Delphinium scopulorum

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Ranunculaceae

Herbs perennial or annual , sometimes subshrubs or herbaceous or woody vines . Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , simple or variously compound , palmately nerved, rarely penninerved , with or without stipules. Inflorescence a simple or compound monochasium, dichasium, simple or compound raceme, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual , sometimes unisexual , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous. Sepals 3--6 or more, free , petaloid or sepaloid , imbricate or sometimes valvate in bud. Petals present or absent, 2--8 or more, free, usually with nectaries. Stamens numerous , rarely few, free; filaments linear or filiform ; anthers latrorse , introrse , or extrorse ; sometimes some sterile stamens becoming staminodes. Carpels numerous or few, rarely 1, free, rarely connate to various degrees ; ovary with 1 to many ovules. Fruit follicles or achenes, rarely capsules or berries . Seeds small, with abundant endosperm and minute embryo.

About 60 genera and 2500 species: worldwide, but richly represented in N temperate regions , particularly in E Asia; 38 genera (four endemic) and 921 species (604 endemic) in China.[1]

Genus Delphinium

Herbs, perennial , from fasciculate roots or rhizomes. Leaves basal and/or cauline, petiolate , petioles gradually to abruptly shorter on distal leaves; basal leaves usually larger than cauline; cauline leaves alternate. Leaf blade deeply palmately divided , round to pentagonal or reniform , margins entire or lobes apically crenate or lacerate , lobes of basal blades wider and fewer than those of cauline blades. Inflorescences terminal , 2-100(-more) -flowered racemes (occasionally branched, thus technically panicles), 5-40 cm or more; bracts subtending inflorescence branches; pedicels present or absent; bracteoles (on pedicels) subopposite-subalternate, not forming involucre. Flowers bisexual , bilaterally symmetric ; sepals not persistent in fruit, 5; upper sepal 1, spurred , 8-24 mm; lateral sepals 2, ± ovate to elliptic , 8-18 mm; lower sepals 2, similar to lateral sepals; upper petals 2, spurred, enclosed in upper sepal, nectary inside tip of spur; lower petals 2, plane , ± ovate, ± 2-lobed, clawed, 2-12 mm, nectary absent; stamens 25-40; filaments with base expanded; staminodes absent between stamens and pistils; pistils 3(-5), simple ; ovules 8-20 per pistil; style present. Fruits follicles, aggregate, sessile, ± curved-cylindric, sides prominently veined or not; beak terminal, straight, 2-4 mm. Seeds dark brown to black (often appearing white because of air in seed coat cells ), rectangular to pyramidal , often ± rough surfaced. x = 8.

Species ca. 300: n temperate and arctic subtropical and, in Eastern Hemisphere, tropical mountains (s of equator in Africa) .

Three Eurasian species of Delphinium -- D . elatum Linnaeus, D . grandiflorum Linnaeus, and D . tatsienense Franchet--have been commonly cultivated in North America. Of the nonnative taxa, only D . elatum is sporadically naturalized , as far as is known. Isolating mechanisms in Delphinium appear to be primarily ecological, geographic, and/or temporal . Where these distinctions are disrupted, introgression often exists. Hybridization occurs regularly between certain taxa, particularly in areas of disturbance (e.g. , roadcuts, drainage ditches, clearcuts) . The more common and easily recognized hybrids are included in the key .

Many names have been misapplied in Delphinium . The few misapplied names mentioned in discussions below refer to relatively widespread problems.[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Care: Deer resistant. Heat tolerant . Use slug bait as needed. Work bone meal around the plants . Treat mildew with a mildew spray or dusting sulfur. When flowers fade, cut spikes just above foliage , leaving a foot of old stem.

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15" apart. Allow seedheads to dry on plant before collection . Propate from seed by directly sowing outdoors in fall or using a coldframe or unheated greenhouse in winter. Finish planting by mid-April.

Soil: Prefers cool, rich, moist soil with a summer mulch. Needs good winter drainage .

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun to partial shade.

Moisture: Water Requirements: Irrigate flowering plants freely at their base . Sprinkling may cause mildew .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Delphinium exaltatum Aiton var. scopulorum (A. Gray) Huth • Delphinium Exaltatum Scopulorum

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Delphinium

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 205 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

