Eriophorum gracile

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Cyperaceae

Herbs, annual or perennial , cespitose or not, rhizomatous or not, stoloniferous or not. Roots fibrous , principally adventitious. Stems (culms ) usually trigonous , occasionally terete , rarely compressed , usually solid, rarely hollow or septate . Leaves basal and/or cauline, alternate, usually 3-ranked, rarely 2-ranked or multi-ranked, bases forming cylindric sheaths enclosing stem, margins usually fused; junction of sheaths and blades often with adaxial flaps of tissue or fringes of hair (ligules) ; blades frequently absent from some basal leaves , rarely from cauline leaves, when present divergent or ascending , flat, folded, plicate , rolled, or terete, linear , venation parallel. Primary inflorescences (spikelets ) a shortened axis; glumaceous bracts (scales ) 1-many, spirally arranged , sometimes 2-ranked, usually appressed or ascending; scales usually all fertile , each subtending a single flower, sometimes proximal and/or distal scales empty; lateral spikes often with basal, usually empty, usually 2-keeled scale (prophyll) ; occasionally prophyll subtending and enclosing rachilla, bearing 1 pistillate , sometimes (0-) 3 staminate flowers and empty scales (Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia) . Secondary inflorescences panicles, often modified to corymb, pseudoumbel, cyme (anthela), raceme , spike, or capitulum (head ), rarely single spike, usually subtended by foliaceous or, less frequently, glumaceous bracts; secondary inflorescences sometimes simulating spikelets (Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia) . Flowers hypogynous, bisexual in most genera, unisexual in Scleria, Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia; perianth absent or with (1-) 3-6(-30) bristles and/or scales, usually falling off with fruit; stamens usually (1-) 3, rarely more, usually distinct ; anthers basifixed ; pistils 1, 2-3(-4) -carpellate, fused, locule 1; style undivided or branches 2-3(-4) ; stigma sometimes papillate . Fruits achenes, usually trigonous or biconvex ; pericarps thin (except in Scleria) . Seeds 1; testa thin, free from pericarp; embryo basal; endosperm abundant. x = 5-ca. 100.

Genera ca. 100, species ca. 5000 (27 genera, 843 species in the flora ) : worldwide.

No consensus exists regarding the number of genera and the overall relationships of genera within Cyperaceae. The most recent account of the family (P. Goetghebeur 1998) recognized 104 genera distributed among 4 subfamilies and 14 tribes . That arrangement differs somewhat from that of J. Bruhl (1995) . With one minor exception the arrangement of the family here follows that of Goetghebeur.

The family is characterized by the occurrence of a number of unusual cytological features including: (1) chromosomes with diffuse centromeres , (2) post-reductional meiosis, and (3) pollen grains formed from tetrads in which 3 of the 4 microspores fail to develop. The first two features are found in at least some Juncaceae and are unique to the two families. Juncaceae also have pollen in tetrads, but in that family all four microspores produce pollen grains. Some species in some genera of Cyperaceae (particularly Eleocharis) possess chromosomes with localized centromeres (S. S. Bir et al. 1993) . The wide range of chromosome numbers found in Cyperaceae is largely because of agmatoploidy; polyploidy has been hypothesized for some genera, especially Eleocharis, although polyploidy has not been demonstrated unequivocally.

Because of morphologic similarities in vegetative and inflorescence characters, the family has commonly been associated with Poaceae. Cytological features discussed above clearly indicate that to be a superficial similarity . Data from rbcL studies also support the view that Cyperaceae and Poaceae are not closely related (M. R. Duvall et al. 1993b; G. M. Plunkett et al. 1995) ; they do support the concept of close relationship between Cyperaceae and Juncaceae.

For most families of flowering plants the phenological data given are flowering times. Because most Cyperaceae cannot be reliably identified when in flower, in this volume fruiting time is given for all species by season , sometimes qualified by early, mid, or late, or by months. The fruiting time has been interpreted broadly to include the period when the fruit is more or less fully formed but not yet ripe . The fruiting period provided covers the entire range of the taxon . Quite a difference between fruiting periods in different parts of the range of the species may well occur, especially for widespread species and species with extensive elevation range.

