Cotoneaster horizontalis

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Has a compact , dense, closely-branched habit that develops into a broad-spreading mound with dark green leaves. Makes a good rock garden specimen. Some authorities place this cultivar under Cotoneaster adpressus.

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Rosaceae

Trees , shrubs , or herbs, deciduous or evergreen . Stems erect , scandent , arching , prostrate , or creeping , armed or unarmed . Buds usually with several exposed scales , sometimes with only 2. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or compound ; stipules paired , free or adnate to petiole , rarely absent, persistent or deciduous; petiole usually 2-glandular apically; leaf blade often serrate at margin , rarely entire. Inflorescences various, from single flowers to umbellate , corymbose , racemose or cymose-paniculate. Flowers usually actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual and then plants dioecious. Hypanthium (formed from basal parts of sepals, petals, and stamens) free from or adnate to ovary, short or elongate . Sepals usually 5, rarely fewer or more, imbricate; epicalyx segments sometimes also present. Petals as many as sepals, inserted below margin of disk, free, imbricate, sometimes absent. Disk lining hypanthium, usually entire, rarely lobed . Stamens usually numerous , rarely few, always in a complete ring at margin of or above disk; filaments usually free, very rarely connate ; anthers small, didymous , rarely elongate, 2-locular. Carpels 1 to many, free, or ± connate and then adnate to inner surface of cupular receptacle; ovary inferior, semi-inferior, or superior; ovules usually 2 in each carpel, rarely 1 or several, anatropous , superposed . Styles as many as carpels, terminal , lateral , or basal, free or sometimes connate. Fruit a follicle, pome, achene, or drupe, rarely a capsule, naked or enclosed in persistent hypanthium and sometimes also by sepals. Seeds erect or pendulous, sometimes winged , usually exalbuminous , very rarely with thin endosperm; cotyledons mostly fleshy and convex abaxially, rarely folded or convolute.

Between 95 and 125 genera and 2825-3500 species: cosmopolitan , mostly in N temperate zone; 55 genera (two endemic) and 950 species (546 endemic) in China.

Many plants of this family are of economic importance and contribute to people s livelihoods. The Rosaceae contain a great number of fruit trees of temperate regions . The fruits contain vitamins, acids, and sugars and can be used both raw and for making preserves, jam, jelly, candy, various drinks, wine, vinegar, etc. The dried fruits of the genera

Amygdalus and Armeniaca are of high commercial value. Some plants in the genus Rosa containing essential oils or with a high vitamin content are used in industry . Rosaceae wood is used for making various articles, stems and roots are used for making tannin extract, and young leaves are used as a substitute for tea. Numerous species are used for medical purposes or are cultivated as ornamentals .

The Rosaceae are very well represented in China, with great economic and scientific importance. The Co-chairs of the Editorial Committee (Wu and Raven) here note that the patterns of relationship are complex and the group is taxonomically difficult. [1]

Genus Cotoneaster

Shrubs , rarely small trees , erect , decumbent , or prostrate , deciduous, semievergreen, or evergreen . Branchlets mostly terete , rarely slightly angulate , unarmed . Winter buds small; scales several, imbricate, exposed. Leaves alternate, simple , shortly petiolate ; stipules caducous , usually subulate , small; margin of leaf blade entire, venation camptodromous . Inflorescences terminal or axillary , cymose or corymbose , sometimes flowers several fascicled or solitary. Hypanthium turbinate or campanulate , rarely cylindric , adnate to ovary. Sepals 5, persistent , short. Petals 5, erect or spreading , imbricate in bud, white, pink, or red. Stamens 10-20(-22), inserted in mouth of hypanthium. Ovary inferior or semi-inferior, 2-5-loculed; carpels 2-5, connate abaxially, free adaxially; ovules 2 per carpel, erect; styles 2-5, free; stigmas dilated . Fruit a drupe-like pome, red, brownish red, or orange to black, with persistent, incurved , fleshy sepals, containing pyrenes; pyrenes (1 or) 2-5, bony, 1-seeded; seeds compressed ; cotyledons plano-convex .

About 90 species in the broad sense: widespread in temperate N Africa, Asia (except Japan), Central America (Mexico), and Europe, most abundant in SW China; 59 species (37 endemic) in China.

The shrubs are widely planted as ornamentals for their attractive fruits and flowers, and as borders , hedges , and ground cover. Further studies are necessary to clarify a taxonomy complicated by hybridization and apomixis.[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Good rock garden specimen. Groundcover. Bank cover . Groupings or mass. Espalier . For flowers or fruit afect. • Liabilities: Bees are attractive to flowers. Fireblight. Leaf spot. Spider mites .

Habitat

Thickets, rocks, rocky slopes , dry mountain areas; 1500--3500 m (Ref. 53282).

Zone 5. Tolerant to -20oF, but some damage will occur.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,337 meters (0 to 14,229 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: Yes • Propagated by Seed: No • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: Yes

Growth

Culture: Transplant from containers only because of sparse root system . Prefers well-drained, fertile soil. Needs adequate moisture. Wind tolerant . PH adaptable. Full sun to partial shade. Prune tolerant.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: No • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium • Minimum pH: 5.5 • Maximum pH: 7.0 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade. • Shade Tolerance: Tolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Medium • Minimum Precipitation: 32 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -28 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 100 • Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Cotoneaster davidianus hort. ex Dippel • Cotoneaster microphyllus Diels

Notes

Publishing author : Decne. Publication : in Fl. des Serres Ser. II, xii. (1877) 168.

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 2009

Similar Species

Members of the genus Cotoneaster

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 56 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

C. acutifolius (Peking Cotoneaster) · C. adpressus (Creeping Cotoneaster) · C. adpressus var. praecox (Creeping Cotoneaster) · C. adpressus 'Little Gem' (Little Gem Cotoneaster) · C. amoenus (Cotoneaster) · C. apiculatus (Cranberry Cotoneaster) · C. bullatus (Cotoneaster) · C. cochleatus (Cotoneaster) · C. congestus (Pyrenees Cotoneaster) · C. conspicuus (Necklace Cotoneaster) · C. dammeri (Bearberry Cotoneaster) · C. dammeri 'Eichholz' (Bearberry Cotoneaster) · C. dammeri 'Mooncreeper' (Bearberry Cotoneaster) · C. dammeri 'Skogholm' (Bearberry Cotoneaster) · C. dammeri 'Streibs Findling' (Bearberry Cotoneaster) · C. dielsianus (Cotoneaster) · C. discolor (Cotoneaster) · C. divaricatus (Spreading Cotoneaster) · C. franchetii (Franchet Cotoneaster) · C. frigidus (Himalayan Tree Cotoneaster) · C. glabratus (Cotoneaster) · C. glaucophyllus (Bright Bead Cotoneaster) · C. granatensis (Durillo) · C. harrysmithii (Harrysmith Cotoneaster) · C. henryanus (Henrys Cotoneaster) · C. horizontalis (Cotoneaster) · C. horizontalis var. perpusillus (Prostrate Rock Cotoneaster) · C. horizontalis 'Variegatus' (Cotoneaster) · C. hupehensis (Hupeh Cotoneaster) · C. hylmoei (Cotoneaster) · C. integerrimus (Cotoneaster) · C. integrifolius (Small-Leaf Cotoneaster) · C. lacteus (Milkflower Cotoneaster) · C. lucidus (Hedge Cotoneaster) · C. microphyllus (Chinese Rockspray) · C. microphyllus 'Cooperi' (Chinese Rockspray) · C. multiflora (Cotoneaster) · C. multiflorus (Many-Flowered Cotoneaster) · C. nanshan (Creeping Cotoneaster) · C. niger (Dark-Seed Cotoneaster) · C. pannosus (Cotoneaster) · C. radicans (Bearberry Cotoneaster) · C. salicifolius (Cotoneaster) · C. salicifolius 'Repens' (Spreading Willowleaf Cotoneaster) · C. salicifolius 'Scarlet Leader' (Willow-Leaf Cotoneaster) · C. salicifolus (Willowleaf Cotoneaster) · C. serotinus (Cotoneaster) · C. simonsii (Himalayan Cotoneaster) · C. splendens (Splendid Cotoneaster) · C. sternianus (Cotoneaster) · C. tomentosus (Hairy Cotoneaster) · C. wilsonii (Cotoneaster) · C. x waterei 'John Waterer' (Cotoneaster) · C. 'Cornubia' (Cotoneaster) · C. 'Hybridus Pendulus' (Weeping Cotoneaster) · C. 'Rothschildianus' (Cotoneaster)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• About trees, shrubs, and climbing plants for South Africa; concise hints on the making of farm plantations, shrubberies. .. Maritzburg, 1919. url p. 116.
• Alpine flowers for gardens: rock, wall, marsh plants, and mountain shrubs / by W. Robinson. London: John Murray, 1903. url p. 197.
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• Alpine plants / by A.J. Macself; illustrated with colour photographs by R.A. Malby, water colour drawings by Winifred Walker, line drawings by G.E. Lee. New York: Scribner, 1923. url p. 196, p. 200.
• Andorra hand-book [of trees and shrubs] Philadelphia[1903] url p. 26.
• Aristocrats of the garden, Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday, Page & company, 1917. url .
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• "Cotoneaster". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 105. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed October 27, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• IOPI Global Plant Checklist 2005.
• IOPI Global Plant Checklist. Release date: August 1, 2007
• IOPI-GPC
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 27, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• GBIF-Spain, Aranzadi Zientzi Elkartea
• GBIF-Spain, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación de la Junta de Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS
• GBIF-Spain, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
• GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
• , Vascular Plant Herbarium
• GBIF-Spain, Universitat de Girona: HGI-Cormophyta
• Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University Herbaria
• Herbario SANT, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, SANT herbarium vascular plant collection
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Herbarium of New South Wales, NSW herbarium collection
• National Institute of Genetics, ROIS, Herbarium Specimens of Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref., Japan
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facility, Magnoliophyta
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2666304
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ros-58945
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4988207
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:722522-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 11749
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 501650
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 722522-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDROS0F030
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: COHO80
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 30807

Footnotes

1. Cuizhi Gu, Chaoluan Li, Lingdi Lu, Shunyuan Jiang, Crinan Alexander, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, David E. Boufford, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba, Kenneth R. Robertson & Steven A. Spongberg "Rosaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 46. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Lu Ling-ti, Anthony R. Brach "Cotoneaster". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 85. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 123.550 meters (405.348 feet), Standard Deviation = 279.340 based on 3,287 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.