
Ranunculanae
()
- Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
- Order:
Brassicales
()
- Bromhead, 1838
- Family:
Cruciferae
()
- A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons., nom. alt.
- Tribe:
Camelineae
()
- Genus:
Erysimum
()
- C. Linnaeus, 1753
- Wallflower
- Specific epithet:
hieraciifolium
- L.
- Botanical name: - Erysimum hieraciifolium L.
- Specific epithet:
hieraciifolium
- L.
- Genus:
Erysimum
(
- Tribe:
Camelineae
(
- Family:
Cruciferae
(
- Order:
Brassicales
(
- Superorder:
Ranunculanae
(
- Subclass:
Rosidae
(
- Class:
Spermatopsida
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Synonyms
E. eseptatum Z. X. An. • Erysimum afghanicum Kitamura
Notes
Name
Status: Accepted Name
.
Last scrutiny: 2009
Similar Species
Members of the genus Erysimum
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 71 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:
E. ammophilum (Coast Wallflower) · E. angustatum (Contra Coasta Wallflower) · E. arenicola (Cascade Wallflower) · E. arenicola S.Watson var. arenicola S.Watson (Cascade Wallflower) · E. arenicola S.Watson var. torulosum (Piper) C.L.Hitchc. (Cascade Wallflower) · E. arenicola var. arenicola (Cascade Wallflower) · E. arenicola var. torulosum (Cascade Wallflower) · E. capitatum (Alpine Wallflower) · E. capitatum subsp. angustatum (Contra Costa Wallflower) · E. capitatum angustatum var. angustatum (Western Wallflower) · E. capitatum var. angustatum (Contra Costa Wallflower) · E. capitatum var. bealianum (Sanddune Wallflower) · E. capitatum var. capitatum (Sanddune Wallflower) · E. capitatum var. lompocense (San Luis Obispo Wallflower) · E. capitatum var. lompocense (G.Rossb.) Kartesz, comb. nov. ined. (San Luis Obispo Wallflower) · E. capitatum var. perenne (Sanddune Wallflower) · E. capitatum var. purshii (Purshs Wallflower) · E. cheiranthoides (Treacle Wallflower) · E. cheiri (Aegean Wallflower) · E. cheiri 'Blood Red' (English Wallflower) · E. cheiri 'Fair Lady Mix' (English Wallflower) · E. cheiri 'Harpur Crewe' (English Wallflower) · E. cheiri 'Ivory White' (English Wallflower) · E. cheiri 'Jane's Derision' (Aegean Wallflower) · E. cheiri 'Persian Carpet Mix' (English Wallflower) · E. cheiri 'Ruby Gem' (English Wallflower) · E. cheiri 'Vulcan' (English Wallflower) · E. durum (Hard Wallflower) · E. franciscanum (San Francisco Wallflower) · E. franciscanum var. franciscanum (San Francisco Wallflower) · E. glandulosum (Jewelflower) · E. helveticum (Tufted Wallflower) · E. hieraciifolium (European Wallflower) · E. hirsutum (Hairy Rockcress) · E. holboellii (Holboell's Rockcress) · E. inconspicuum (Shy Wallflower) · E. inconspicuum (S.Watson) MacM. var. coarctatum (Fern.) G.Rossb. (Shy Wallflower) · E. inconspicuum var. coarctatum (Shy Wallflower) · E. inconspicuum var. inconspicuum (Shy Wallflower) · E. insulare (Island Wallflower) · E. insulare insulare (Island Wallflower) · E. insulare suffrutescens (Island Wallflower) · E. kotschyanum (Kotschy Erysimum) · E. linifolium (Alpine Wallflower) · E. linifolium 'Julian Orchard' (Alpine Wallflower) · E. linifolium 'Variegatum' (Variegated Wallflower) · E. linifolium 'Wenlock Beauty' (Alpine Wallflower) · E. menziesii (Coast Wallflower) · E. menziesii menziesii (Coast Wallflower) · E. menziesii yadonii (Menzies' Wallflower) · E. occidentale (Pale Wallflower) · E. odoratum (Smelly Wallflower) · E. pallasii (Pallas Wallflower) · E. pallasii var. bracteosum (Pallas' Wallflower) · E. pallasii var. ochroleucum (Pallas' Wallflower) · E. pallasii var. pallasii (Pallas' Wallflower) · E. perofskianum (Afghan Erysimum) · E. perofskianum 'Gold Shot' (Afghan Erysimum) · E. repandum (Repand Wallflower) · E. suffrutescens var. suffrutescens (Shrubby Wallflower) · E. teretifolium (Ben Lomond Wallflower) · E. xmarshallii (Siberian Wallflower) · E. x marshallii (Siberian Wallflower) · E. 'Apricot Twist' (Perennial Wallflower) · E. 'Bowles' Mauve' (Bowles' Mauve Perennial Wallflower) · E. 'Cotswold Gem' (Perennial Wallflower) · E. 'Fragrant Sunshine' (Perennial Wallflower) · E. 'John Codrington' (Perennial Wallflower) · E. 'Pastel Patchwork' (Perennial Wallflower) · E. 'Plant World Gold' (Perennial Wallflower) · E. 'Plant World Lemon' (Perennial Wallflower)
More Info
- Search for Pictures: images.google.com
- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
- Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsinki: Societas, 1875-1980. url p. 117, p. 123, p. 134, p. 16, p. 167, p. 180, p. 204, p. 235, p. 269, p. 282, p. 313, p. 34, p. 34, p. 355, p. 358, p. 38, p. 38, p. 42, p. 46, p. 471, p. 52, p. 65, p. 7, p. 79, p. 81, p. 88, p. 92, p. 99.
- Forests and forestry of northern Russia and lands beyond / comp. by John Croumbie Brown. Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd; [etc., etc.]1884- url p. 183.
- Ground beetles (Carabidae) of Fennoscandia: a zoogeographic study / by Carl H. Lindroth; Joachim Adis, scientific editor. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, 1989- url p. 225.
- Manual of the natural history, geology and physics of Greenland and the neighbouring regions / prepared for the use of the Arctic expedition of 1875, under the direction of the Arctic Committee of the London: Printed for H.M.S.O., 1875. url .
- Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 297.
- Plants of the Punjab: a descriptive key to the flora of the Punjab, North-west Frontier Province, and Kashmir / by C.J. Bamber. Lahore: Supt. Govt. Printing, Punjab, 1916. url p. 470.
- Plants of the Punjab; a descriptive key to the flora of the Punjab, North-west Frontier Province and Kashmir. LahorePrinted by The Superintendent Government Printing1916 url p. 470.
- The Canadian field-naturalist. 68 1954 Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url frankton , p. 187, p. 189, p. 27, p. 486, p. 618, p. 622, p. 627, p. 631.
- The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. 23 1886-88 London: the Society: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green: ||Williams and Norgate, 1865-1968. url p. 46.
- Works on forestry [by] J.C. Brown. Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd; [etc., etc.]1883-87. url p. 183.
Notes
Contributors
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 29, 2007:
- Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
- Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
- Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
- SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
- SysTax, SysTax
- UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
- USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2666981
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Mus-1857
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13759447
- GRIN Nomen Number: 315610
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 502431
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDBRA160B0
- U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ERHI8
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 35990
Footnotes
- Zhou Taiyan (Cheo Tai-yien, Lu Lianli (Lou Lian-li, Yang Guang, Vladimir I. Dorofeyev, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz "Erysimum". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 163. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- "Erysimum hieraciifolium". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 167. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Mean = 188.930 meters (619.849 feet), Standard Deviation = 165.180 based on 480 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
