Dodonaea viscosa

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms:

1. Dodonaea ehrenbergii Schlecht.
2. Dodonaea elaeagnoides Rudolph ex Ledeb. & Alderstam
3. Dodonaea eriocarpa Sm.
4. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. amphioxea O. Deg. & Sherff
5. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. confertior Sherff
6. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. costulata O.& I. Deg. & Sherff
7. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. degeneri Sherff
8. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. forbesii Sherff
9. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. glabrescens Sherff
10. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. hillebrandii Sherff
11. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. hosakana Sherff
12. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. lanaiensis Sherff
13. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. molokaiensis O. Deg. & Sherff
14. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. oblonga Sherff
15. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. obtusior Sherff
16. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. pallida O. Deg. & Sherff
17. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. sherffii O.& I. Deg.
18. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. skottsbergii Sherff
19. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. vaccinioides Sherff
20. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. varians O. Deg. & Sherff
21. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. waimeana Sherff
22. Dodonaea jamaicensis DC.
23. Dodonaea microcarya Small
24. Dodonaea sandwicensis Sherff
25. Dodonaea sandwicensis var. latifolia O. Deg. & Sherff
26. Dodonaea sandwicensis var. simulans Sherff
27. Dodonaea spathulata Sm.
28. Dodonaea stenoptera Hbd.
29. Dodonaea stenoptera var. fauriei (Levl.) Sherff
30. Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia (L. f.) Benth.
31. Dodonaea viscosa var. arborescens (A. Cunningham ex Hook.) Sherff
32. Dodonaea viscosa var. linearis (Harvey & Sonder) Sherff
33. Dodonaea viscosa var. spathulata (Sm.) West
34. Ptelea viscosa L.

Notes:

Publishing author: Hillebr. Publication: Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888). 88.

Publishing author: Sherff Publication: in Amer. Journ. Bot. xxxii. 202 (1945).

Publishing author: Sm. Publication: in Rees, Cycl. xii. n. 6.

Publishing author: DC. Publication: Prodr. (DC.) 1: 616 1824 [mid Jan 1824]

Publishing author: Sherff Publication: American Journal of Botany 32 1945 (4 May 1945)

Publishing author: Sherff Publication: Amer. J. Bot. 32: 214 1945

Basionym author: (Hook.f.)

Basionym: Sapindaceae Dodonaea aspleniifolia var. arborescens Hook.f.

Publishing author: Small Publication: Torreya 25: 39 1925

Publishing author: Sherff Publication: Amer. J. Bot. 32: 210 1945

Publishing author: Schltdl. Publication: Linnaea 18: 36 (err. typ. 52) 1844

Publishing author: Benth. Publication: Fl. Austral. 1: 476 1863

Basionym author: (L.f.)

Basionym: Sapindaceae Dodonaea angustifolia L.f.

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Enum. syst. pl. 19. 1760 (Select. stirp. amer. hist. 109. 1763)

Name verified on 11-Dec-2002 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 04-Aug-2006

Physical Description

Family Sapindaceae:

Trees or shrubs (or woody vines with tendrils in Cardiospermum and allied genera), rarely herbaceous climbers. Indumentum usually of simple hairs, often glandular on young parts, buds, and inflorescences. Leaves alternate, usually estipulate; leaf blade pinnate or digitate, rarely simple; leaflets alternate to opposite, entire or dentate to serrate. Inflorescence a terminal or axillary thyrse; bracts and bracteoles small. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous or bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, usually small. Sepals 4 or 5(or 6), equal or unequal, free or connate at base, imbricate or valvate. Petals 4 or 5(or 6), sometimes absent, free, imbricate, usually clawed, often with scales or hair-tufted basal appendages. Disk conspicuous, fleshy, complete or interrupted, lobed or annular, rarely absent. Stamens 5-10(-74), usually 8, rarely numerous, variously inserted but usually within disk, often exserted in male flowers; filaments free, rarely connate; anthers dorsifixed, longitudinally dehiscent, introrse; staminodes sometimes present in carpellate flowers, but filaments shorter and anthers with a thick wall, indehiscent. Ovary superior, (1-) 3(or 4) -loculed; ovules 1 or 2(or several) per locule, placentation axile, rarely parietal, anatropous, campylotropous, or amphitropous; style usually apical (terminal), semigynobasic in Allophylus [gynobasic in Deinbollia Schumacher & Thonning]; stigma entire or 2 or 3(or 4) -lobed, usually rudimentary in male flowers. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, berry, or drupe, or consisting of 2 or 3 samaras, often 1-seeded and 1-loculed by abortion. Seeds 1(or 2 or more) per locule; testa black or brown, hard, often with a conspicuous fleshy aril or sarcotesta; embryo curved, plicate, or twisted, oily and starchy; endosperm usually absent. 2n = 20-36.

One hundred thirty-five genera and ca. 1500 species: widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, especially well represented in tropical SE Asia; 21 genera (one endemic) and 52 species (16 endemic, one introduced) in China.

There is some variation in the circumscription of Sapindaceae in taxonomic treatments, particularly with regard to the inclusion of genera from the closely related, predominately temperate families Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae. Several studies including Müller and Leenhouts (in Ferguson & Müller, Evolutionary Significance Exine: 407-445. 1976), and more recently those based on molecular data (Stevens, Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, 2001 onward; Harrington et al., Syst. Bot. 30: 366-382. 2005), supported the recognition of a broadly defined Sapindaceae incorporating Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae. Harrington et al. (loc. cit.) proposed four subfamilies or clades, comprising Sapindoideae (including

Koelreuteria and Ungnadia Endlicher), Dodonaeoideae, Hippocastanoideae (including taxa previously referred to Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae, plus Handeliodendron), and a monotypic "Xanthoceratoideae". Within Hippocastanoideae, Acer Linnaeus and Dipteronia Oliver comprise a monophyletic group and are treated in this Flora as Aceraceae. Similarly, Aesculus Linnaeus, Billia Peyritsch, and the Chinese endemic Handeliodendron Rehder form a monophyletic group and are treated here as Hippocastanaceae. There is some support for "Xanthoceratoideae" being the first lineage to diverge within the broadly defined Sapindaceae assemblage; consequently, Xanthoceras is treated separately from genera in Sapindoideae and Dodonaeoideae in the following account of Sapindaceae s.s. The sequence of genera reflects Müller and Leenhouts (loc. cit.) as modified by recent analyses based on molecular and morphological data, rather than following the order developed by Radlkofer (Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München 20: 105-379. 1890; and in Engler, Pflanzenreich 98a-h(IV. 165) : 1-1539. 1931-1934), which was previously followed in FRPS.

The main economic uses of this family include (1) timber: Amesiodendron chinense, Dimocarpus longan, D. confinis, Litchi chinensis, Pavieasia kwangsiensis, and Pometia pinnata; (2) fruit: Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis, and Nephelium lappaceum; (3) medicine: Dimocarpus longan (arillode), Litchi chinensis (seeds), and Sapindus saponaria (roots) ; (4) oil: Amesiodendron chinense, Delavaya toxocarpa, and Xanthoceras sorbifolium. Saponins occur widely in the family, commonly used as a fish poison and for their detergent properties.^[1]

Genus Dodonaea:

Shrubs or small trees, evergreen, sometimes with a glandular resinous exudate on leaves and inflorescences. Leaves simple or pinnate, estipulate. Flowers bisexual or unisexual and plants dioecious, actinomorphic, solitary and axillary or arranged in terminal and axillary racemes, corymbs or panicles. Sepals (3-) 5(-7), valvate or sometimes imbricate, deciduous when mature. Petals absent. Disk inconspicuous, absent in male flowers. Stamens (male flowers) 5-8; filaments short; anthers ellipsoid, obtusely 4-gonous, connectives prominent. Ovary (female flowers) ellipsoid, obcordiform, or transversely ellipsoid, 2- or 3(or 5 or 6) -gonous, 2- or 3(or 5 or 6) -loculed; ovules 2 per locule, one ascending, and one pendulous; style apical, much longer than ovary, often twisted, deciduous; stigma 2-6-lobed. Capsules samaralike, 2- or 3(-6) -loculed, septifragal, boatlike. Seeds 1 or 2 per locule, obovoid, lenslike, or subglobose; testa crustaceous, arillode present or absent; hilum thick; embryo revolute, cotyledons linear. 2n = 28, 30, 32.

About 65 species: mainly in Australia and neighboring islands; one species in China.^[2]

Species Dodonaea viscosa:

The female flowers of this native Hawaiian species lack a corolla. Note the 2- or 3-lobed ovary and style. The number of carpels varies from 2 to 4 in this species. The male flowers have about 8 stamens. Though usually dioecious, this species may exhibit monoecy.

Habit: Evergreen.

Flowers: Bloom Period: March, April, May, June, July, August, September. • Flower Color: green, maroon

Images:

Distribution

Range and Population

Florida (Southeastern U.S.A., Northern America) Caribbean

Native: Pantropic.

Growth

Culture: Space 36-48" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.1 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Light Shade.

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Similar Species

Members of the genus Dodonaea:

There are approximately 264 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: D. sinuolata acrodentata · D. sinuolata sinuolata · D. viscosa arizonica · D. viscosa burmanniana · D. viscosa laurina · D. viscosa mucronata · D. viscosa viscosa · D. acerosa · D. adenophora · D. adenophora var. adenophora · D. adenophora var. ovata · D. adenophora x · D. amblyophylla · D. angustifolia · D. angustissima · D. aptera · D. arabica · D. arborea · D. arizonica · D. asplenifolia · D. asplenifolia var. arborescens · D. aspleniifolia · D. aspleniifolia var. arborescens · D. aspleniifolia var. aspleniifolia · D. attenuata · D. attenuata var. attenuata · D. attenuata var. denticulata · D. attenuata var. linearis · D. attenuata var. subintegra · D. baueri (Crinkled Hopbush) · D. bialata · D. biloba · D. boroniaefolia · D. boronifolia · D. boroniifolia · D. brasiliensis · D. burmanni · D. burmanniana · D. bursarifolia · D. bursariifolia · D. bursariifolia var. bursariifolia · D. bursariifolia var. major · D. bursariifolia x · D. caespitosa · D. caffra · D. caleyana · D. californica · D. calycina · D. calycina var. calycina · D. calycina var. genuina · D. calycina var. truncatiales · D. camfieldi · D. camfieldii · D. candolleana · D. ceratocarpa · D. cestroides · D. concinna · D. conferta · D. conglomerata · D. coriacea · D. cryptandroides · D. cuneata · D. cuneata var. coriacea · D. cuneata var. cuneata · D. cuneata var. rigida · D. deflexa · D. denticulata · D. dioica · D. discolor · D. divaricata · D. dombeyana · D. dubia · D. elaegnoides · D. ericaefolia · D. ericifolia (Fine-Leaved Hop-Bush) · D. ericoides · D. eriocarpa f. galapagensis · D. eriocarpa f. heterocarpa · D. falcata · D. fauriei · D. filifolia · D. filiformis · D. foliolosa · D. forsteri · D. gilifolia · D. glandulosa · D. hackettiana · D. hansenii · D. heteromorpha · D. heterophylla · D. hexandra · D. hexandra x · D. hirsuta · D. hirtella · D. hispidula · D. hispidulus · D. humifusa · D. humifusa var. hirtella · D. humifusa var. humifusa · D. humilis

Bibliography

• Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45. (L Peru)
• Englert, J. M. et al. 1999–. USDA-NRCS Improved conservation plant materials released by NRCS and cooperators. (NRCS Cons Pl Mat)
• Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960–. Flora zambesiaca. (F Zamb)
• George, A. S., ed. 1980–. Flora of Australia, new ed. (F Aust)
• Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. (Atlas WWeed)
• Howard, R. 1974–1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles. (F LAnt) [lists as D. viscosa (L.) Jacq.].
• Howard, R. A. 1973. The Enumeratio and Selectarum of Nicolaus von Jacquin. J. Arnold Arbor. 54:435–470.
• Liogier, H. A. 1984–. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands. (F PuertoR) [lists as D. viscosa (L.) Jacq.].
• Lo Hsien-shui & Chen Te-chao. 1985. Sapindaceae (excluding Handeliodendron). In: Law Yuh-wu & Lo Hsien-shui, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 47(1): 1-72.
• Macbride, J. F. et al., eds. 1936–1971. Flora of Peru.; new ser. 1980- (F Peru) [lists as D. viscosa (L.) Jacq.].
• McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
• PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) - on-line resource. (PROTABASE)
• Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946–1976. Flora of Guatemala. (F Guat) [lists as D. viscosa (L.) Jacq.].
• Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952–. Flora of tropical East Africa. (F TE Afr)
• Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943–1980. Flora of Panama. (F Panama) [lists as D. viscosa (L.) Jacq.].

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Notes

Contributors:

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 17, 2007.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 29, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index
• Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Ray E. Stanford, Michael Pogue, coordinators. Butterflies and Moths of North America. Bozeman, MT: Mountain Prairie Information Node. March 26, 2007.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 27, 2008)

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 04, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
• GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
• , Vascular Plant Herbarium
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Herbarium of New South Wales, Plants of Papua New Guinea
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
• US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection

Identifiers:

• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 28675
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13743845
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:84668-3
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDSPN05040
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: PTVI4
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 35853

Footnotes:

1. Nianhe Xia & Paul A. Gadek "Sapindaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 1, 6. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
2. "Dodonaea". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 6, 7. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.