For a recent, comprehensive review of the economic importance of Cyperaceae, see D. A. Simpson and C. A. Inglis (2001) .[1]

Genus Eriophorum

Herbs, perennial , cespitose or not, rhizomatous . Culms solitary or not, trigonous or terete . Leaves basal and cauline; cauline leaves sometimes bladeless sheaths ; ligules present; blades filiform to flat with filiform tip, to 25 cm × 2.5-4 mm. Inflorescences terminal , spikelets solitary, erect or (1-) 2-10(-30) in subcapitate or subumbellate panicle; involucral bracts 1-several, scalelike or blade-bearing and leaflike throughout. Spikelets: scales (10-) 20-200, spirally arranged , each subtending flower, or proximal empty. Flowers bisexual ; perianth persistent , of (8-) 10-25 hairlike, smooth bristles , or very rarely 6 antrorsely barbed bristles, greatly elongate , essentially straight, usually obscuring most of scales in spikelet, much longer than achene; stamens 1-3; styles deciduous, linear , 3-fid. Achenes trigonous.

Species ca. 25: mostly in cool temperate , alpine , and arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

In some species the North American populations are considered to be conspecific with Eurasian populations; differences in achene micromorphology and isozyme data suggest that these relationships should be investigated more thoroughly.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Meadows, bogs , shores , usually peaty, acidic substrates; 0-4000 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,180 meters (0 to 10,433 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: No • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: Yes • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: Yes

Growth

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: High • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: Low • Minimum pH: 4.0 • Maximum pH: 6.5 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Shade Tolerance: Intolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: None • Minimum Precipitation: 24 • Maximum Precipitation: 55 • Moisture Use: High

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -43 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 90

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Eriophorum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 115 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

