Cynanchum vincetoxicum

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Apocynaceae

Trees , shrubs , or vines , rarely subshrubs or herbs, with latex or rarely watery juice. Leaves simple , opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, pinnately veined; stipules absent or rarely present. Inflorescences cymose , terminal or axillary , with bracteoles. Flowers bisexual , 5- [or 4]-merous, actinomorphic . Calyx 5- or rarely 4-partite, quincuncial, basal glands usually present. Corolla 5- or rarely 4-lobed, salverform , funnelform , urceolate , or rarely rotate, lobes overlapping to right or left, rarely valvate . Stamens 5 or rarely 4; filaments short; anthers mostly sagittate , free or connivent into a cone adherent to pistil head , dehiscing longitudinally, base rounded , cordate, sagittate, or prolonged into an empty spur; pollen granular ; disc ringlike or cup-shaped, 2-5-lobed, or absent. Ovaries superior, rarely half-inferior, connate or distinct , 1- or 2-locular; ovules (1 or) 2-numerous per locule. Style 1; pistil head capitate, conical , or lampshade-shaped, base stigmatic, apex 2-cleft and not stigmatic . Fruit a berry, drupe, capsule, or follicle. Seeds with or without coma; endosperm thick and often horny , scanty, sometimes absent; embryo straight or nearly so, cotyledons often large, radicle terete .

About 155 genera and 2000 species distributed primarily in the tropics and subtropics, poorly represented in the temperate regions . Of the 44 genera and 145 species present in China, one genus and 38 species are endemic, and nearly 95% of the taxa grow in the southern and southwestern portions of the country.

Fruit type is highly diversified in the family , and it is diagnostic of many genera. Genera 1-4 produce 1, 2-celled berries from a flower; genus 5 produces 2, 1-celled berries from a flower; 6 and 7 produce mostly fleshy follicles containing deeply indented seeds with ruminate endosperm; 8 has follicles and winged seeds; 9 produces follicles and seeds with 2 comas; 10-12 have follicles with globose seeds; 13-18 have drupes mostly with fleshy mesocarp; 19 has samaroid fruit; 20 has spiny capsules with seeds winged all around; and 21-44 have free or fused follicles and comose seeds. Double flowers are known only from cultivated forms of Nerium oleander, Tabernaemontana divaricata, and Wrightia religiosa.

Plants of the Apocynaceae are often poisonous and are rich in alkaloids or glycosides, especially in the seeds and latex. Some species are valuable sources of medicine, insecticides , fibers, and rubber.[1]

Genus Cynanchum

Subshrubs or perennial herbs, erect or twining , often rhizomatous . Roots fibrous , woody or fleshy . Leaves opposite, rarely whorled , often petiolate , axils sometimes with small stipulelike leaves. Inflorescences extra-axillary or occasionally terminal , rarely axillary , umbel-like, corymbose , or racemelike. Sepals erect, often with basal glands . Corolla rotate or subrotate; tube short; lobes patent or reflexed , overlapping to right or left, rarely subvalvate. Corona inserted at base of gynostegium, membranous or fleshy, cupular, cylindric , or deeply 5-divided, sometimes with adaxial appendages . Filaments connate into tube, anthers with membranous apical appendages; pollinia 2 per pollinarium , pendulous. Stigma head convex or short conical . Follicles fusiform or lanceolate, usually smooth , rarely narrowly winged or setose .

About 200 species: Africa, North and South America, Asia, Europe; 57 species in China.[2]

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,500 meters (0 to 8,202 feet).[3]

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Cynanchum (E. Fourn.) Liede Sect. Telminostelma • Cynanchum (Raf.) Liede Sect. Macbridea • Cynanchum L. • Cynanchum Liede Sect. Formosum • Cynanchum Liede Sect. Microphyllum • Cynanchum Linnaeus • Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. • Vincetoxicum officinale Moench

Notes

Publishing author : Pers. Publication : Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 1: 274 1805 [1 Apr-15 Jun 1805]

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Cynanchum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 31 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

