Overview
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Extinct in the Wild |
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Interesting Facts
- Cyanea superba is listed as Extinct in the Wild. This tree was endemic to the island of O'ahu in the Hawaiian Islands. Until recently, it was known to exist only in the Waianae mountains. More than 60 plants in two subpopulations were known in the 1970s, the species then declined to only five plants and these too have finally gone. The causes of the wild population’s extinction were competition with alien plants, habitat degradation by feral pigs, slugs and wildfire. Its restricted range also made the species extremely vulnerable to small local disturbances . (Ref 100465)
Common Names
Common Names in English:
Superb Cyanea
Description
Family Campanulaceae
The Campanulaceae are herbs, shrubs , or rarely small trees comprising about 70 genera and 2,000 species usually with milky sap . The leaves are nearly always alternate and simple ; stipules are absent The flowers are bisexual , and actinomorphic in the subfamily Campanuloideae but zygomorphic in the Lobelioideae. The perianth and androecium are usually 5-merous, sometimes 3-10-merous. The calyx and corolla each consist of connate segments. The stamens equal the number of corolla lobes , alternate with them, and are adnate to the extreme base of the corolla or epigynous zone or more commonly arise from the annular epigynous nectary disk; the filaments are distinct and the anthers are introrse and only weakly connivent around the style in the Campanuloideae but in the lobelioideae the introrse anthers and also often the filaments are firmly connate. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of usually 2 carpels and locules with numerous axile ovules in the subfamily Lobelioideae but usually consists of 3-5 carpels and locules with numerous axile ovules in the subfamily Campanuloideae. The single style commonly has a number of lobes or stigmas equal to the number of carpels. The ovary is nearly always inferior and is generally crowned with an epigynous annular nectary disk. The fruit is usually a capsule or berry. -- Gerald Carr.
Habitat
Biome: Terrestrial [1].
Ecology:
Grew in the understorey of lowland forest
(535–700 m
).[1].
List of Habitats
:
- 1 Forest
- 1.6 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland [more info]
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
()
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
()
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
()
- Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
()
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
()
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Class:
Spermatopsida
()
- Brongniart, 1843
- Subclass:
Asteridae
()
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder:
Campanulanae
()
- Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
- Order:
Asterales
()
- Lindley, 1833
- Family:
Campanulaceae
()
- A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons.
- campanules, harebells
- Subfamily:
Lobelioideae
()
- Tribe:
Delisseeae
()
- Tribe:
Delisseeae
(
- Subfamily:
Lobelioideae
(
- Family:
Campanulaceae
(
- Order:
Asterales
(
- Superorder:
Campanulanae
(
- Subclass:
Asteridae
(
- Class:
Spermatopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Notes
Name
Status: Accepted Name
.
Last scrutiny: 13-Jun-2008
Similar Species
Members of the genus Cyanea
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 86 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:
C. aculeatiflora (Prickly-Flower Cyanea) · C. acuminata (Acuminate Cyanea) · C. angustifolia ('aku) · C. arborea (Palmtree Cyanea) · C. asarifolia (Gingerleaf Cyanea) · C. aspleniifolia (Spleenwort Cyanea) · C. calycina (Waianae Range Rollandia) · C. comata (Maui Cyanea) · C. copelandii (Copeland Cyanea) · C. copelandii copelandii (Treetrunk Cyanea) · C. copelandii haleakalaensis (Treetrunk Cyanea) · C. copelandii subsp. haleakalaensis (Treetrunk Cyanea) · C. coriacea (Leatherleaf Cyanea) · C. crispa (Koolau Range Rollandia) · C. cylindrocalyx (Splitleaf Cyanea) · C. degeneriana (Degener Cyanea) · C. dunbarii (Dunbar's Cyanea) · C. eleeleensis (Eleele Cyanea) · C. elliptica (Ellipticleaf Cyanea) · C. fauriei (Faurie's Cyanea) · C. fissa fissa (Kauai Cyanea) · C. fissa gayana (Kauai Cyanea) · C. fissa subsp. gayana (Kauai Cyanea) · C. giffardii (Giffard's Cyanea) · C. glabra (Smooth Cyanea) · C. grimesiana (Grimes Cyanea) · C. grimesiana grimesiana (Splitleaf Cyanea) · C. grimesiana obatae (Haha) · C. grimesiana subsp. obatae (Splitleaf Cyanea) · C. hamatiflora (Wetforest Cyanea) · C. hamatiflora carlsonii (Wetforest Cyanea) · C. hamatiflora hamatiflora (Wetforest Cyanea) · C. hamatiflora subsp. carlsonii (Carlson's Cyanea) · C. hardyi (Oahu Cyanea) · C. hirtella (Rustyleaf Cyanea) · C. horrida (Prickly Cyanea) · C. humboldtiana (Haha) · C. kahiliensis (Spoonleaf Cyanea) · C. kolekoleensis (Kolekole Cyanea) · C. koolauensis (Haha) · C. kunthiana (Kunth's Cyanea) · C. lanceolata lanceolata (Degener's Rollandia) · C. leptostegia (Giant Koke'E Cyanea) · C. linearifolia (Linear-Leaved Cyanea) · C. lobata (Haha) · C. longiflora (Haha) · C. longissima (Streambank Cyanea) · C. macrostegia (Purple Cyanea) · C. macrostegia gibsonii (Purple Cyanea) · C. macrostegia macrostegia (Purple Cyanea) · C. macrostegia subsp. gibsonii (Gibson's Cyanea) · C. mannii (Haha) · C. marksii (Mark's Cyanea) · C. mauiensis (Haha) · C. membranacea (Membranaceous Cyanea) · C. munroi (Munro's Cyanea) · C. obtusa (Blunt-Lobe Cyanea) · C. parvifolia (Waioli Valley Rollandia) · C. pilosa longipedunculata (Hairy Cyanea) · C. pilosa pilosa (Hairy Cyanea) · C. pilosa subsp. longipedunculata (Hairy Cyanea) · C. pinnatifida (Haha) · C. platyphylla (Flat-Leaved Cyanea) · C. pohaku (Pohaku Cyanea) · C. procera (Haha) · C. profuga (Mapulehu Valley Cyanea) · C. purpurellifolia (Panaluu Mountain Rollandia) · C. pycnocarpa (Manyfruit Cyanea) · C. quercifolia (Oakleaf Cyanea) · C. recta (Haha) · C. remyi (Haha) · C. scabra (Harsh Cyanea) · C. sessilifolia (Sessileleaf Cyanea) · C. shipmanii (Haha) · C. solanacea (Popolo) · C. solenocalyx (Molokai Cyanea) · C. spathulata spathulata (Haha) · C. st-johnii (St John's Rollandia) · C. stictophylla (Haha) · C. superba (Superb Cyanea) · C. superba regina (Superb Cyanea) · C. superba subsp. regina (Mt. Kaala Cyanea) · C. sylvestris (Forest Cyanea) · C. tritomantha ('aku 'aku) · C. truncata (Punaluu Cyanea) · C. undulata (Leechleaf Cyanea)
More Info
- Search for Pictures: images.google.com
- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
- Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- 1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants Cambridge: IUCN, World Conservation Union, 1998 url p. 113.
- Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 45 1918 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870-1996 url p. 134.
- Flora of the Hawaiian islands: a description of their phanerogams and vascular cryptogams /by William Hillebrand; annotated and published after the author's death by W.F. Hillebrand. 1888 London: New York: Williams & Norgate; B. Westermann, 1888. url p. 243, p. 252.
- Journal of botany, British and foreign. 7 1869 London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. url p. 176.
- Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History. Honolulu: [Bishop Museum Press], 1899-1949. url , p. 103, p. 154, p. 157, p. 391, p. 61, p. 87, p. 94.
- Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 87, p. 89.
- The Hawaiian forester and agriculturist. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Co., 1904-1933. url p. 86.
- The indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands /by Joseph F. Rock; with two hundred and fifteen photo-engravings. 1913 Honolulu, T.H.: [s.n.], 1913. url p. 65.
Notes
Contributors
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
- Bruegmann, M.M. & Caraway, V. 2003. Cyanea superba. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
- IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2656759
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-368285
- IUCN ID: 203591
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 3963694
Footnotes
- Bruegmann, M.M. & Caraway, V. 2003. Cyanea superba. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 31 January 2012. ... [back]
