Cornus florida (Eastern Dogwood)

Overview

Flowering dogwood. <em>Cornus florida</em> Spring

One of the most endearing flowering trees , this dogwood packs a lot into its graceful, compact , 15 to 30 foot height . In spring , its flat white flowers punctuate the understory of mixed hardwood forests and the edges of pine forests. In fall , its reddish leaves and clusters of red football-shaped half-inch-long fruits brilliantly color the woods .

Interesting Facts

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During the first two weeks of April the woods are accentuated by the large white blooms of the flowering dogwood. The tiny yellowish-green "true" flowers are located in the center; the four white "petals" are actually bracts. If pollinated, each tiny flower can form a red berry in the fall . These berries are relished by many species of birds; every white dogwood growing wild in the woods was "planted" by a bird! Squirrels also like to eat the berries, however, they destroy the seeds with their teeth.

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Eastern Dogwood, American-Boxwood, Dogwood, Eastern Flowering Dogwood, Flowering Dogwood, White Dogwood

Common Names in French:

Cornouiller à Fleurs

Common Names in German:

Blumen-Hartriegel

Common Names in unspecified:

Flowering Dogwood

Description

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Family Cornaceae

Trees or shrubs , rarely rhizomatous herbs, mostly deciduous, sometimes evergreen , hermaphroditic [dioecious in African species]. Old branches terete , pith white or brown, lenticels and leaf scars often conspicuous ; young branches rounded or slightly 4-ridged; nodes slightly swollen. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate or whorled , estipulate, petiolate , rarely sessile; leaf blade simple , entire, pinnately veined, rarely parallel veined, often pubescent , sometimes papillate ; trichomes often 2-armed, arms equal or unequal, appressed and T-shaped, or raised and V- or Y-shaped, or pseudofiliform. Inflorescences cymose , paniculate , corymbose , umbellate , or capitulate, terminal , rarely lateral ; bracts minute, not petaloid , early caducous , or 4(â€“6) and usually showy. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx tubular , fused to ovary, minutely 4-dentate or truncate . Petals 4, free , creamy white or yellow, rarely dark reddish purple or partially dark reddish purple, valvate . Stamens 4, surrounding a fleshy floral disk, alternate petals. Anthers longitudinally dehiscent . Ovary inferior; carpels 2, rarely 3 or 4; locules 2, rarely 3 or 4; ovules pendulous, 1 per locule; style 1, columnar or clavate ; stigma capitate, disciform , punctate , or truncate, sometimes slightly 2-lobed. Fruit a drupaceous berry, white, blue, red, or black, berries distinct or fused into a fleshy syncarpous compound fruit ; stone of fruit bony, 1- or 2(â€“4) -chambered, seeds 1 or 2(â€“4) ; endosperm oily; cotyledons 2, leaflike.

One genus and ca. 55 species: widespread in N temperate regions , extending to tropical and boreal areas, one species in tropical Africa and one or two species in South America; 25 species (14 endemic) in China.

The family is treated here in the strict sense, excluding Alangium (Alangiaceae), Aucuba (Aucubaceae), Davidia (Davidiaceae), Helwingia (Helwingiaceae), Mastixia (Mastixiaceae), Nyssa (Nyssaceae), and Toricellia (Toricelliaceae), all of which have sometimes been placed in the Cornaceae. The Cornaceae in the FRPS included Mastixia, Cornus sensu lato, Aucuba, Helwingia, and Toricellia. Given that the latter three genera are allied with higher asterids in broad phylogenetic analyses, they are, therefore, removed from the Cornaceae in this treatment. These genera are recognized in the present volume as three families following Takhtajan (Sist. Magnoliofit. 1987) . Based on molecular data, Mastixia is a close relative, but not the sister of, Cornus. Its relationships to Cornus and close relatives remain unclear. Thus, we also treat Mastixia as a family separate from Cornaceae. Although molecular data have suggested that Alangium is a member of Cornaceae, the genus will be treated as a separate family in a different volume of the Flora of China. This treatment of Cornaceae therefore includes only Cornus sensu lato.

