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• Conservation Status
• Taxonomy
• Physical Description
• Distribution
• Reproduction
• Similar Species
• Bibliography
• More Info
• Notes
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Overview:

Critically Endangered

Conservation Status

NatureServe: G1 Critically Imperiled

US Endangered Species Act: Endangered. The Ha`iwale was first listed on May 15, 1992. It is currently designated as Endangered in the Entire Range. Within the area covered by this listing, this species is known to occur in: Hawaii. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Pacific Region (Region 1) is the lead region for this entity. More info.

Taxonomy

Notes:

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Occas. Pap. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 7:36. 1920

Name verified on 15-Apr-1994 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 22-May-1997

Physical Description

Family Gesneriaceae:

Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, whorled or basal, rosette forming; exstipulate; usually simple, rarely shallowly to deeply lobed, pinnately or rarely palmately veined. Inflorescences usually cymes, rarely racemes, axillary, often near apex and appearing terminal; usually pedunculate. Flowers perfect, zygomorphic, seldom actinomorphic. Calyx actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic; usually (4 or) 5-divided. Corolla gamopetalous, zygomorphic, rarely actinomorphic; usually 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2 or 4, then often didynamous, rarely 5, epipetalous; anthers free or coherent, thecae 2, parallel, divergent, or divaricate; staminodes 1-3 or absent. Disc ringlike to cupular, rarely absent. Ovary superior in all Old World taxa [half inferior, or inferior], 1-loculed; gynophore seldom present; placentas (1 or) 2, parietal, rarely 2-loculed, placenta 1 per locule and axile; ovules numerous, anatropous. Style 1; stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit usually capsular, loculicidal, septicidal, or circumscissile, rarely a berry, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, fusiform to ellipsoid or ovoid, minute, sometimes with appendages at 1 or both ends, with or without endosperm; embryo straight, cotyledons equal or unequal after germination.

About 133 genera and 3000 species: Africa, Central and South America, E and S Asia, S Europe, Oceania; 56 genera (25 endemic) and 442 species (354 endemic) in China.

A few foreign well-known ornamental species are cultivated in China, including the florist's gloxinia, Sinningia speciosa (Loddiges) Hiern, and African violet, Saintpaulia ionantha Wendland.

The two ovary carpels may each produce a stigma; these stigmas are fused into a single structure. Some students of Gesneriaceae have considered the stigma to be single and either simple (capitate) or 2-lobed, whereas others consider each of the two stigmas as units. We have maintained the latter usage, but a family-wide investigation of stigma development is needed. The distinction can be blurred, however, because the stigmas may be completely fused into one with a capitate apex (as in Didymocarpus) or one of the two carpels or stigmas may be aborted resulting in a single stigma that may or may not be 2-lobed.^[1]

Genus Cyrtandra:

Herbs, shrubs, or seldom small trees, perennial, terrestrial, not rhizomatous. Stems branched or simple. Leaves usually few, along stem, opposite, whorled, or rarely alternate, equal to subequal in a pair; leaf blade glabrous to densely pubescent, pilose, villous, or sericeous, base attenuate to cuneate, rarely to cordate. Inflorescences lax or dense, axillary or rarely cauliflorous, 1- to many-flowered cymes; bracts 2 or absent, opposite. Calyx actinomorphic or zygomorphic; 2-5(or 6) -lobed; lobes equal to unequal. Corolla white to yellow, occasionally green, orange, reddish, or purplish, zygomorphic or rarely actinomorphic, inside glabrous to pubescent; tube campanulate to salverform, funnelform, or cylindric, not swollen, usually much longer than limb; limb usually 2-lipped; adaxial lip 2-lobed, shorter than to slightly exceeding abaxial lip; abaxial lip 3-lobed, lobes equal or central lobe longer, apex rounded or obtuse, rarely acute. Stamens 2, adnate to abaxial side of corolla tube near middle, usually included; anthers basifixed to dorsifixed, coherent or free, thecae slightly divergent to divergent, confluent or not, dehiscing longitudinally; connective not projecting or apiculate; staminodes 2 or 3, adnate to adaxial side of corolla tube. Disc ringlike or rarely cupular. Ovary ovoid to oblong, 1-loculed; placentas 2, parietal, projecting inward, 2-cleft. Stigma 1, terminal, capitate to ovoid or obtriangular, undivided or sometimes 2-lobed. Berry fleshy to leathery, ovoid to oblong, slightly longer to shorter than calyx, indehiscent. Seeds unappendaged.

About 350-600 species: SE Asia, Pacific Islands; one species in China.^[2]

Habit: Shrub

Images:

Distribution

Range and Population

Oceania

Native: .