E. alpinum · E. altaicum (White-Bristle Cotton-Grass) · E. altaicum Meinsh. var. altaicum Meinsh. · E. altaicum Meinsh. var. neogaeum Raymond (Whitebristle Cottongrass) · E. altaicum var. altaicum (Whitebristle Cottongrass) · E. altaicum var. neogaeum (Whitebristle Cottongrass) · E. angustifolium · E. angustifolium scabriusculum var. strigosus (Tall Cottongrass) · E. angustifolium subarcticum (Tall Cotton-Grass) · E. angustifolium subarcticum var. subarcticum · E. angustifolium subsp. komarovii · E. angustifolium subsp. triste (Tall Cottongrass) · E. aquatile · E. beringianum (Bering Cottongrass) · E. brachyantherum (Closed-Sheath Cotton-Grass) · E. brachyantherum Trautv. & C.A.Mey. var. brachyantherum Trautv. & C.A.Mey. (Northland Cottonsedge) · E. brachyantherum Trautv. & C.A.Mey. var. pellucidum Lepage (Northland Cottonsedge) · E. brachyantherum var. brachyantherum (Northland Cottonsedge) · E. brachyantherum var. pellucidum (Northland Cottonsedge) · E. caespitosum · E. callithrix · E. callitrix (Sheathed Cotton-Grass) · E. callitrix Cham. ex C.A.Mey. var. callitrix Cham. ex C.A.Mey. (Arctic Cottongrass) · E. callitrix Cham. ex C.A.Mey. var. moravium Raymond (Arctic Cottongrass) · E. callitrix var. callitrix (Arctic Cottongrass) · E. callitrix var. moravium (Arctic Cottongrass) · E. capitatum · E. chamissonis (Chamisso's Cotton-Grass) · E. chamissonis albidum · E. chamissonis f. albidum · E. chamissonis · E. churchillianum (Churchill Cottongrass) · E. comosum · E. coreanum · E. cringerum (Fringed Cotton-Grass) · E. criniger · E. crinigerum (Fringed Cottongrass) · E. cyperinum (Woolgrass) · E. cyperinum var. condensatum · E. cyperinum var. grande · E. depauperatum · E. dubium · E. fauriei · E. filamentosum · E. gracile (Slender Cotton-Grass) · E. gracile var. caurianum Fern. (Slender Cottongrass) · E. gracile var. gracile W.D.J.Koch (Slender Cottongrass) · E. gracile var. caurianum (Slender Cottongrass) · E. gracile var. gracile (Slender Cottongrass) · E. hudsonianum · E. humile · E. intercedens · E. japonicum · E. kerneri · E. komarovii · E. latifolium (Cotton Grass) · E. latifolium var. viridi-carinatum · E. lineatum · E. lockharti · E. maximowiczii · E. medium (Medium Cottongrass) · E. medium album · E. microstachyum · E. minus · E. montevidense · E. ocreatum · E. opacum · E. pallidum · E. paniculatum · E. paucinervium · E. polystachion · E. polystachion var. elegans · E. polystachyon · E. polystachyum · E. porsildii (Porsild's Cottongrass) · E. pubescens · E. pylaieanum (Cottongrass) · E. rousseauanum (Rousseau's Cottongrass) · E. rufescens · E. russeolum (Russet Cotton-Grass) · E. russeolum Fr. ex Hartman var. majus Sommier (Red Cottongrass) · E. russeolum Fr. ex Hartman var. russeolum Fr. ex Hartm. (Red Cottongrass) · E. russeolum var. albidum (Red Cottongrass) · E. russeolum var. majus (Red Cottongrass) · E. russeolum var. russeolum (Red Cottongrass) · E. scabridum · E. scheuchzer · E. scheuchzeri (Scheuchzer Cotton-Grass) · E. scheuchzeri altaicum (Whitebristle Cottongrass) · E. spissum · E. strigosum · E. subarcticum (Tall Cotton-Grass) · E. tenellum (Fewnerved Cottongrass) · E. tenellum var. monticolum · E. tolmatchevii · E. triquetrum · E. triste · E. vaginatum (Sheathing Cotton-Grass) · E. vaginatum spissum · E. vaginatum spissum var. spissum

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Further Reading

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• II.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 6, 2007.
• "Eriophorum". in Flora of North America Vol. 23 Page 22, 24, 25. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 28, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 20 providers.
• USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plant Characteristics Database. Accessed April 17, 2006.
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
• World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 28, 2008:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums: University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland: Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• Burke Museum: Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium (WTU)
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien: Observations du Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien.
• European Environment Agency: EUNIS
• Finnish Museum of Natural History: Hatikka Observation Data Gateway
• GBIF-Sweden: Botany (UPS)
• GBIF-Sweden: Herbarium of Oskarshamn (OHN)
• GBIF-Sweden: Lund Botanical Museum (LD)
• GBIF-Sweden: Plants (GBIF-SE:Artdatabanken)
• inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn
• Institute of Nature Conservation PAS: National System of Proetcted Areas
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences: Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• National Institute of Genetics, ROIS: Herbarium Specimens of Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref., Japan
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo: Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo (O)
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo: Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo (O)
• Oregon State University: Vascular Plant Collection
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility: Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility: Pilularia Globulifera distribution map in Denmark
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• University of Alaska Museum of the North: University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium (ALA)
• University of Colorado Museum: Zoological specimens
• USDA PLANTS: USDA PLANTS Database
• Utah State University: USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2660567
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-244552
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14468683
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:307365-1
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 40096
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMCYP0A080
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ERGR8
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 38326

Footnotes

1. Peter W. Ball, A. A. Reznicek, David F. Murray "Cyperaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 23 Page 3, 4, 192, 243, 252. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Peter W. Ball & Daniel E. Wujek "Eriophorum". in Flora of North America Vol. 23 Page 5, 6, 21, 27. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Eriophorum". in Flora of North America Vol. 23 Page 22, 24, 25. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 318.150 meters (1,043.799 feet), Standard Deviation = 364.200 based on 1,301 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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