Dryopteris filix-mas

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Dryopteridaceae

Plants perennial , terrestrial or on rock, occasionally hemiepiphytic or epiphytic. Stems creeping to erect , rarely arborescent , sometimes climbing , branched or unbranched, dictyostelic, bearing scales . Leaves circinate in bud, monomorphic or dimorphic . Petiole usually not articulate to stem, scales usually persistent at base , in cross section with 2--many roundish bundles, or bundles 2 and lunate . Blade simple to commonly 1--5-pinnate or more divided , leaf buds absent or present. Veins pinnate or parallel in ultimate segments, simple or forked , free or anastomosing, areoles sometimes with included free veinlets. Indument on blade commonly of glands , hairs , and/or scales, especially on rachis and costae abaxially. Sori borne abaxially on veins or at vein tips (but usually not marginal ), or sporangia acrostichoid and covering abaxial surface, if in discrete sori then variously shaped (round , oblong , or elongate ) ; receptacle not or only slightly elevated , with or without indusium, indusium variously linear , falcate , or reniform , sometimes hoodlike, cuplike, or round. Sporangia with stalk of 2--3 rows of cells ; annulus vertical , interrupted by stalk. Spores all of 1 kind, usually not green (except Matteuccia, Onoclea ), oblong or reniform in outline, monolete, variously ornamented (often broadly winged ), 64 per sporangium (32 in apogamous spp. ) . Gametophytes green, aboveground, cordate, glabrous or often bearing glands or hairs; archegonia and antheridia borne on lower surface, antheridia 3-celled.

Genera ca. 60, species perhaps exceeding 3000 (18 genera, 79 species in the flora ) : worldwide.

The family Dryopteridaceae has been variously circumscribed; it is here delimited in a manner similar to that of R. M. Tryon and A. F. Tryon (1982) but with the inclusion of Nephrolepis . In many works, the family has gone under the illegitimate name Aspidiaceae. Some authorities define Dryopteridaceae more narrowly, to exclude Athyrium, Deparia, Diplazium, Cystopteris, and Gymnocarpium (Athyriaceae or Woodsiaceae), Woodsia (Woodsiaceae), Lomariopsis (Lomariopsidaceae), Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae or Davalliaceae), Onoclea and Matteuccia (Onocleaceae), and Ctenitis and Tectaria (Tectariaceae) . Characteristics holding Dryopteridaceae (as circumscribed here) together include the bilateral , monolete spores, often broadly winged perispore, absence of needlelike hairs, scaly stem and petiole bases, abaxial (nonmarginal) sori, base chromosome number of 40 or 41 (also 38 and 39 in Woodsia, 37 in Onoclea, 42 in Cystopteris ), and usually indusiate sori. Loss of indusium, dimorphism , areolate venation , and reduced blade dissection have occurred repeatedly along many evolutionary lines in Dryopteridaceae, and in general these characteristics are often not very useful in delimiting genera or assessing intergeneric relationships .

In some genera, especially Phanerophlebia and Polystichum, the blade bears very narrow scales (sometimes called microscales) that resemble uniseriate hairs. These scales may be only one or two cells wide. Every intergradation exists between these filiform microscales and more typical, wider scales, and the two types are the same color, generally tan to brownish. Microscales are probably not homologous with true hairs, which may be either unicellular or multicellular , uncolored or sometimes reddish (as in Tectaria and Ctenitis ), glandular (as in Woodsia ) or not. Hairs in Dryopteridaceae, if present at all, are generally readily distinguishable from the needlelike, transparent ones found in Thelypteridaceae.[1]

Genus Dryopteris

Plants terrestrial , rarely on rock. Stems short-creeping to erect , stolons absent. Leaves monomorphic , green through winter or dying back in winter. Petiole ca. 1/4--2/3 blade length , bases swollen or not; vascular bundles more than 3, arranged in an arc, ± round in cross section . Blade deltate-ovate to lanceolate, 1--3-pinnate-pinnatifid, gradually reduced distally to pinnatifid apex, herbaceous to somewhat leathery. Pinnae not articulate to rachis, segment margins entire, crenate , or serrate, spinulose or not; proximal pinnae reduced (several pairs), same size as or enlarged relative to more distal pinnae, sessile to petiolulate , equilateral or often inequilateral with pinnules on basiscopic side longer than those on acroscopic side; costae adaxially grooved , grooves continuous from rachis to costae to costules ; indument of linear to ovate scales abaxially, also sometimes with glands , blades ± glabrous adaxially. Veins free , forked . Sori in 1 row between margin and midrib , round; indusia round-reniform, attached at narrow sinus , persistent or caducous . Spores brownish, coarsely rugose or with folded wings . x = 41.

