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Enemion occidentale

(Western False Rue Anemone)

Overview

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Vulnerable

Threat status

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Western False Rue Anemone, Western Rue-Anemone

Description

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Family Ranunculaceae

Herbs perennial or annual , sometimes subshrubs or herbaceous or woody vines . Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , simple or variously compound , palmately nerved, rarely penninerved , with or without stipules. Inflorescence a simple or compound monochasium, dichasium, simple or compound raceme, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual , sometimes unisexual , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous. Sepals 3--6 or more, free , petaloid or sepaloid , imbricate or sometimes valvate in bud. Petals present or absent, 2--8 or more, free, usually with nectaries. Stamens numerous , rarely few, free; filaments linear or filiform ; anthers latrorse , introrse , or extrorse ; sometimes some sterile stamens becoming staminodes. Carpels numerous or few, rarely 1, free, rarely connate to various degrees ; ovary with 1 to many ovules. Fruit follicles or achenes, rarely capsules or berries . Seeds small, with abundant endosperm and minute embryo.

About 60 genera and 2500 species: worldwide, but richly represented in N temperate regions , particularly in E Asia; 38 genera (four endemic) and 921 species (604 endemic) in China.[1]

Genus Enemion

Herbs, perennial , from stout woody rhizomes or tuberous roots . Leaves basal and cauline, proximal leaves petiolate , distal leaves sessile or nearly so; cauline leaves alternate. Leaf blade 2-ternately compound ; leaflets broadly ovate to cuneate-obovate, margins entire to deeply 3-notched. Inflorescences terminal or axillary , 2-10-flowered cymes or racemes or flowers solitary, to 4 cm; bracts absent. Flowers bisexual , radially symmetric ; sepals not persistent in fruit, 5(-9), white, occasionally tinged pinkish, plane , ovate to obovate , 3.5-15 mm; petals absent; stamens 9-75; filaments filiform to clavate or narrowly triangular; staminodes absent between stamens and pistils; pistils [1-]2-10, simple ; ovules 2-6 per pistil; style present. Fruits follicles, aggregate, sessile or stipitate , oblong or elliptic to obovate, laterally compressed , sides with a few prominent veins and transverse veinlets ; beak terminal, straight or curved , 0.5-3 mm. Seeds reddish brown, ovoid , smooth , rugulose , or minutely pubescent . x = 7.

Species 6: North America, Asia.

The delimitation of taxa within tribe Isopyreae Schrödinger has been open to considerable debate. North American taxonomists tend to retain the North American species in Isopyrum Linnaeus whereas taxonomists elsewhere recognize Enemion along with a number of other segregate genera [e.g. , Dichocarpum (Tamura and Kosuge) W. T. Wang and Fu D.-Z., Isopyrum in the strict sense, Leptopyrum Reichenbach, and Paraquilegia Drummond and Hutchinson] (J. R. Drummond and J. Hutchinson 1920; Fu D.-Z. 1990; M. Tamura 1984, 1993; M. Tamura and L. A. Lauener 1968).

Enemion has no petals and is regarded as the most primitive member in tribe Isopyreae (D.-Z. Fu 1990; M. Tamura 1984; M. Tamura and L. A. Lauener 1968). The other closely related genera form a transition series: Dichocarpum has peltate petals similar to the stamens; Isopyrum and Leptopyrum possess peltate petals with larger, tubular limbs and shorter claws ; and Paraquilegia has nonpeltate petals that are flat and ± concave or swollen near the base and nearly sessile.

While some authors have argued that too much emphasis has been placed on petals as characters for segregating genera (e.g., J. A. Calder and R. L. Taylor 1963), Enemion is a well-defined taxon , easily distinguished from other members of tribe Isopyreae. Final decisions involving the circumscription of Enemion await molecular study involving all members of subfamily Isopyroideae Tamura.

All species of Enemion in the flora , with the exception of E. biternatum, are localized endemics of western North America from British Columbia to California.[2]

Physical Description

Species Enemion occidentale

Stems 10-40 cm, cespitose, not rhizomatous ; roots tuberous . Leaves abaxially glabrous ; leaflets irregularly 2-3-lobed, lobes often with 1-3 secondary lobes; apex rounded , glandular-apiculate. Inflorescences axillary , flowers solitary or loosely grouped in 2-3-flowered leafy cymes; peduncle not strongly clavate . Flowers: sepals (5-) 7-11.5 × 2.8-7 mm; stamens 20-40; filaments filiform to club-shaped, 2.2-6 mm. Follicles sessile, upright to widely divergent; body oblong , (7.7-) 8.5-11.5 mm, abruptly contracted into style beak ; beak 0.8-1.7 mm. Seeds 1.5-2 mm, glabrous. [source]

 

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: February.

Habitat

Shaded places, oak woodland, chaparral , and coniferous and deciduous woods ; 200-1500 m [3].

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Taxonomy

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Synonyms

Endymion nonscripta (L.) Garcke • Isopyrum occidentale Hooker & Arnott • Scilla nonscripta (L.) Hoffmgg. & Link

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Enemion

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 5 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

E. biternatum (Eastern False Rue Anemone) · E. hallii (Willamette False Rue Anemone) · E. occidentale (Western False Rue Anemone) · E. savilei (Queen Charlotte Island False Rue Anemone) · E. stipitatum (Siskiyou False Rue Anemone)

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

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Contributors

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 01, 2008:

Identifiers

Footnotes

  1. Wencai Wang, Dezhi Fu, Liang-Qian Li, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, Bryan E. Dutton, Michael G. Gilbert, Yuichi Kadota, Orbélia R. Robinson, Michio Tamura, Michael J. Warnock, Guanghua Zhu & Svetlana N. Ziman "Ranunculaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 133. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  2. Bruce A. Ford "Enemion". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  3. "Enemion occidentale". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Last Revised: 7/15/2012