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Similar Species

Members of the genus Cyrtandra:

There are approximately 1,164 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: C. argentata latifolia · C. kealiae urceolata · C. aclada · C. acmule · C. acriserrata · C. acuminata · C. acuminifolia · C. acutangula · C. adine · C. adnata · C. adpressa · C. adusta · C. aequalis · C. aeruginosa · C. agrihanensis · C. agusanensis · C. ahome · C. alata (Cyrtandra) · C. alaustri · C. alba · C. albertisi · C. albibracteata · C. albula · C. alikaensis · C. alnea (Cyrtandra) · C. alnifolia · C. aloisiana · C. alvarezii · C. ambigua (Ambiguous Cyrtandra) · C. ambiqua · C. amicta · C. amische · C. ammitophila · C. ampla · C. amplifolia · C. anatolike · C. anaxie · C. andersonii · C. aneiteensis · C. angularis · C. angustielliptica · C. angustii · C. angustivenosa · C. anise · C. anisophylla · C. anisopoda · C. anthropophagorum · C. antoniana · C. antuana · C. apaensis · C. apiculata · C. apoensis · C. arachnoidea · C. arborescens · C. arbuscula · C. areolata · C. areolata var. grandis · C. arfakensis · C. argentata · C. argentata subsp. latifolia · C. aristata · C. asaroides · C. asikii · C. ataute · C. atherocalyx · C. athrocarpa · C. atomigyna (Cyrtandra) · C. atrichoides · C. atrichos · C. atropurpurea · C. attenuata · C. audensis · C. augusti · C. augustii · C. aundensis · C. aurantiaca · C. auranticarpa · C. aurantiicarpa · C. aurea · C. aureo-sericea · C. aureotincta · C. auriculata · C. austrohiloensis · C. axillantha · C. axillaris · C. axilliflora (Axilflower Cyrtandra) · C. badia · C. baeotricha · C. baileyi · C. banyingii · C. barbata · C. barnesii · C. basiflora · C. basipartita (Cyrtandra) · C. basirotundata · C. bataanensis · C. bataviensis · C. beamanii · C. beccarii · C. beckmanni

Bibliography

• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. (L US Can ed2)
• United States Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Species Information: threatened and endangered animals and plants - on-line resource. (US Fish & Wildl List)
• Wagner, W. L. et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. (F Hawaii)
• Wagner, W. L. et al. 1999. Hawaiian vascular plants at risk:1999. Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 60:35.
• Wang Wentsai, Pan Kaiyu, & Li Zhenyu. 1990. Gesneriaceae. In: Wang Wentsai, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 69: 125-581.

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Notes

Contributors:

• African Regional Workshop (Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees, Zimbabwe) 1998. Pericopsis elata. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
• Barneby RC and Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Barneby RC & Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Barneby RC & Grimes JW (Monograph 1996/97), 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
• BioSystematic Database of World Diptera, 7.0, 2005.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/]. Access date: Nov 23, 2005
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 21, 2007.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed September 17, 2007.
• Carr, Gerald
• Chappill J, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Cristofolini G, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Fautin, Daphne G. (from Hexacorallians of the World).
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 27, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• Hexacorallians of the World 2001.
• Heyn CC & Heller D 1991/1993 (from ILDIS).
• Home of the Xylariaceae 2006.
• ILDIS World Database of Legumes, 10, Nov 2005
• ILDIS World Database of LegumesNov 10, 2005.
• Lewis GP, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
• Nghia, N.H. 1998. Dalbergia entadoides. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
• Nielsen IC and Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS).
• Nielsen IC & Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS).
• Nielsen IC and Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS World Database of Legumes).
• Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Accessed March 01, 2006. www.iobis.org
• Parhost World Database of FleasNov 2, 2005.
• Pasquet RS, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 8, 2007.
• Podlech D, 1996 (from ILDIS).
• Polhill RM, 1993 (from ILDIS).
• Rhytismatales database 2006.
• Ross JH, 2001-01 (from ILDIS).
• Schrire BD, 1994-10 (from ILDIS).
• Sokoloff DD, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).
• Species Fungorum 2006.
• Stirton CH, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• The Global Lepidoptera Names Index2, 12.2, 2005.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• The Virtual Field Herbarium.
• Thomson, Christian (from Diptera).
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 27, 2008)
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
• Vaz AMSF, 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
• World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Adenanthera intermedia. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
• Zarucchi JL, 1993 (from ILDIS).
• van der Maesen LJG, 1993 (from ILDIS).
• van der Maesen, LJG, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 03, 2008:

• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers:

• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 34207
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13748045
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:379775-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDGES03350
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species Identifier: Q28I
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CYMU5
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 34186

Footnotes:

1. Wencai Wang, Kai-yu Pan, Zhen-yu Li, Anna L. Weitzman & Laurence E. Skog "Gesneriaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 244. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
2. "Cyrtandra". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 395. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.