Dryopteris cristata (Crested Shield Fern)

Overview

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Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Crested Shield Fern, Crested Buckler Fern, Crested Wood Fern, Crested Woodfern

Description

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Family Dryopteridaceae

Plants perennial , terrestrial or on rock, occasionally hemiepiphytic or epiphytic. Stems creeping to erect , rarely arborescent , sometimes climbing , branched or unbranched, dictyostelic, bearing scales . Leaves circinate in bud, monomorphic or dimorphic . Petiole usually not articulate to stem, scales usually persistent at base , in cross section with 2--many roundish bundles, or bundles 2 and lunate . Blade simple to commonly 1--5-pinnate or more divided , leaf buds absent or present. Veins pinnate or parallel in ultimate segments, simple or forked , free or anastomosing, areoles sometimes with included free veinlets. Indument on blade commonly of glands , hairs , and/or scales, especially on rachis and costae abaxially. Sori borne abaxially on veins or at vein tips (but usually not marginal ), or sporangia acrostichoid and covering abaxial surface, if in discrete sori then variously shaped (round , oblong , or elongate ) ; receptacle not or only slightly elevated , with or without indusium, indusium variously linear , falcate , or reniform , sometimes hoodlike, cuplike, or round. Sporangia with stalk of 2--3 rows of cells ; annulus vertical , interrupted by stalk. Spores all of 1 kind, usually not green (except Matteuccia, Onoclea ), oblong or reniform in outline, monolete, variously ornamented (often broadly winged ), 64 per sporangium (32 in apogamous spp. ) . Gametophytes green, aboveground, cordate, glabrous or often bearing glands or hairs; archegonia and antheridia borne on lower surface, antheridia 3-celled.

Genera ca. 60, species perhaps exceeding 3000 (18 genera, 79 species in the flora ) : worldwide.

The family Dryopteridaceae has been variously circumscribed; it is here delimited in a manner similar to that of R. M. Tryon and A. F. Tryon (1982) but with the inclusion of Nephrolepis . In many works, the family has gone under the illegitimate name Aspidiaceae. Some authorities define Dryopteridaceae more narrowly, to exclude Athyrium, Deparia, Diplazium, Cystopteris, and Gymnocarpium (Athyriaceae or Woodsiaceae), Woodsia (Woodsiaceae), Lomariopsis (Lomariopsidaceae), Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae or Davalliaceae), Onoclea and Matteuccia (Onocleaceae), and Ctenitis and Tectaria (Tectariaceae) . Characteristics holding Dryopteridaceae (as circumscribed here) together include the bilateral , monolete spores, often broadly winged perispore, absence of needlelike hairs, scaly stem and petiole bases, abaxial (nonmarginal) sori, base chromosome number of 40 or 41 (also 38 and 39 in Woodsia, 37 in Onoclea, 42 in Cystopteris ), and usually indusiate sori. Loss of indusium, dimorphism , areolate venation , and reduced blade dissection have occurred repeatedly along many evolutionary lines in Dryopteridaceae, and in general these characteristics are often not very useful in delimiting genera or assessing intergeneric relationships .

In some genera, especially Phanerophlebia and Polystichum, the blade bears very narrow scales (sometimes called microscales) that resemble uniseriate hairs. These scales may be only one or two cells wide. Every intergradation exists between these filiform microscales and more typical, wider scales, and the two types are the same color, generally tan to brownish. Microscales are probably not homologous with true hairs, which may be either unicellular or multicellular , uncolored or sometimes reddish (as in Tectaria and Ctenitis ), glandular (as in Woodsia ) or not. Hairs in Dryopteridaceae, if present at all, are generally readily distinguishable from the needlelike, transparent ones found in Thelypteridaceae.[1]

Genus Dryopteris

Plants terrestrial , rarely on rock. Stems short-creeping to erect , stolons absent. Leaves monomorphic , green through winter or dying back in winter. Petiole ca. 1/4--2/3 blade length , bases swollen or not; vascular bundles more than 3, arranged in an arc, ± round in cross section . Blade deltate-ovate to lanceolate, 1--3-pinnate-pinnatifid, gradually reduced distally to pinnatifid apex, herbaceous to somewhat leathery. Pinnae not articulate to rachis, segment margins entire, crenate , or serrate, spinulose or not; proximal pinnae reduced (several pairs), same size as or enlarged relative to more distal pinnae, sessile to petiolulate , equilateral or often inequilateral with pinnules on basiscopic side longer than those on acroscopic side; costae adaxially grooved , grooves continuous from rachis to costae to costules ; indument of linear to ovate scales abaxially, also sometimes with glands , blades ± glabrous adaxially. Veins free , forked . Sori in 1 row between margin and midrib , round; indusia round-reniform, attached at narrow sinus , persistent or caducous . Spores brownish, coarsely rugose or with folded wings . x = 41.

Species ca. 250: mostly in temperate Asia.