D. (Larkspur 'delgaal1') · D. ajacis 'Lonnies' (Rocket Larkspur) · D. alabamicum (Alabama Larkspur) · D. alpestre (Colorado Larkspur) · D. andersonii (Anderson's Larkspur) · D. andersonii var. andersonii (Anderson´s Larkspur) · D. andesicola (Chiricahua Mountain Larkspur) · D. andesicola amplum (Chiricahua Mountain Larkspur) · D. andesicola andesicola (Chiricahua Mountain Larkspur) · D. antoninum (Tracy's Larkspur) · D. bakeri (Baker's Delphinium) · D. barbeyi (Barbey Larkspur) · D. basalticum (Basalt Larkspur) · D. bicolor (Flat-Head Larkspur) · D. bicolor bicolor (Little Larkspur) · D. bicolor calcicola (Little Larkspur) · D. bicolor var. montanense (Flathead Larkspur) · D. bicolor subsp. calcicola (Little Larkspur) · D. brachycentrum (Northern Larkspur) · D. brunonianum (Delphinium) · D. burkei (Burk Larkspur) · D. californicum (California Coast Larkspur) · D. californicum californicum (California Larkspur) · D. californicum californicum var. cardiophylla (California Larkspur) · D. californicum californicum var. cuneata (California Larkspur) · D. californicum f. longipilis (California Larkspur) · D. californicum interius (California Larkspur) · D. californicum interius var. integrifolia (California Larkspur) · D. californicum subsp. interius (California Larkspur) · D. cardinale (Scarlet Larkspur) · D. carolinianum (Carolina Larkspur) · D. carolinianum calciphilum (Carolina Larkspur) · D. carolinianum penardii (Carolina Larkspur) · D. carolinianum vimineum (Carolina Larkspur) · D. carolinianum virescens (Carolina Larkspur) · D. carolinianum subsp. calciphilum (Carolina Larkspur) · D. carolinianum subsp. vimineum (Carolina Larkspur) · D. carolinianum subsp. virescens (Carolina Larkspur) · D. caseyi (Casey's Larkspur) · D. chamissonis (Chamisso's Larkspur) · D. confertiflorum (Larkspur) · D. cultorum 'King Arthur' (Delphinium) · D. decorum (Coastal Larkspur) · D. decorum decorum (Coast Larkspur) · D. decorum tracyi (Coastal Larkspur) · D. decorum var. nevadense (Yellow-Tinge Larkspur) · D. decorum subsp. tracyi (Coastal Larkspur) · D. depauperatum (Slim Larkspur) · D. distichum (Two-Spike Larkspur) · D. elatum (Candle Delphinium) · D. elatum elatum (Candle Delphinium) · D. elatum 'Aurora Blue' (Candle Delphinium) · D. elatum 'Aurora Deep Purple' (Candle Delphinium) · D. elatum 'Barfourtyfour' (Candle Larkspur 'barfourtyfour') · D. elatum 'Blue Bird' (Candle Delphinium) · D. elatum 'Blue Lace' (Candle Delphinium) · D. elatum 'Blushing Brides' (Candle Delphinium) · D. elatum 'Brocade' (Candle Delphinium) · D. elatum 'Coral Sunset' (Larkspur) · D. elatum 'Delphis Hollands Glorie' (Larkspur 'delphis Hollands Glorie') · D. elatum 'Galahad' (Candle Delphinium) · D. elatum 'Green Twist' (Candle Delphinium) · D. elatum 'Justina' (Delphinium) · D. elatum 'Pacific Giant Round Table Mix' (Candle Delphinium) · D. elatum 'Sarita' (Larkspur) · D. elatum 'Summer Skies' (Candle Delphinium) · D. exaltatum (Tall Larkspur) · D. formosum (Hardy Larkspur) · D. geraniifolium (Clark Valley Larkspur) · D. geyeri (Geyer Larkspur) · D. glareosum (Olympic Larkspur) · D. glaucescens (Electric Peak Larkspur) · D. glaucescens multicaule (Glaucous Larkspur) · D. glaucum (Mountain Larkspur) · D. gracilentum (Pine Forest Larkspur) · D. grandiflorum (Blue Mirror Delphinium) · D. grandiflorum 'Blue Butterfly' (Dwarf Chinese Delphinium) · D. grandiflorum 'Butterfly Mixed' (Dwarf Chinese Delphinium) · D. grandiflorum 'Butterfly Rose' (Dwarf Chinese Delphinium) · D. grandiflorum 'Dwarf Blue Butterfly' (Dwarf Blue Butterfly Chinese Delphinium) · D. grandiflorum 'Summer Blues' (Chinese Delphinium) · D. grandiflorum 'Summer Nights' (Summer Nights Chinese Delphinium) · D. grandiflorum 'Summer Stars' (Summer Stars Delphinium) · D. gypsophilum (Gypsum Loving Larkspur) · D. gypsophilum gypsophilum (Gypsum-Loving Larkspur) · D. gypsophilum parviflorum (Pinoche Creek Larkspur) · D. gypsophilum subsp. parviflorum (Pinoche Creek Larkspur) · D. hansenii arcuatum (Eldorado Larkspur) · D. hansenii ewanianum (Eldorado Larkspur) · D. hansenii hansenii (Eldorado Larkspur) · D. hansenii kernense (Kern Larkspur) · D. hansenii subsp. ewanianum (Ewan's Larkspur) · D. hesperium (Foothill Larkspur) · D. hesperium cuyamacae (Cuyamaca Larkspur) · D. hesperium hesperium (Foothill Larkspur) · D. hesperium pallescens (Foothill Larkspur) · D. hesperium subsp. cuyamacae (Foothill Larkspur) · D. hesperium subsp. hesperium (Foothill Larkspur) · D. hesperium subsp. pallescens (Foothill Larkspur) · D. hutchinsoniae (Hutchinson's Larkspur)

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Further Reading

• 1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants Cambridge: IUCN, World Conservation Union, 1998 url p. 482.
• A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- url p. 522, p. 522, p. 523, p. 523.
• A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations, Cedar Rapids, Ia., The Torch Press, 1911. url , , .
• A manual of poisonous plants: chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations / by L. H. Pammel. 1911 Cedar Rapids, Ia.: The Torch Press, 1910-11. url p. 845.
• A popular flora of Denver, Colorado, / by Alice Eastwood. San Francisco: Zoe Publishing Company. .., [1893] url p. 4, p. 4.
• An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] url p. 188.
• Annual report / Albany: University of the State of New York, 1902-1918. url p. 37.
• Annual report upon explorations and surveys in the department of the Missouri / Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1878. url p. 1833.
• Annual report. United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. 1st-12th, 1867-1878. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1867-83. url p. 759.
• Beef cattle production [by] Kenneth A. Wagnon, Reuben Albaugh [and] George H. Hart. New York, Macmillan[1960] url p. 379.
• Bibliographical index to North American botany; or, Citations of authorities for all the recorded indigenous and naturalized species of the flora of North America, with a chronological arrangement of the synonymy. by Sereno Watson. Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1878. url p. 14.
• Botany Cambridge, Mass., John Wilson and Son, 1880 url p. 11, p. 427.
• Botany. By W. H. Brewer, Sereno Watson, and Asa Gray. Boston, Little, Brown, 1880. url p. 427.
• Botany. Cambridge, Mass., Welch, Bigelow, University Press, 1876-80. url p. 11, p. 11, p. 427.
• Botany. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1871. url .
• Britton, N. L. (ed.). North American flora. [New York]New York Botanical Garden. url p. 1036, p. 56, p. 76.
• Bulletin / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Washington: G.P.O., 1901-1913. url p. 11, p. 41, p. 48.
• Bulletin of miscellaneous information /Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1902 London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1900-1941. url p. 84.
• Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 1 1898 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., url p. 144.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 28 1901 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870-1996 url p. 276, p. 31, p. 36.
• Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. [Washington, D.C.?]: Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., 1913-1923. url p. 20, p. 4, p. 91.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- url p. 160, p. 187, p. 35.
• Catalogue of Canadian plants. .. Montreal [etc.]1883-1902. url , , p. 25, p. 299, p. 299.
• Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. New York: The Garden, 1899- url p. 322.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 13 1909-1912 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 162, p. 185, p. 211, p. 245, p. 246, p. 276, p. 277, p. 284.
• Diseases of cattle, sheep, goats and swine / by G. Moussu and Jno. A. W. Dollar. Chicago: American Veterinary Pub.Co., 1920. url p. 233.
• Elementary flora of the Northwest, by Theodore C. Frye. .. and George B. Rigg. .. Cincinnati [etc.]American book company[c1914] url p. 98.
• Entomological news, and proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia[Entomological Rooms of the Academy of Natural Sciences] url p. 39.
• Experimental pollination; an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects, by Frederic E. Clements and Frances L. Long. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1923. url , p. 111, p. 124, p. 2, p. 22, p. 23, p. 25, p. 250, p. 251, p. 252, p. 254, p. 255, p. 257, p. 272.
• Farmer's cyclopedia: a compilation of such bulletins and reports as are indispensable to the practical farmer. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1914. url p. 402.
• Flora Franciscana. An attempt to classify and describe the vascular plants of middle California. By Edward L. Greene. San Francisco, Cubery & Co., Printers, 1891-97. url p. 303.
• Flora of New Mexico / by E.O. Wooton and Paul C. Standley. Washington: G.P.O., 1915. url p. 246.
• Flora of New Mexico. By E.O. Wooton and Paul C. Standley. WashingtonGovt. Print. Off.1915 url p. 246.
• Flora of Santa Catalina island (California) / Charles Frederick Millspaugh and Lawrence William Nuttall. 5 1923 Chicago, 1923. url p. 104.
• Flora of southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho / by Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie. Lancaster, Pa.: New Era, 1914. url p. 108.
• Flora of the Yellowstone National Park / by Frank Tweedy. Washington, D.C.: F. Tweedy, 1886. url p. 26, p. 26.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1987 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 509.
• Leaflets of western botany. San Fransisco:[J. T. Howell], 1932-1966. url p. 96.
• Life histories of North American birds, from the parrots to the grackles, with special reference to their breeding habits and eggs, Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1895. url .
• List of plants collected by Mr. J. B. Tyrrell in the Klondike region in 1899 John Macoun. Ottawa?: s.n., 1899? url .
• New manual of botany of the central Rocky mountains (vascular plants) by John M. Coulter, rev. by Aven Nelson. Cincinnati [etc.]American book company[c1909] url p. 192, p. 193.
• North American fauna. Washington: Fish and Wildlife Service; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off. url p. 93.
• Notes on western range forbs: Equisetaceae through Fumariaceae / by William A. Dayton. Washington, D.C.: Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1960. url p. 182, p. 184.
• Our native birds of song and beauty, being a complete history of all the songbirds, flycatchers, hummingbirds, swifts, goatsuckers, woodpeckers, kingfishers, trogons, cuckoos, and parrots, of North America. Milwaukee, G. Brumder, 1893-96. url .
• Pamphlets on forestry in California. [1900?- url p. 92.
• Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 115, p. 476, p. 487, p. 488, p. 489, p. 5, p. 80, p. 81.
• Plant indicators: the relation of plant communities to process and practice. WashingtonCarnegie Institution of Washington1920 url p. 160, p. 187.
• Preliminary catalogue of plants poisonous to stock. By V.K. Chesnut. .. Washington, 1898? url p. 401.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia url p. 57.
• Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18. Ottawa, F. A. Acland, Printer to the King, 1919- url .
• Report of the geological exploration of the fortieth parallel / Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1870-80 url p. 11.
• Report on an exploration in the Yukon district, N.W.T., and adjacent northern portion of British Columbia, 1887 by George M. Dawson. Montreal: Dawson, 1888. url .
• Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Made under the direction of the secretary of war, in 1853-[6]. .. 4 1856 Washington, A.O.P. Nicholson, Printer [etc.]1855-60. url p. 63.
• Rocky mountain flowers; an illustrated guide for plantlovers and plant-users; with twenty-five plates in color and twenty-one plates in black and white [by] Frederic Edward Clements...and Edith Schwartz Clements... 1914 New York city, the H.W. Wilson company, 1914. url explanation of plate 1, p. 5.
• Studies on Rocky Mountain flora. New York, New York Botanical Garden, 1899-1913. url p. 322.
• Text-book of pastoral and agricultural botany, for the study of the injurious and useful plants of country and farm, by John W. Harshberger. .. with 121 illustrations. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co., [c1920] url p. 60.
• Textbook of pastoral and agricultural botany, for the study of the injurious and useful plants of country and farm, by John W. Harshberger. .. with 121 illustrations. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co., [c1920] url p. 60, p. 60.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 345.
• The English rock-garden, by Reginald Farrer. London, Jack, 1919. url p. 276.
• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url p. 276.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url , p. 218.
• The Ottawa naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 210, p. 210.
• The vegetation of a desert mountain range as conditioned by climatic factors, Washington, D. C., Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1915. url .
• Torrey, J. Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey: made under the direction of the secretary of the Interior /by William H. Emory, major First Cavalry, and United States commissioner. Washington: C. Wendell, printer, 1857-59. url p. 30, p. 30.
• Transactions of the. .. annual meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: Kansas Pub. House, 1883-1901. url p. 96.
• Watson, S. Botany /by Sereno Watson, aided by Daniel C. Eaton, and others. 5 1871 Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1871. url p. 11.
• Year book - Carnegie Institution of Washington. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington url p. 335, p. 349.
• Ewan, J. 1945. A synopsis of the North American species of Delphinium. Univ. Colorado Stud., Ser. D, Phys. Sci. 2: 55-244.
• Lewis, H. and C. Epling. 1954. A taxonomic study of Californian delphiniums. Brittonia 8: 1-22.
• Taylor, R. J. 1960. The genus Delphinium in Wyoming. Univ. Wyoming Publ. 24: 9-21.
• Warnock, M. J. 1993. Delphinium. In: J. C. Hickman, ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual. Higher Plants of California. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London. Pp. 916-922.
• Warnock, M. J. 1995. A taxonomic conspectus of North American Delphinium. Phytologia 78(2): 73-101.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2676261
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-565126
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13735653
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:710996-1
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 732709

Footnotes

1. Wencai Wang, Dezhi Fu, Liang-Qian Li, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, Bryan E. Dutton, Michael G. Gilbert, Yuichi Kadota, Orbélia R. Robinson, Michio Tamura, Michael J. Warnock, Guanghua Zhu & Svetlana N. Ziman "Ranunculaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 133. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Michael J. Warnock "Delphinium". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.