Species ca. 250: mostly in temperate Asia.

The relationships of the North American species are reasonably well understood, but species identifications are complicated by the frequent presence of hybrids in field populations. Sterile hybrids can be distinguished from fertile species by their misshapen spores and intermediate morphology. They are not included in the key , but they may be identified as to parentage by combinations of characters in the key (e.g. , marginal sori for Dryopteris marginalis, narrow blades for D . cristata) . Relationships are shown in the accompanying reticulogram.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Dense woods and talus slopes on limestone (ne North America); open woods among boulders and talus of granite or igneous rock (Rocky Mountains); 200--2500 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,632 meters (0 to 11,916 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 20-30' apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Partial to Full Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Polypodium filix-mas Linnaeus

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Dryopteris

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 100 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

D. acutidens (Pointed Woodfern) · D. affinis (Golden Male Fern) · D. affinis cambrensis (Male Fern) · D. affinis pseudodisjuncta (Golden-Scale Male Fern) · D. affinis var. azorica (Golden-Scale Male Fern) · D. affinis 'Crispa Congesta' (Male Fern) · D. affinis 'Crispa Gracilis' (Male Fern) · D. affinis 'Cristata' (Golden Male Fern) · D. affinis 'Cristata The King' (Crested Male Fern) · D. affinis 'Stablerii' (Crisped Golden-Scaled Male Fern) · D. algonquinensis (Algonquin Woodfern) · D. arguta (Coastal Wood Fern) · D. atrata (Shaggy Shield Fern) · D. australis (Dixie Wood Fern) · D. benedictii (Benedict's Woodfern) · D. bissetiana (Beaded Wood Fern) · D. boottii (Boott's Woodfern) · D. burgessii (Burgess' Woodfern) · D. campyloptera (Mountain Woodfern) · D. carthusiana (Spinulose Shield Fern) · D. celsa (Log Fern) · D. championii (Champion's Wood Fern) · D. cinnamomea (Cinnamon Woodfern) · D. clintoniana (Broad Swamp Fern) · D. crassirhizoma (Thick-Stemmed Wood Fern) · D. crinalis (Serpent Woodfern) · D. cristata (Crested Shield Fern) · D. cristata × intermedia (Crested Buckler Fern) · D. cristata × marginalis (Crested Buckler Fern) · D. cristata × spinulosa (Crested Buckler Fern) · D. cycadina (Shaggy Shield Fern) · D. dilatata campyloptera (Mountain Wood Fern) · D. dilatata var. americana (Mountain Wood Fern) · D. dilatata 'Cristata' (Crested Broad Buckler Fern) · D. dilatata 'Jimmy Dyce' (Broad Buckler Fern) · D. dilatata 'Lepidota Cristata' (Broad Buckler Fern) · D. dilatata 'Recurvata' (Broad Buckler Fern) · D. dowellii (Dowell's Woodfern) · D. erythrosora (Autumn Fern) · D. erythrosora 'Brilliance' (Autumn Fern) · D. expansa (Alpine Buckler Fern) · D. felix-mas 'Robusta' (Male Fern) · D. felix-mas 'Undulata Robusta' (Robust Male Fern) · D. filix-mas (Male Fern) · D. filix-mas 'Barnesii' (Barnesii Fern) · D. filix-mas 'Crispa Cristata' (Male Fern) · D. filix-mas 'Cristata' (Male Fern) · D. filix-mas 'Digitata' (Male Fern) · D. filix-mas 'Gracilis' (Male Fern) · D. filix-mas 'Linearis' (Slender Crested Male Fern) · D. filix-mas 'Linearis Polydactyla' (Slender Crested Male Fern) · D. filix-mas 'Parsley' (Male Fern) · D. filix-mas 'Undulata Robusta' (Robust Male Fern) · D. fragrans (Fragrant Cliff Wood-Fern) · D. fragrans var. fragrans (Fragrant Woodfern) · D. fragrans var. remotiuscula (Fragrant Fern) · D. fuscoatra (Crowned Woodfern) · D. glabra (Kilaw) · D. goldiana (Giant Wood Fern) · D. goldieana celsa (Goldie´s Wood Fern) · D. hawaiiensis (Hawai'i Woodfern) · D. hondoensis (Hondo Fern) · D. intermedia (Evergreen Wood Fern) · D. lacera (Lacerate Wood-Fern) · D. leedsii (Leeds' Woodfern) · D. ludoviciana (Florida Shield Fern) · D. marginalis (Evergreen Wood Fern) · D. neowherryi (Woodfern) · D. pacifica (Asian Pacific Beaded Wood Fern) · D. parvula (Little Woodfern) · D. pittsfordensis (Pittsford's Woodfern) · D. podosora (Kauaikinana Wood Fern) · D. pseudo-filix-mas (Mexican Male Fern) · D. pseudo filix-mas (Mexican Male Fern) · D. remota (Remote Wood Fern) · D. rossii (Ross' Wood Fern) · D. sandwicensis (Hawaii Woodfern) · D. scottii (Scotts Wood Fern) · D. separabilis (Woodfern) · D. sieboldii (Siebolds Wood Fern) · D. slossoniae (Slosson's Woodfern) · D. subbipinnata (Ainahou Valley Woodfern) · D. tenebrosa (Na Pali-Kona Woodfern) · D. tokyoensis (Tokyo Wood Phone) · D. triploidea (Triploid Woodfern) · D. uliginosa (Woodfern) · D. unidentata (One-Tooth Woodfern) · D. uniformis (Uniform Wood Fern) · D. wallichiana (Alpine Woodfern) · D. × algonquinensis (Algonquin Woodfern) · D. × benedictii (Benedict's Woodfern) · D. x boottii (Boott's Woodfern) · D. × burgessii (Burgess' Woodfern) · D. x complexa 'Robust' (Robust Male Fern) · D. × dowellii (Dowell's Woodfern) · D. x triploidea (Triploid Woodfern) · D. algonquinensis (Algonquin Woodfern) · D. benedictii (Benedict's Woodfern) · D. burgessii (Burgess' Woodfern) · D. dowellii (Dowell's Woodfern)

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Further Reading

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• A manual of the flora of northern Idaho /Carl Epling and Joe Ewan. 1 1941 1941. url p. 99.
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• Alaska. New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1901- url p. 385.
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• Annual report of the Ohio State Academy of Science. Columbus: The Academy, 1893-1930. url p. 268.
• Atlas of the rare vascular plants of Ontario / Ottawa: Botany Division, National Museum of Natural Sciences = Division de la botanique, Musée national des sciences naturelles, 1982-1987. url .
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• Flora of West Virginia, by Charles Frederick Millspaugh and Lawrence William Nuttall. 1 1896 Chicago, 1896. url p. 191.
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• Flora of the state of Washington. By Charles V. Piper. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1906. url p. 82.
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• Carlson, T. J. and W. H. Wagner Jr. 1982. The North American distribution of the genus Dryopteris. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 15: 141--162.
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• Montgomery, J. D. 1982. Dryopteris in North America. Part II. The hybrids. Fiddlehead Forum 9: 23--30.
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• Wagner, W. H. Jr. 1971. Evolution of Dryopteris in relation to the Appalachians. In: P. C. Holt, ed. 1971. The Distributional History of the Biota of the Southern Appalachians. Part 2. Flora. Blacksburg, Va. Pp. 147--192. [Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Res. Div. Monogr. 2.]
• Werth, C. R. 1991. Isozyme studies on the Dryopteris "spinulosa" complex. I: The origin of the log fern Dryopteris celsa. Syst. Bot. 16(3): 446--461.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 11, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

• Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, GEO Biodiversity Day
• GBIF-Spain, Departamento de Biolog. Veg. II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid: MAF
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Botany
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2644688
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-17535
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 1043097
• GRIN Nomen Number: 14724
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 17535
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 17325300
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PPDRY0A0B0
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: DRFI2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 36144

Footnotes

1. Alan R. Smith "Dryopteridaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. James D. Montgomery, Warren H. Wagner Jr. "Dryopteris". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Dryopteris filix-mas". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 209.850 meters (688.484 feet), Standard Deviation = 343.080 based on 2,328 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.