The relationships of the North American species are reasonably well understood, but species identifications are complicated by the frequent presence of hybrids in field populations. Sterile hybrids can be distinguished from fertile species by their misshapen spores and intermediate morphology. They are not included in the key , but they may be identified as to parentage by combinations of characters in the key (e.g. , marginal sori for Dryopteris marginalis, narrow blades for D . cristata) . Relationships are shown in the accompanying reticulogram.[2]

Physical Description

Species Dryopteris cristata

Leaves dimorphic , 35--70 × 8--12 cm; fertile leaves dying back in winter; sterile leaves several, small, green through winter, forming "rosette." Petiole 1/4--1/3 length of leaf, scaly at least at base ; scales scattered , tan. Blade green, narrowly lanceolate or with parallel sides, pinnate-pinnatifid, not glandular . Pinnae of fertile leaves twisted out of plane of blade and perpendicular to it, deltate; basal pinnae deltate, somewhat reduced, basal pinnules longer than adjacent pinnules , basal basiscopic pinnule and basal acroscopic pinnule equal; pinnule margins distantly serrate, with spiny teeth. Sori midway between midvein and margin of segments. Indusia lacking glands . 2 n = 164. [source]

Dryopteris cristata is believed to be an allotetraploid derived from D. ludoviciana and an unknown diploid called " D. semicristata " by W. H. Wagner Jr. (1971). This ancestral taxon could have been either North American or Eurasian and may have become extinct during the last glaciation (T. J. Carlson and W. H. Wagner Jr. 1982). Dryopteris cristata hybridizes with five species; these hybrids can be identified by the narrow blades and deltate proximal pinnae. [source]

Flowers: Bloom Period: n/a

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 24-36" tall.

Habitat

Swamps , swampy woods , or open shrubby wetlands; 0--1200 m. [source]

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,104 meters (0 to 3,622 feet).[3]

Biology

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Growth

Culture: Space 15-18" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Light Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Moniliformopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997, Nom. Nud.
        Class: Polypodiopsida () - Cronquist et al.
        Order: Polypodiales () - Link
        Family: Dryopteridaceae () - Ching, 1965, nom. cons. - Wood Fern Family
        Genus: Dryopteris () - M. Adanson, 1763, nom. cons. - Wood fern, shield fern [Greek drys, tree, and pteris, fern]
        Specific epithet: cristata - (L.) Gray
        Botanical name: - Dryopteris cristata (L.) Gray

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Dryopteris

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 100 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

More Info

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Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 104, p. 133, p. 134, p. 134, p. 139, p. 147, p. 181, p. 195, p. 206, p. 216, p. 229, p. 26, p. 74, p. 82.
Vascular plants of the Sangamon River basin; annotated checklist and ecological summary [by] Almut G. Jones and David T. Bell. [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agriculture, [1974] url p. 12.
Who's who among the ferns, comp. and illustrated by W. I. Beecroft. New York, Moffat, Yard, 1910. url p. 106, p. 205.
Wrightia. 1 1949 Richardson, Tex. [etc.]University of Texas at Dallas. url p. 253, p. 260.
Carlson, T. J. and W. H. Wagner Jr. 1982. The North American distribution of the genus Dryopteris. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 15: 141--162.
Fraser-Jenkins, C. R. 1989. A classification of the genus Dryopteris (Pteridophyta: Dryopteridaceae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 18: 323--477.
Montgomery, J. D. 1982. Dryopteris in North America. Part II. The hybrids. Fiddlehead Forum 9: 23--30.
Montgomery, J. D. and E. M. Paulton. 1981. Dryopteris in North America. Fiddlehead Forum 8: 25--31.
Petersen, R. L. and D. E. Fairbrothers. 1983. Flavonols of the fern genus Dryopteris: Systematic and morphological implications. Bot. Gaz. 144: 104--109.
Viane, R. L. 1986. Taxonomical significance of the leaf indument in Dryopteris (Pteridophyta): I. Some North American, Macronesian and European taxa. Pl. Syst. Evol. 153: 77--105.
Wagner, W. H. Jr. 1971. Evolution of Dryopteris in relation to the Appalachians. In: P. C. Holt, ed. 1971. The Distributional History of the Biota of the Southern Appalachians. Part 2. Flora. Blacksburg, Va. Pp. 147--192. [Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Res. Div. Monogr. 2.]
Werth, C. R. 1991. Isozyme studies on the Dryopteris "spinulosa" complex. I: The origin of the log fern Dryopteris celsa. Syst. Bot. 16(3): 446--461.

Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 11, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
NLBIF, Limnodata
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Botany
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2644686
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-17531
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4462689
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17093920-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 403304
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 17531
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 17093920
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PPDRY0A090
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 17

Footnotes

Alan R. Smith "Dryopteridaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
James D. Montgomery, Warren H. Wagner Jr. "Dryopteris". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 116.220 meters (381.299 feet), Standard Deviation = 159.720 based on 1,171 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Dryopteris cristata

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Dryopteridaceae

Genus Dryopteris

Physical Description

Species Dryopteris cristata

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Dryopteris

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes