Elymus repens

Status

Invasive.

Nativity: Europe. • Date introducted to the U.S.: 1600s. • Means of introduction: Accidental, probably as a seed contaminant. • Impact: Crowds out native species. • Current U.S. Distribution: PLANTS Database map (see complete PLANTS Profile for county distribution and native status). • Management Plans: here.^[1]

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms:

1. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.
2. Agropyron repens var. subulatum (Schreb.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes
3. Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex B.D. Jackson
4. Elytrigia repens var. vaillantiana (Wulfen & Schreb.) Prokudin
5. Elytrigia vaillantiana (Wulfen & Schreb.) Beetle
6. Triticum repens L.
7. Triticum vaillantianum Wulfen & Schreb.

Notes:

Publishing author: Roem. & Schult. Publication: Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 754 1817 [Nov 1817]

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Madroño 9:127. 1947

Name verified on 09-Nov-2007 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 09-Nov-2007

Physical Description

Family Poaceae:

Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos. Flowering stems (culms) jointed, internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks, differentiated into sheath, blade, and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins, modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate, veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line of hairs. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, an open, contracted, or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired, or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes) empty, subtending 1 to many florets; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn), glumes also sometimes awned. Flowers bisexual or unisexual; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary, anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear.

About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.^[2]

Genus Elymus:

Plants perennial, usually tufted, usually without, rarely with, rhizomes. Culms usually erect. Leaf sheath of cauline leaves split almost to base; auricles present or absent; leaf blade flat or rolled. Spike erect to nodding. Spikelets 1 or 2(4) per node, sessile, rarely very shortly pedicellate, appressed to rachis, clearly laterally compressed, usually all similar, with 210 or more florets; rachis tough. Glumes opposite or side-by-side, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, firmly membranous to leathery, 19(11) -veined, not keeled, apex obtuse to shortly awned; veins ± raised. Lemma lanceolate-oblong, rounded abaxially, 5-veined, ± pubescent, apex obtuse or acute to awned, rarely toothed; veins connivent at apex; awn erect or reflexed. Palea shorter than or equaling lemma, apex retuse, subrounded, or acute. Caryopsis usually adherent to lemma and palea. x = 7.

About 170 species:temperate regions of both hemispheres, mainly in Asia; 88 species (62 endemic) in China.

The genus Roegneria should be referred to Elymus because of their many common characters, e.g., plants usually tufted; spikelets usually all similar, 1 per node; lemma lanceolate-oblong, rounded abaxially, 5-veined, veins connivent at apex.^[3]

Flowers: Bloom Period: blooms repeatedly • Flower Color: inconspicuous, none

Images:

Distribution

Range and Population

North America

Native: Buryatia, Chita, Gorno-Altay, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Kemerovo, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kurgan, Kurile Islands, Nei Monggol, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Primorye, Qinghai, Sichuan, Tuva, Tyumen, Xinjiang, Xizang.

Growth

Culture: Space 36-48" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Similar Species

Members of the genus Elymus:

There are approximately 1,004 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: E. alaskanus islandicus · E. alaskanus kronokensis · E. alaskanus sajanensis · E. alaskanus scandicus · E. alaskanus subalpinus · E. alaskanus villosus · E. arenarius sabulosus · E. asiaticus longearistatus · E. batalinii alaica · E. bungeanus pruiniferus · E. bungeanus scythicus · E. campestris maritimus · E. canadensis wiegandii · E. caninus biflorus · E. caninus donianus · E. ciliaris integris · E. confusus pilosifolius · E. dahuricus cylindricus · E. dahuricus micranthus · E. dahuricus pacificus · E. dahuricus villosulus · E. dentatus elatus · E. dentatus lachnophyllus · E. dentatus scabrus · E. donianus novae-angliae · E. donianus virescens · E. elongatus flaccidifolius · E. elongatus haifensis · E. elongatus salsus · E. elongatus turcicus · E. farctus bessarabicus · E. farctus boreali-atlanticus · E. franchetii pacificus · E. glaucus mackenzii · E. gmelinii tenuisetus · E. gmelinii ugamicus · E. hispidus graecus · E. hispidus podpyerae · E. hispidus pouzolzii · E. hispidus pulcherrimus · E. hyparcticus villosus · E. kronokensis dasyphyllus · E. kronokensis scandicus · E. lanceolatus albicans · E. lanceolatus yuonensis · E. lazicus attenuatiglumis · E. lazicus divaricatus · E. lazicus lomatolepis · E. longearistatus badachschanicus · E. longearistatus canaliculatus · E. longearistatus duthiei · E. longearistatus flexuosissimus · E. longearistatus litvinovii · E. macrourus neplianus · E. macrourus pilosivaginatus · E. mollis interior · E. multiflorus kingianus · E. mutabilis barbulata · E. mutabilis transbaicalensis · E. nodosus caespitosus · E. nodosus corsicus · E. nodosus dorudicus · E. nodosus gypsicolus · E. nodosus platyphyllus · E. nodosus sinuatus · E. panormitanus sirouanus · E. pauciflorus laevis · E. pauciflorus pseudorepens · E. pauciflorus subsecundus · E. pendulinus multiculmis · E. pendulinus pubicaulis · E. pungens fontqueri · E. pungens pycnanthus · E. reflexiaristatus strigosus · E. repens atlantis · E. repens calcareus · E. repens elongatiformis · E. sajanensis villosus · E. schrenkianus pamiricus · E. semicostatus alienus · E. semicostatus scabridulus · E. semicostatus striatus · E. semicostatus thomsonii · E. tauri pertenuis · E. thoroldianus laxiusculus · E. trachycaulus bakeri · E. trachycaulus donianus · E. trachycaulus kamczadalorum · E. trachycaulus scribneri · E. trachycaulus sierrus · E. trachycaulus stefanssonii · E. trachycaulus teslinensis · E. transhyrcanus lorestanicus · E. truncatus trichophorus · E. uralensis prokudinii · E. uralensis tianschanicus · E. uralensis viridiglumis · E. vassiljevii coeruleus · E. vassiljevii laxe-pilosus · E. violaceus andinus

Bibliography

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Notes

Contributors:

• African Regional Workshop (Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees, Zimbabwe) 1998. Pericopsis elata. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
• Barneby RC and Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Barneby RC & Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Barneby RC & Grimes JW (Monograph 1996/97), 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
• BioSystematic Database of World Diptera, 7.0, 2005.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/]. Access date: Nov 23, 2005
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 21, 2007.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed September 17, 2007.
• Carr, Gerald
• Chappill J, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Cristofolini G, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Fautin, Daphne G. (from Hexacorallians of the World).
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 27, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• Hexacorallians of the World 2001.
• Heyn CC & Heller D 1991/1993 (from ILDIS).
• Home of the Xylariaceae 2006.
• ILDIS World Database of Legumes, 10, Nov 2005
• ILDIS World Database of LegumesNov 10, 2005.
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• Nielsen IC and Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS).
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Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 23, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), EURISCO
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Natural History Museum, Vienna - Herbarium W, Herbarium W
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum - Herbarium GJO, Herbarium GJO
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Botany
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers:

• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 512839
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13768611
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:74039-3
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMPOA7H010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: TRVA4
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 20262

Footnotes:

1. National Invasive Species Information Center, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Site. Accessed May 3, 2008.
2. Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
3. "Elymus". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 1, 386, 387, 400. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.