The circumscription of the Cornaceae and the relationships among the 17 genera often placed within it have been controversial. The family has been defined as consisting of a single genus, Cornus, or up to as many as 15 genera by various authors (e.g. , Harms, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 15: 19â€“29. 1898; Takhtajan, Sist. Magnoliofit. 1987; Cronquist, Integr. Syst. Classif. Fl. Pl. 1988; Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: 531â€“553. 1998; see also Xiang et al. , Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 723â€“734. 1993; Xiang & Soltis in Boufford & Ohba, Sino-Jap. Fl. Charact. Diversif. 123. 1998) . Recent phylogenetic analyses of the chloroplast gene rbcL sequences (Xiang et al., loc. cit. 1993; Xiang & Soltis, loc. cit. 1998; Xiang, Harvard Pap. Bot. 4: 527â€“542. 1999) suggested that nine genera (Aralidium, Aucuba, Corokia, Garrya, Griselinia, Helwingia, Kaliphora, Melanophylla, and Toricellia) were not closely related to Cornaceae. Evidence from other studies, including pollen morphology and wood anatomy (Li & Chao, Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 7: 119â€“136. 1954; Ferguson & Hideux, Proc. IV Int. Palynol. Conf., Lucknow 1: 240. 1980; Noshiro & Baas, IAWA J. 19: 43â€“97. 1998; see also Eyde, Bot. Rev. 54: 233â€“351. 1988), support the removal of these genera from Cornaceae. Various phylogenetic analyses of the rbcL and other chloroplast gene sequences identified a strongly supported monophyletic Cornales consisting of Alangium, Camptotheca, Cornus, Curtisia, Davidia, Diplopanax, Hydrangeaceae, Hydrostachyaceae, Grubbiaceae, Loasaceae, Mastixia, and Nyssa (Chase et al., Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 528â€“580. 1993; Xiang & Soltis, loc. cit. 1998; Xiang, loc. cit. 1999; Olmstead et al., Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 16: 96â€“112. 2000; Savolainen et al., Kew Bull . 55: 257â€“309. 2000; Savolainen et al., Syst. Biol. 49: 306â€“362. 2000; Soltis et al., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 133: 381â€“461. 2000; Albach et al., Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88: 163â€“210. 2001; Albach et al., Taxon 50: 781â€“805. 2001) . Phylogenetic analyses of the rbcL and matK sequences for the Cornales suggested a Cornaceae consisting of Alangium and Cornus, a Grubbiaceae consisting of Curtisia and Grubbia (Xiang et al., Amer. J. Bot. 85: 285â€“297. 1998; Xiang, loc. cit. 1999; Xiang et al., Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 24: 35â€“57. 2002; Fan & Xiang, Amer. J. Bot. 90: 1357â€“1372. 2003) . The Cornaceae of Eyde (loc. cit. 1988), consisting of Camptotheca, Cornus, Davidia, Diplopanax, Mastixia, and Nyssa, were not supported by molecular data.

The hard wood of several species of Cornus is used for making farming tools. The fruit of some species is used for food or as a source of industrial oil . Cornus mas Linnaeus is cultivated in China for medicinal uses. Many species are widely cultivated as ornamentals , e.g., C. alba, C. canadensis, C. controversa, C. florida Linnaeus, C. kousa, C. mas, C. nuttallii Audubon, and C. stolonifera Michaux.[1]

Genus Cornus

Shrubs , trees , or herblike shrubs, precocious , coetaneous , or serotinous. Young shoots pubescent , rarely glabrous ; trichomes curly or straight, raised or appressed . Stem sympodial, rarely monopodial. Winter buds terminal or axillary , mixed or separate, covered or exposed. Petiole slightly furrowed adaxially; leaf blade narrowly elliptic , elliptic, oblong , or ovate , glabrous to densely pubescent, lateral veins actinodromous , often raised abaxially. Inflorescence formed in previous or current year; bracts covering inflorescence or not. Sepals 4, fused; teeth absent, minute, or variously triangular. Petals 4, free , spreading , oblong to orbicular , valvate . Filaments filiform or awn-shaped, longer than style, longer or shorter than petals; anthers whitish or yellow, rarely blue, red, or purplish, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid or oblong, 2-loculed. Ovary obovoid , crowned by a disk. Fruit globose , ovoid , oblong, or ellipsoid, crowned by persistent calyx, disk, and style; stones globose, ovoid, ellipsoid, oblong, sometimes asymmetric , surface smooth or ribbed , apex rarely pitted .

Geographical distribution is the same as that of the family .

The classification of Cornus has long been debated. The ranks and circumscriptions of subgroups vary considerably among taxonomists. The current treatment retains Cornus in the broad sense as defined by Linnaeus and represents a synthesis of Ferguson (J. Arnold Arbor . 47: 100-105. 1966), Murrell (Syst. Bot. 18: 469-495. 1993), and Xiang (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 125-131. 1987). This treatment agrees with recent molecular phylogenetic analyses of Cornus. The genus can be conveniently divided into distinct groups, all of which at one time or another have been recognized at full generic level. [2]

Physical Description

ID Features: Flower buds large and flattened. Twigs reddish purple. Alligator-like bark on large branches. Horizontal branching. White flowers comprised of 4 bracts in May.

Habit: A small deciduous tree . Shape is rounded to somewhat flat-topped. Branching is approaching horizontal. Branches low to the ground with a short trunk .

Flowers: Flowers are small and yellowish green. The showy part of the bloom the four white bracts. Each bract is nearly 2" long. The diameter of the bracts combined is about 4" across. Bloom time is mid-May. Bloom is effective for 2 weeks. Flowering occurs before leaf out. • Bloom Period: March. • Flower Color: near white, pink, white

Seeds: Fruit: Bright, shiny red fruits in fall . Held in tight clusters of 3 to 4. Each fruit is 0.33" to 0.5" long and elongated. Some trees retain fruit into the winter. Birds often eat the fruit.

Foliage: Summer foliage: Opposite, simple leaves. Oval to ovate shape . Leaves 3" to 6" long. Leaves 1.5' to 3" wide. Leaf color is medium green. • Fall foliage: Red or reddish purple. Generally quite showy. Colors early and color holds for an extended period.

Size/Age/Growth

Growth Rate: Moderate. • Size: to about 30' tall with an equal or greater spread .

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Small groupings. Lawn tree . Specimen. Border . Naturalistic areas. Edge of woods . Patio tree. Has four season appeal in flowers, fruits, fall , color, bark and branching. character. • Liabilities: Flower buds can be killed or injured by cold in zone 5. Dogwood borer . Dogwood anthracnose . Powdery mildew . Crown rot and canker . Almost overused. • Care: Plant in open, sunny spots with good air circulation, to help avoid dogwood blight .

Habitat

Zone 5 with selection of proper genetic material .

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,737 meters (0 to 5,699 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Prefers a cool, moist, acidic soil that contains organic matter. Full sun promotes greatest flowering but tolerates partial shade well. Not tolerant of stresses such as heat, drought , pollution , road salt. Best transplanted at a small size. Can be slow to reestablish following transplanting.

Soil: Needs good drainage . • Minimum pH: 5.1 • Maximum pH: 6.0

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to part shade. Part shade best.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Cornanae () - Thorne Ex Reveal, 1996
        Order: Cornales () - Dumortier, 1829
        Family: Cornaceae () - Bercht. & J. Presl, 1825, nom. cons. - dogwoods
        Subfamily: Caryophylloideae ()
        Tribe: Sileneae ()
        Genus: Cornus () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Leatherleaf
        Specific epithet: florida - Hook.
        Botanical name: - Cornus florida Hook.

Synonyms

Benthamia florida (L.) Nakai • Benthamidia florida (L.) Spach

Notes

Publishing author : Hook. Publication : Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Hooker) i. 277, partim

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Cornus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 185 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Flowers and insects; lists of visitors of four hundred and fifty-three flowers, by Charles Robertson. Carlinville, Ill., n.p.1928. url p. 100.
Flowers of the field, by the late Rev. C. A. Johns. London, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1911. url p. 227.
Food of the woodpeckers of the United States / Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Biological Survey, 1911. url .
Forest conditions of Mississippi. [Jackson, Miss.]: Mississippi State Geological Survey, 1913. url p. 149, p. 162.
Forest protection; guide to lectures delivered at the Biltmore Forest School, Asheville, N.C., The Inland Press, 1909. url p. 100, p. 159.
Forest vegetation in Maryland / Baltimore: The Department, 1974. url p. 62.
Forestry for profit, Trenton[Beers pres, inc.]1922. url .
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Forestry note / Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois, Department of Forestry; 1948-1969. url p. 549.
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Fritz Bahr's commercial floriculture; a practical manual for the retail grower, New York, The A. T. De la Mare company, inc.[c1922] url .
Garden guide, the amateur gardeners' handbook; how to plan, plant and maintain the home grounds, the suburban garden, the city lot. How to grow good vegetables and fruit. How to care for roses and other favorite flowers, hardy plants, trees, shrub New York, A. T. De La Mare company, inc.[c1917] url .
Gardening for beginners; a handbook to the garden, by E.T. Cook. [London]"Country Life" [etc., 1914] url .
Gardening in California, San Francisco, A. M. Robertson, 1914. url p. 89.
Gardens near the sea; the making and care of gardens on or near the coast with reference also to lawns and grounds and to trees and shrubbery, New York, Frederick A. Stokes company[c1910] url , .
Golf clubs as bird sanctuaries. New York, [191-] url .
Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1992 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 1269.
Growth study and normal yield tables for second growth hardwood stands in central New England, by J. Nelson Spaeth. Harvard Forest, Petersham, Mass., 1920. url p. 21.
Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray), a rubber-plant of the Chihuahuan Desert, by Francis Ernest Lloyd. .. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1911. url p. 212.
Handbook of the British flora: a description of the flowering plants and ferns indigenous to, or naturalised in, the British Isles. For the use of beginners and amateurs. By George Bentham. London, L. Reeve & Co., ltd., 1918. url p. 205.
Handbook of the wild and cultivated flowering plants, by Chester Arthur Darling... Syracuse andThe Mason-Henry press, [1912] url p. 68.
Hardy plants for cottage gardens, New York, H. Holt and company, 1910. url , , , .
Hardy plants for cottage gardens, by Helen R. Albee; illustrated from photographs. New York, H. Holt and company, 1910. url , p. 172.
Harmful non-indigenous species in the U.S.: hearings before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, March 11 and 15, 1994. Washington: For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, 1994. url p. 120.
Henderson's Handbook of plants and general horticulture. By Peter Henderson. New York, P. Henderson & company, 1910. url p. 103.
Histology of medicinal plants, New York, J. Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1916 url p. 114, p. 213.
Histology of medicinal plants, by William Mansfield. New York, J. Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1916. url p. 114, p. 213.
Histology of medicinal plants. New YorkWiley1916 url p. 114, p. 213.
How to attract wild birds about the home, Greenwich, Conn., The Greenwich bird protective society, inc., 1915. url .
How to know wild fruits; a guide to plants when not in flower by means of fruit and leaf; by Mary Elisabeth Herbert. New York, Macmillan, 1914. url , p. 110, p. 111, p. 337, p. x.
Identification of the economic woods of the United States, including a discussion of the structural and physical properties of wood, New York, John Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1919. url , p. 101, p. 51.
Illinois River Bluffs area assessment / Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Office of Scientific Research and Analysis, [and the] State Geological Survey Division. Springfield, Ill.: Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, 1998- url p. 160, p. 178.
Illinois birds, vireos / Jean W. Graber, Richard R. Graber, and Ethelyn L. Kirk. Champaign, Ill.: State of Illinois, Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources, Natural History Survey Division, [1985] url p. 6.
Illinois wild flowers, by John Voss and Virginia S. Eifert. Springfield, [1960] url p. 242.
Illustrated key to the wild and commonly cultivated trees of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada; based primarily upon leaf characters, by J. Franklin Collins and Howard W. Preston. New York: H. Holt and company, 1912. url p. 139.
Influence of certain soil factors on the growth of tree seedlings and wheat, [by] Barrington Moore. .. [n.p.]1922? url p. 67.
Insect galls of Springfield, Massachusetts, and vicinity / by Fannie A. Stebbins. Springfield, Mass.: Springfield Museum of Natural History, 1909. url p. 45.
Insects galls of Springfield, Massachusetts, and vicinity. Springfield, Mass., The Museum, 1909. url p. 135, p. 45.
Insecutor inscitiae menstruus. Washington, D.C.: [Harrison G. Dyar], 1913-1926. url p. 59, p. 62.
International review of the science and practice of agriculture. Rome: International Institute of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Intelligence and Plant Diseases, 1916-1926. url p. 1055, p. 1241.
J.M. Nickell's botanical ready reference: especially designed for druggists and physicians: containing all of the botanical drugs known up to the present time, giving their medical properties, and all of their botanical, common, pharmacopoea compiled by J. M. Nickell. Chicago: Murray & Nickell Mfg. Co., 1911. url p. 47.
Journal of agricultural research. Washington, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1913-1949.. url p. 212, p. 217, p. 519.
Journal of forestry. Washington: Society of American Foresters, 1917- url p. 631.
Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. Lexington, KY: The Academy, 1998- url p. 126, p. 161, p. 181, p. 36, p. 43, p. 81.
Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington [etc., Washington Academy of Sciences] url p. 71.
Landscape garden series, ed. by Ralph Rodney Root. Davenport, Ia.: The Garden Press, [1921] url p. 13.
Landscape gardening as applied to home decoration. By Samuel T. Maynard. .. New York, J. Wiley, 1915. url p. 173, p. 192.
Landscaping your home / William R. Nelson, Jr. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, c1975. url p. 219.
Leaf key to the trees of the northern states and Canada, and a botanical glossary. By Romeyn Beck Hough. Lowville, N. Y., The author, 1910. url p. 8.
Leaf-mining insects / by James G. Needham, Stuart W. Frost, Beatrice H. Tothill. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins company, [c1928] url p. 308.
Lectures on the evolution of plants, London, The Macmillan company, 1910 url .
List of intercepted plant pests / United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Quarantine and Control Administration. [Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O.], 1932- url p. 60.
Lists of plant types for landscape planting; the materials of planting for ornament listed according to their various uses, by Stephen F. Hamblin. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1923. url , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , p. 11, p. 17, p. 19, p. 23, p. 24, p. 25, p. 4, p. 42, p. 45, p. 5, p. 56, p. 6, p. 61, p. 68, p. 8.
Logging and lumbering; or, Forest utilization; a textbook for forest schools. [Darmstadt (Ger.)Printed by L.C. Wittich][1912?] url p. 101.
MAB Information System: Biosphere Reserves, Compilation 4, October 1986: Supplement September 1989 UNESCO url , .
Manual of gardening; a practical guide to the making of home grounds and the growing of flowers, fruits, and vegetables for home use, New York, The Macmillan company, 1910. url p. 295.
Manual of the southeastern flora: being descriptions of the seed plants growing naturally in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, eastern Louisiana, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. 1933 New York: The author, 1933. url p. 958.
Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) by Charles Sprague Sargent, with seven hundred and eighty-three illustrations from drawings by Charles Edward Faxon and Mary W. Gill. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin company, 1922. url p. 785, p. 785, p. 901, p. 901.
Manual of tree diseases / New York: The Macmillan Company, 1918. url .
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Memoirs of the American Entomological Society. Philadelphia, American Entomological Society, 1916- url p. 136.
Michigan bird life, a list of all the bird species known to occur in the state together with an outline of their classification and an account of the life history of each species, wtih special reference to its relation t [Lansing]Michigan Agricultural College, 1912. url .
Michigan bird life: a list of all the bird species known to occur in the State together with an outline of their classification and an account of the life history of each species, with special reference to its relation t by Walter Bradford Barrows. Lansing: Michigan Agricultural College, 1912. url p. 2.
Michigan trees: a handbook of the native and most important introduced species / by Charles Herbert Otis; with an introduction by George Plumer Burns. Ann Arbor: Regents of the University of Michigan, 1917 [c1915] url p. 202, p. 203, p. 205.
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Miscellaneous papers on the botany of Michigan, by C. K. Dodge. Prepared under the direction of Alexander G. Ruthven. Published as a part of the Annual report of the Board of Geological Survey for 1920. Lansing, Mich., Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, State Printers, 1921. url p. 206.
My garden, by Louise Beebe Wilder. .. illustrated by Will Simmons. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, Page & company, [c1916] url p. 275, p. 275.
Mycotrophy in plants; lectures on the biology of mycorrhizae and related structures. Waltham, Mass., Chronica Botanica Co., 1950. url .
National Arboretum contribution. Washington, D.C.: The Arboretum: 1953- url p. 33.
National list of scientific plant names. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1982- url p. 126.
Native trees of Canada / by B.R. Morton; with notes on nomenclature and utilization by R.G. Lewis. Ottawa: Dept. of the Interior, Forestry Branch, 1921. url p. 128, p. 199, p. 230.
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Natural area inventory of Pamlico County, North Carolina / [Raleigh]: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, 1982. url p. 19, p. 36, p. 45.
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Natural areas inventory of Carteret County, North Carolina: for the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Coastal Natural Area Inventory Project / [Raleigh]: N.C. Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, N.C. Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1983]. url p. 140, p. 206, p. 229.
Natural areas inventory, Gates County, North Carolina / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982] url p. 147, p. 199.
Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1926. url p. 389, p. 461, p. 461, p. 504.
Nature's garden; an aid to knowledge of our wild flowers and their insect visitors. With colored plates and many other illus. photographed directly from nature by Henry Troth and A. R. Dugmore. Text by Neltje Blanchan [pseud.] 1922 Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1922. url p. 226.
New England trees in winter Storrs, Conn., Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, 1911. url .
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New Jersey insects / [John Bernhard Smith] Trenton, N.J.?: s.n., 1909 url p. 730.
New York State Museum bulletin. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1916-1944. url p. 101, p. 121, p. 91.
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North American trees: guide to Charles F. Millspaugh Hall, by Samuel J. Record. Chicago, 1934. url p. 108, p. 118.
Novon a journal of botanical nomenclature from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 12 2002 St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden, url p. 513, p. 70.
Old-fashioned gardening; a history and a reconstruction, New York, McBride, Nast & company, 1913. url .
Order Coleoptera / [John Bernhard Smith?] Trenton?: New Jersey State Museum, 1909? url p. 335.
Ornamental gardening in Florida, by Charles Torrey Simpson; a treatise on the decorative plants adapted to Florida and their cultivation, with suggestions for the ornamentation of Florida homes and grounds. Little River, Fla., The author, 1916. url p. 190, p. 190.
