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Cyrtomium caryotideum

(Dwarf Holly Fern, Dwarf Netvein Hollyfern, Fishtail Holly Fern, Kaapeape)

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Asiatic Holly Fern, Dwarf Holly Fern, Dwarf Netvein Hollyfern, Fishtail Holly Fern, Holly Fern, Kaapeape

Description

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Family Dryopteridaceae

Plants perennial , terrestrial or on rock, occasionally hemiepiphytic or epiphytic. Stems creeping to erect , rarely arborescent , sometimes climbing , branched or unbranched, dictyostelic, bearing scales . Leaves circinate in bud, monomorphic or dimorphic . Petiole usually not articulate to stem, scales usually persistent at base , in cross section with 2--many roundish bundles, or bundles 2 and lunate . Blade simple to commonly 1--5-pinnate or more divided , leaf buds absent or present. Veins pinnate or parallel in ultimate segments, simple or forked , free or anastomosing, areoles sometimes with included free veinlets. Indument on blade commonly of glands , hairs , and/or scales, especially on rachis and costae abaxially. Sori borne abaxially on veins or at vein tips (but usually not marginal ), or sporangia acrostichoid and covering abaxial surface, if in discrete sori then variously shaped (round, oblong , or elongate ) ; receptacle not or only slightly elevated , with or without indusium, indusium variously linear , falcate , or reniform , sometimes hoodlike, cuplike, or round. Sporangia with stalk of 2--3 rows of cells ; annulus vertical , interrupted by stalk. Spores all of 1 kind, usually not green (except Matteuccia, Onoclea ), oblong or reniform in outline, monolete, variously ornamented (often broadly winged ), 64 per sporangium (32 in apogamous spp. ) . Gametophytes green, aboveground, cordate, glabrous or often bearing glands or hairs; archegonia and antheridia borne on lower surface, antheridia 3-celled.

Genera ca. 60, species perhaps exceeding 3000 (18 genera, 79 species in the flora ) : worldwide.

The family Dryopteridaceae has been variously circumscribed; it is here delimited in a manner similar to that of R. M. Tryon and A. F. Tryon (1982) but with the inclusion of Nephrolepis . In many works, the family has gone under the illegitimate name Aspidiaceae. Some authorities define Dryopteridaceae more narrowly, to exclude Athyrium, Deparia, Diplazium, Cystopteris, and Gymnocarpium (Athyriaceae or Woodsiaceae), Woodsia (Woodsiaceae), Lomariopsis (Lomariopsidaceae), Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae or Davalliaceae), Onoclea and Matteuccia (Onocleaceae), and Ctenitis and Tectaria (Tectariaceae) . Characteristics holding Dryopteridaceae (as circumscribed here) together include the bilateral , monolete spores, often broadly winged perispore, absence of needlelike hairs, scaly stem and petiole bases, abaxial (nonmarginal) sori, base chromosome number of 40 or 41 (also 38 and 39 in Woodsia, 37 in Onoclea, 42 in Cystopteris ), and usually indusiate sori. Loss of indusium, dimorphism , areolate venation , and reduced blade dissection have occurred repeatedly along many evolutionary lines in Dryopteridaceae, and in general these characteristics are often not very useful in delimiting genera or assessing intergeneric relationships .

In some genera, especially Phanerophlebia and Polystichum, the blade bears very narrow scales (sometimes called microscales) that resemble uniseriate hairs. These scales may be only one or two cells wide. Every intergradation exists between these filiform microscales and more typical, wider scales, and the two types are the same color, generally tan to brownish. Microscales are probably not homologous with true hairs, which may be either unicellular or multicellular , uncolored or sometimes reddish (as in Tectaria and Ctenitis ), glandular (as in Woodsia ) or not. Hairs in Dryopteridaceae, if present at all, are generally readily distinguishable from the needlelike, transparent ones found in Thelypteridaceae.Alan R. Smith "Dryopteridaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Genus Cyrtomium

Plants terrestrial or on rock. Stems erect or ascending , stolons absent. Leaves monomorphic , evergreen . Petiole ± 1/2--3/4 length of blade , base not swollen; vascular bundles more than 3, arranged in arc, ± round in cross section . Blade oblong-lanceolate, 1-pinnate with pinnae not lobed , distal pinnae only slightly smaller, blade ending in basally lobed pinna ± similar to lateral pinnae, papery or somewhat leathery. Pinnae not articulate to rachis, segment margins crenate to spinulose , sometimes also coarsely dentate ; proximal pinnae not reduced, petiolulate , equilateral or somewhat inequilateral with acroscopic base more developed; costae adaxially grooved , grooves continuous from rachis to costae; indument of filiform scales abaxially, absent adaxially. Veins elaborately anastomosing, areoles formed with 1--3 included veinlets . Sori in 2 or more rows between midrib and margin, round. Indusia peltate, persistent or caducous . Spores brown, with inflated folds or wings. x = 41.

Species ca. 15: North America, Asia, Africa including Madagascar, Pacific Islands in Hawaii.

This difficult genus requires further systematic study. Estimates of species numbers have ranged from 9 (C. Christensen 1930) to 59 (Shing K . H. 1965). The group might better be considered a subgenus of Polystichum, from which it is poorly differentiated morphologically.George Yatskievych "Cyrtomium". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Physical Description

Habit: Spreading upright perennial .

Flowers: Bloom Period: n/a

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 8-24" tall.

Landscaping

Care: Needs some wind protection.

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,660 meters (0 to 5,446 feet).Mean = 757.820 meters (2,486.286 feet), Standard Deviation = 432.660 based on 28 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre.

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15" apart.

Soil: Needs good drainage . • Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Partial to full shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Unambiguous Synonyms

  1. Cyrtomium caryotideum (Wallich ex Hook. & Grev.) K. Presl

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000.

Place of publication : Tent. pterid. 86, t. 2, fig. 26. 1836

Name verified on 07-Nov-1995 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 22-May-1997

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Cyrtomium

There are approximately 97 species in this genus:

C. abbreviatum · C. acutidens · C. aequibasis · C. atropunctatum · C. balansae · C. boydiae · C. brevicuneatum · C. butterfieldii · C. caducum · C. calcicola · C. caryotideum (Dwarf Holly Fern) · C. caryotideum var. aequibasis · C. caryotideum var. micropteron · C. chingianum · C. clivicola · C. clivicolum · C. confertifolium · C. conforme · C. devexiscapulae · C. dubium · C. elongatum · C. falcata · C. falcatum (Asian Net-Vein Holly Fern) · C. falcatum 'Butterfieldii' · C. falcatum 'Muricatum' · C. falcatum'Rochford' (Japanese Holly Fern) · C. falcatum 'Rochfordianum' (Holly Fern) · C. falcatum 'Rockford' (Holly Fern) · C. falcatum f. pseudofortunei · C. falcatum f. unicoliindusium · C. falcatum var. maritimum (Mini Holly Fern) · C. fatuum · C. fortunei (Asian Netvein Hollyfern) · C. fortunei var. atropunctatum · C. fortunei var. clivicola · C. fraxinellum · C. grossum · C. guatemalense · C. guizhouense · C. haitense · C. haitiense · C. hemionitis · C. heterodon · C. hookerianum · C. hunanense · C. integripinnum · C. integrum · C. juglandifolium · C. juglandifolium var. latifolium · C. kwantungense · C. laetevirens · C. latifalcatum · C. lonchitoides · C. longipes · C. macrophyllum (Big-Leaf Holly Fern) · C. macrophyllum var. microindusium · C. macropterum · C. macrosorum · C. maximum · C. microindusium · C. micropterum · C. muticum · C. neocaryotideum · C. nephrolepioides · C. nervosum · C. nobile · C. obliquum · C. omeiense · C. pachyphyllum · C. pumilum · C. recurvum · C. regia · C. remotisporum · C. retrosopaleaceum · C. salicipinnum · C. serratum · C. shandongense · C. shingianum · C. shunningense · C. simile · C. sinningense · C. spectabile · C. tachiroanum · C. taiwanense · C. taiwanianum · C. tengii · C. trapezoideum · C. tsinglingense · C. tukusicola · C. uniseriale · C. urophyllum · C. vittatum · C. wangianum · C. yamamotoi · C. yiangshanense · C. yuanum · C. yunnanense

Bibliography

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More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 01, 2008:

Identifiers

Footnotes

Last Revised: 2008-09-13