C. anegadense (Caribbean Swallow-Wort) · C. angustifolium (Gulf Coast Swallow-Wort) · C. aphyllum (Cynanchum) · C. arizonicum (Arizona Swallow-Wort) · C. barbigerum (Bearded Swallow-Wort) · C. blodgettii (Blodgett's Swallow-Wort) · C. cheesmanii (Cheesman's Swallow-Wort) · C. cubense (Cuban Swallow-Wort) · C. danguyanum (Cynanchum) · C. ephedroides (Puerto Rico Swallow-Wort) · C. formosum (Swallow-Wort) · C. grisebachianum (Grisebach's Swallow-Wort) · C. laeve (Blue Vined Milkweed) · C. ligulatum (Mexican Swallow-Wort) · C. lineare (West Indian Swallow-Wort) · C. louiseae (Black Swallow-Wort) · C. maccartii (Maccart's Swallow-Wort) · C. marnierianum (Cynanchum) · C. microphyllum (Swallow-Wort) · C. monense (Mona Island Swallow-Wort) · C. northropiae (Fragrant Swallow-Wort) · C. odoratum (Latexplant) · C. parviflorum (Smallflower Swallow-Wort) · C. perrieri (Swallow-Wort) · C. pringlei (Pringle's Swallow-Wort) · C. racemosum (Talayote) · C. racemosum var. unifarium (Talayote) · C. rossicum (European Swallow-Wort) · C. scoparium (Leafless Swallow-Wort) · C. utahense (Swallowwort) · C. vincetoxicum (White Shallow-Wort)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A general history of the dichlamydeous plants, comprising complete descriptions of the different orders; together with the characters of the genera and species, and an enumeration of the cultivated varieties. .. the scientific names accentuated, t By George Don. London, J.G. and F. Rivington [etc.]1831-38. url p. 152, p. 153, p. 67.
• A general system of gardening and botany. Founded upon Miller's Gardener's dictionary, and arranged according to the natural system. By George Don. London, Printed for C. J. G. and F. Rivington, 1831-38. url p. 152, p. 153.
• A text-book of plant diseases caused by cryptogamic parasites, by George Massee. .. London: Duckworth and co.;1907. url p. 235, p. 468.
• Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsinki: Societas, 1875-1980. url .
• Botanic drugs, their materia medica, pharmacology, and therapeutics, by Thomas S. Blair. Cincinnati, O.: The Therapeutic digest publishing co., 1917. url p. 344.
• Botanisk tidsskrift / utgivet af den Botaniske forening i København. København: G.E.C. Gads Forlag, 1866-1981. url p. 365.
• British and European butterflies and moths (Macrolepidoptera). By A. W. Kappel. .. and W. Egmont Kirby. .. With thirty coloured plates by H. Deuchert and S. Slocombe. Printed in [Nuremberg] Bavaria. London, E. Nister;[1895] url p. 161.
• Catalogue of scientific papers (1800-1900) Comp. by the Royal society of London. Cambridge, C. J. Clay and sons, 1867-1902; url p. 693.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. CambridgeUniversity Press1908-14 url p. 693.
• Chronological history of plants: man's record of his own existence illustrated through their names, uses, and companionship. Boston, Little, Brown & company, 1879. url .
• Cryptogamic plants of the USSR. (Flora sporovykh rastenii SSSR) Translated from Russian. Jerusalem[Published for the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 19 - url p. 352.
• Cybele Britannica: or British Plants and their geographical relations. London, 1847-59. url p. 87.
• Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of E. Rostrup / revised by J. Lind. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske boghandel, 1913. url p. 209, p. 411, p. 459, p. 462, p. 480.
• Dictionary of botanical equivalents, French-English, German-English, by Ernst Artschwager and Edwina M. Smiley. Baltimore, Md., Williams & Wilkins[c1921] url p. 64.
• Iconographic encyclopaedia of science, literature, and art. systematically arranged by J.G. Heck. Translated from the German, with additions, and edited by Spencer F. Baird. .. illustrated by five hundred steel plates, containing upwards to twelve thousand en New York, R. Garrigue, 1851. url p. 125.
• Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft. Jena, Gustav Fischer [etc.]. url p. 30, p. 37.
• Martin's Natural history / Translated from the thirty-fifth German edition, by Sarah A. Myers; containing two hundred and sixty-two beautifully colored illustrations; First [and second] series. New York: Phinney, Blakeman & Mason, 1861- url p. 300.
• Memoirs of the American Entomological Society. Philadelphia, American Entomological Society, 1916- url p. 135.
• New York State Museum bulletin. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1916-1944. url p. 119, p. 21.
• Novon a journal of botanical nomenclature from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 5 1995 St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden, url p. 5, p. 8.
• Plant analysis: qualitative and quantitative. New York, G. E. Stechert, 1909. url .
• Report of the State Botanist. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1898-1925. url , .
• The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History. London, Taylor and Francis, Ltd. url p. 101.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. 73 1959 Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url fig. 1-2 , moore , p. 144, p. 145, p. 146, p. 27.
• The English rock-garden, by Reginald Farrer. London, Jack, 1919. url p. 443.
• The Phytologist: a popular botanical miscellany. London, John van Voorst, 1844-56. url p. 796, p. 798.
• The continental element in the flora of south Sweden by Rikard Sterner. Stockholm: Centraltryckeriet, 1922. url , p. 239, p. 332, p. 338, p. 340, p. 355, p. 361, p. 432, p. 438, p. 444.
• The physiology of plants; a treatise upon the metabolism and sources of energy in plants, by Dr. W. Pfeffer. .. 2d fully rev. ed., translated and edited by Alfred J. Ewart. Oxford, Clarendon press, 1900-06. url p. 38, p. 429.
• Tsiang Ying & Li Ping-tao. 1977. Apocynaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 63: 1-249.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 22, 2007:

• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• European Environment Agency, EUNIS
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
• SysTax, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen
• SysTax, Museu Botanico Municipal
• SysTax, SysTax
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Botany
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2666542
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-501905
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13759018
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:96679-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 12838
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 501905
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 96679-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDASC050N0
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: VIOF
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 10710

Footnotes

1. Bingtao Li, Antony J. M. Leeuwenberg & David J. Middleton "Apocynaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 143. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Cynanchum". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 205. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 227.060 meters (744.948 feet), Standard Deviation = 216.110 based on 3,352 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.