Ornamental shrubs of the United States (hardy, cultivated) Cincinnati [etc]American Book Company[c1910] url .
Our native trees and how to identify them; a popular study of their habits and their peculiarities, New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1917. url , , .
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Part I. The living flora of West Virginia, by C. F. Millspaugh. Part II. The fossil flora of West Virginia, by David White. Wheeling, Wheeling news litho. co., 1913 url p. 140, p. 185, p. 21, p. 53, p. 67.
Pennsylvania trees / by J.S. Illick. Harrisburg., Pa.: W. S. Ray, State Printer, 1915. url p. 204.
Pennsylvania trees. Harrisburg, Pa.W.S. Ray, State Printer1914 url p. 204.
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Photoperiodism and related phenomena in plants and animals; proceedings, edited by Robert B. Withrow, with the cooperation of Arthur C. Giese [and others]. Washington, 1959. url p. 225, p. 230, p. 880.
Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 104, p. 106, p. 14, p. 169, p. 171, p. 173, p. 175, p. 176, p. 178, p. 179, p. 20, p. 270, p. 274, p. 301, p. 303, p. 32, p. 325, p. 42, p. 48, p. 49, p. 50, p. 50, p. 502, p. 59, p. 61, p. 64, p. 67, p. 68, p. 71, p. 74, p. 85, p. 91.
Plant culture; a working hand-book of every day practice for all who grow flowering and ornamental plants in the garden and greenhouse, by George W. Oliver. New York, A. T. De La Mare Printing and Publishing Co., c1912. url , , p. 236, p. 236, p. 302, p. 306, p. 307, p. 311.
Plant culture; a working handbook of every day practice for all who grow flowering and ornamental plants in the garden and greenhouse, New York, A. T. De La Mare Co., Inc.[c1921] url , .
Plant health care for woody ornamentals: a professional's guide to preventing and managing environmental stresses and pests / [Urbana, Ill.]: Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, c1997. url p. 19.
Plant physiology; a textbook for colleges and universities, by Bernard S. Meyer. .. and Donald B. Anderson. .. New York, D. Van Nostrand Company, inc., 1939. url p. 140.
Plants of Mississippi: a list of flowering plants and ferns / by E.N. Lowe. [Jackson, Miss.]: Mississippi State Geological Survey, 1921. url p. 39, p. 44, p. 50.
Potter's cyclopaedia of botanical drugs and preparations / by R.C. Wren. London: Potter & Clarke, [1915] url p. 37.
Practical forestry / New Haven, Conn.: Connecticut Forest and Park Association, [1939] url p. 60.
Practical landscape gardening: the importance of careful planning, locating the house, arrangement of walks and drives, construction of walks and drives, lawns and terraces, how to plant a property, laying out a flower garden, arch New York, A.T. De La Mare Company, inc., 1916. url , , , .
Practical landscape gardening; the importance of careful planning, locating the house, arrangement of walks and drives, construction of walks and drives, lawns and terraces, how to plant a property, laying out a flower garden, arch by Robert B. Cridland. New York, A.T. De La Mare Company, inc., 1918. url p. 170, p. 249, p. 257, p. 259, p. 264.
Practical plant propagation; an exposition of the art and science of increasing plants as practiced by the nurseryman, florist and gardener, by Alfred C. Hottes. New York, A. T. De La Mare company, inc., 1922. url p. 192.
Prince George's County. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1911. url p. 234.
Profile characteristics of New England forest soils / New Haven: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1932. url p. 832.
Propagation of wild birds; a manual of applied ornithology, treating of practical methods of propagation of quails, grouse, wild turkey, pheasants, partridges, pigeons and doves, and waterfowl, in America, and of attracting and Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page & Company, 1915. url .
Proposed estuarine sanctuary grant award to the state of New York for a Hudson River estuarine sanctuary. Albany, N.Y.: New York, Dept. of Environmental Conservation, [1982] url p. 47.
Reevaluation of vegetational characteristics at the CERC Field Research Facility, Duck, North Carolina / by Richard L. Harris, Gerald F. Levy, and James E. Perry; prepared for U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort Belvoir, Va.: National Technical Information Service, Operations Division [distributor, 1983] url p. 14, p. 32.
Resources of southern Alabama: a statistical guide for investors and settlers, with an exposition of some of the principles of economic geography / by Roland M. Harper. University, Ala.: Geological Survey of Alabama, [1920]. url p. 143, p. 25, p. 32, p. 44, p. 54, p. 67, p. 89.
Roosevelt wild life bulletin. .. of the Roosevelt Life Forest Experiment Station of the New York College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Syracuse, N.Y.: The University, c1922-[1950] url p. 248.
Scientific and applied pharmacognosy, intended for the use of students in pharmacy, as a hand book for pharmacists, and as a reference book for food and drug analysts and pharmacologists. New York, Wiley, 1920. url p. 502.
Secrets of ornamental planting, comprising "Landscaping simplified, hardy ornamental shrubs and trees", and "The rose garden." Chicago, The Commonwealth Press, c1916 url p. 21.
Seeding and planting; a manual for the guidance of forestry students, foresters, nurserymen, forest owners, and farmers, by James W. Toumey. .. New York, J. Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1916. url p. 445.
Sharp eyes; a rambler's calendar of fifty-two weeks among insects, birds, and flowers; by Wm. Hamilton Gibson. .. Illustrated by the author. New York [etc.]Harper & Brothers[c1919] url p. 314.
Smithsonian year: annual report of the Smithsonian Institution for the year ended Sept. 30. .. 1982 City of Washington: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1980-2001. url p. 74.
Stand dynamics in Connecticut forests-the new series plots (1959-2000) / New Haven: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, [2005] url p. 22.
Standardized plant names; a catalogue of approved scientific and common names of plants in American commerce. Salem, Mass., 1923. url p. 129.
Station bulletin. Durham, N.H.: Agricultural Experiment Station, University of New Hampshire, 1948- url p. 40, p. 41.
Studies of Connecticut hardwoods; the treatment of advance growth arising as a result of thinnings and shelterwood cuttings, New Haven, Yale University, 1925. url p. 16.
Studies of the vegetation of Missouri. .. / By Julian A. Steyermark. 9 1940 [Chicago, 1940- url p. 357, p. 370, p. 377, p. 383, p. 431, p. 432, p. 433, p. 434, p. 438, p. 441, p. 442, p. 445, p. 447, p. 448, p. 449, p. 450, p. 451, p. 452, p. 453, p. 455, p. 457, p. 459, p. 460, p. 462, p. 464, p. 465, p. 467, p. 469, p. 470, p. 471, p. 472, p. 473, p. 474, p. 475.
Studies of trees / by J. J. Levison. New York: J. Wiley & sons, 1914. url p. 122, p. 128, p. 244.
Studies of trees / by J.J. Levison. New York: J. Wiley, 1914. url p. 244.
Studies of trees in winter; a description of the deciduous trees of northeastern America, Boston: D. Estes and company, [c1910] url p. 121, p. 122.
Syllogeus. Ottawa, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1972-1995. url p. 22, p. 24, p. 4, p. 62, p. 65, p. 7.
Technical publication / New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Syracuse, N.Y.: The College, 1914- url p. 382, p. 55, p. 70.
Textbook of landscape gardening, designed especially for the use of non-professional students, New York, John Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1922. url .
The American rose annual / American Rose Society. Harrisburg, Pa.: The Society, url p. 10, p. 79.
The American woods: exhibited by actual specimens and with copious explanatory text / by Romeyn B. Hough. Lowville, N.Y.: Pub., and sections prepared by the author, 1910, c1888 url , , p. 10, p. 12, p. 15, p. 15, p. 2, p. 29.
The Asa Gray bulletin. 2 1953 Ann Arbor, Mich. url p. 186, p. 193, p. 294, p. 415.
The Bradley bibliography; a guide to the literature of the woody plants of the world published before the beginning of the twentieth century; Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1911-18. url p. 18, p. 243, p. 314, p. 326, p. 605, p. 645, p. 646, p. 655, p. 712, p. 87, p. 899.
The Buprestidae of North America, exclusive of Mexico, a catalogue including synonomy, bibliography, distribution, type locality and hosts of each species, by W. J. Chamberlin. Eugene, Or., c1926 url p. 60, p. 75.
The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 266, p. 481, p. 482.
The English flower garden and home grounds: design and arrangement followed by a description of the plants, shrubs and trees for the open-air garden and their culture / by W. Robinson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1921. url p. 411.
The Lepidopteras of New York and neighboring states, primitive forms Microlepidoptera, Pyraloids, Bombyces. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell Univ., 1920. url p. 226.
The Natural history of the Toronto Region, Ontario, Canada / edited by J.H. Faull. -- Toronto: Canadian Institute, 1913. url p. 92.
The North American cup-fungi (inoperculates) New York, 1951. url p. 217, p. 280.
The Review of applied entomology. Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc. url p. 94.
The Yale Forest in Tolland and Windham counties, Connecticut, New Haven, Yale University, 1945. url p. 40.
The anthocyanin pigments of plants. By Muriel Wheldale. Cambridge, University Press, 1916. url p. 100, p. 99.
The art & craft of garden making / Thomas H. Mawson. London: B.T. Batsford; [1912] url p. 293.
The art of landscape architecture, its development and its application to modern landscape gardening, London, G.P. Putnam's sons, 1915. url .
The bacteriology of diphtheria, including sections on the history, epidemiology and pathology of the disease, the mortality caused by it, the toxins and antitoxins and the serum disease, by F. Loeffler, Arthur Newsholme, F. B. Mallory, G. S. Graham-Smith, George Dean, William H. Park, Charles F. Bolduan. Ed. by G. H. F. Nuttall and G. S. Graham-Smith Cambridge [Eng.]University Press, 1913 url , p. 158, p. 161, p. 74.
The care of trees in lawn, street and park. With a list of trees and shrubs for decorative use. New YorkHolt1910 url p. 281.
The complete garden, by Albert D. Taylor, assisted by Gordon D. Cooper. Illustrated with fifty full page cuts, four line charts, and nine coloured plates. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page, 1921. url , p. 131, p. 133, p. 133, p. 154, p. 154, p. 162, p. 162, p. 173, p. 173, p. 181, p. 193, p. 193, p. 196, p. 196, p. 289, p. 289, p. 291, p. 291, p. 301, p. 301, p. 316, p. 327, p. 327, p. 328, p. 328.
The complete home landscape, by Arthur J. Jennings, in collaboration with Leonard H. Johnson. New York, A. T. De La Mare, 1924. url p. 121, p. 129, p. 137, p. 139, p. 149.
The complete illustrated book of garden magic. Chicago, J.G. Ferguson Pub. Co.[1969] url p. 328, p. 388, p. 67, p. 69, p. 70, p. 8.
The conservation of the wild life of Canada / by C. Gordon Hewitt. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1921. url p. 185.
The flora of Canada, by J. M. Macoun and M. O. Malte. Ottawa: Government printing bureau, 1917. url p. 6.
The forests of Frederick county, Baltimore, Md., 1922. url p. 13.
The forests of Maryland, by F.W. Besley, State Forester. [Annapolis, Md.: Press of the Advertiser-Republican], 1916. url p. 23.
The forests of Washington County, Baltimore, Md., 1922. url p. 13.
The handbook for practical farmers, dealing with the more important aspects of farming in the United States, ed. by Hugh Findlay. .. special chapters dealing with farm problems and practices by practical experts in different parts of the United States. .. New York and London, D. Appleton and company, 1920. url p. 415.
The joyous art of gardening; a book of first aid to the amateur, by Frances Duncan. New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1917. url p. 84.
The microanalysis of powdered vegetable drugs, by Albert Schneider. .. with 237 illustrations Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son & co.[c1921] url p. 312.
The mysteries of the flowers / by Herbert Waldron Faulkner. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1917. url p. 234, p. 36.
The mysteries of the flowers, New York: Frederick A. Stokes company, [c1917] url p. 234, p. 36.
The natural history and topography of Groton, Massachusetts / by Samuel Abbott Green. .. [Cambridge, J. Wilson and Son]1912-14. url p. 22.
The natural history of the Toronto region, Ontario, Canada / edited by J.H. Faull. Toronto: Canadian Institute, 1913. url p. 92.
The natural style in landscape gardening [by] Frank A. Waugh. Boston: R.G. Badger; [etc., etc., c1917] url p. 105, p. 105.
The plant life of Maryland, by Forrest Shreve [et al.] Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1910. url p. 113, p. 156, p. 258, p. 266, p. 464.
The plants of Michigan; simple keys for the identification of the native seed plants of the state, by Henry Allan Gleason. Ann Arbor, G. Wahr, c1918. url p. 83.
The plants of Prince Edward Island / Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1985. url p. 208.
The plants of Southern New Jersey with especial reference to the flora of the pine barrens and the geographic distribution of the species. Trenton, N. J., 1911. url , , , .
The plants of Southern New Jersey; with especial reference to the flora of the Pine Barrens and the geographic distribution of the species. Trenton, 1911. url p. 601.
The plants of southern New Jersey; with especial reference to the flora of the pine barrens and the geographic distribution of the species. Trenton, 1911. url p. 601, p. 87.
The practical flower garden, by Helena Rutherfurd Ely. .. with illustrations made from photographs taken in the author's garden, and in the "Connecticut garden." London, The Macmillan company, 1911. url p. 196.
The principal species of wood: their characteristic properties. By Charles Henry Snow. New York: J. Wiley & Sons; [etc., etc.], [c1908], 1910. url , .
The principles of floriculture, by Edward A. White. .. New York, The Macmillan company, 1915. url p. 391.
The principles of fruit-growing, London, Macmillan & co., ltd., 1913. url p. 167.
The spider book; a manual for the study of the spiders and their near relatives, the scorpions, pseudoscorpions, whip-scorpions, harvestmen, and other members of the class Arachnida, found in America north of Mexico, by John Henry Comstock. .. Garden City, Doubleday, Page & Company, 1912. url p. 255.
The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1800, p. 2690, p. 372, p. 373, p. 374, p. 433, p. 63, p. 851, p. 852, p. 854.
The study of plant communities: an introduction to plant ecology. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1948. url p. 254.
The timbers of commerce and their identification, London, W. Rider & son, limited, 1918. url , , .
The tree book. A popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation. By Julia Ellen Rogers. With sixteen plates in colour and one hundred and sixty in black-and-white from photographs by A. Radclyffe Dugmore. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page, 1912. url , , p. 411, p. 416.
The tree book: A popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation / New York: Doubleday, Page, 1920. url , , , , p. 411, p. 416.
The tree book: a popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation / Garden City: Doubleday, Page, 1914. url , , , p. 411, p. 416.
The tree book; a popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation, Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page & Company, 1913. url , , , p. 411, p. 416.
The trees of North Carolina, Chapel Hill [N.C.]W. C. Coker, 1916. url .
The trees of North Carolina, by W. C. Coker, and H. R. Totten. Chapel Hill [N.C.]W. C. Coker, 1916. url p. 86.
The vegetation of Shackleford Bank / by I.F. Lewis. Raleigh: Edwards & Broughton, 1917. url .
The vegetation of the New Jersey Pine-Barrens: an ecologic investigation / by John W. Harshberger. Philadelphia: Christopher Sower Company, 1916. url p. 103, p. 104, p. 142, p. 38, p. 67, p. 91.
Through the year with Thoreau, BostonHoughton Mifflin company, 1917. url .
Timbers and their uses; a handbook for woodworkers, merchants, and all interested in the conversion and use of timber, London, E. P. Dutton & Co., 1919. url , .
Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science. [Lexington, Ky.]Kentucky Academy of Science, 1923-1997. url p. 102, p. 103, p. 104, p. 104, p. 111, p. 13, p. 136, p. 14, p. 14, p. 145, p. 147, p. 147, p. 152, p. 156, p. 163, p. 167, p. 172, p. 174, p. 18, p. 19, p. 19, p. 197, p. 20, p. 20, p. 27, p. 3, p. 3, p. 31, p. 32, p. 34, p. 35, p. 36, p. 40, p. 41, p. 43, p. 44, p. 45, p. 47, p. 47, p. 48, p. 48, p. 49, p. 5, p. 51, p. 52, p. 59, p. 6, p. 60, p. 78, p. 8, p. 9, p. 90, p. 93, p. 94.
Tree ancestors; a glimpse into the past, by Edward Wilber Berry. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1923. url p. 240.
Tree and shrub hosts of Verticillium albo-atrum [by] E. B. Himelick. Urbana, Natural History Survey Division, 1969. url p. 6.
Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles / by W. J. Bean. London: J. Murray, 1916. url p. 384, p. 388, p. 389, p. 390, p. 391, p. 392, p. 79.
Trees and shrubs of Mexico / By Paul C. Standley. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1920-1926. url p. 1087.
Trees and shrubs of Nantucket; Descriptions, identification keys, list of trees and shrubs [by] Mabel Agnes Rice. [Ann Arbor, Michigan., Lithoprinted by Edwards brothers, inc.]1946. url p. 56, p. 72, p. 75.
Trees and shrubs, hardy in the British isles. LondonJ. Murray1914 url p. 384, p. 388, p. 389, p. 391, p. 79.
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Trees of Indiana / Indianapolis: State Board of Forestry of Indiana, 1919. url p. 248.
Trees of Indiana / by Chas. C. Deam Fort Wayne, Ind.: Fort Wayne Printing Co., 1921 url p. 12, p. 261, p. 262, p. 299.
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Hu Wenkuang. 1990. Bothrocaryum, Swida, Cornus, Dendrobenthamia, and Chamaepericlymenum. In: Fang Wenpei & Hu Wenkuang, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 56: 38108.
Cornus esquirolii H. Léveillé (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 257. 1914) was identified as Adina racemosa (Siebold & Zuccarini) Miquel (Rubiaceae) by Lauener (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 32: 97. 1972).

Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed May 1, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 18, 2007:

Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum - Herbarium GJO, Herbarium GJO
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2651643
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-27806
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:271574-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 11551
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 27806
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 271574-1
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDCOR01060
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CYFL7
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 12

Footnotes

Jenny Qiuyun Xiang & David E. Boufford "Cornaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 14 Page 206. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Cornus". in Flora of China Vol. 14 Page 206. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 202.730 meters (665.125 feet), Standard Deviation = 174.360 based on 1,061 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Cornus florida

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Cornaceae

Genus Cornus

Physical Description

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Cornus

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes