Coffea arabica

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Rubiaceae

The Rubiaceae are trees , shrubs , or infrequently herbs comprising about 450 genera and 6,500 species, including some lianous forms. The leaves are simple and usually entire, and are opposite or sometimes whorled ; stipules are present and interpetiolar . The flowers are nearly always bisexual and actinomorphic , often heterostylous, and usually are in cymose inflorescences. The calyx is mostly somewhat reduced and 4-5-lobed or sometimes the lobes are obsolete or rarely one of them greatly expanded and brightly colored . The sympetalous corolla is mostly 4-5-lobed, occasionally with 3 or up to 10 lobes. The androecium consists of as many stamens as corolla lobes and is adnate to the corolla tube or epigynous zone, alternate with the lobes. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of 2 or seldom more carpels, a single style, and a nearly always inferior ovary with the number of locules equaling the number of carpels, each with 1-many axile ovules. An epigynous nectary disk is usually present. The fruit is variable, sometimes forming multiples . -- Gerald Carr.

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,936 meters (0 to 16,194 feet).[1]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: No • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Spring • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Space 8-10' apart.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: Low • Salinity Tolerance: Low • CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium • Minimum pH: 4.0 • Maximum pH: 7.5 • Fertility Requirement: High

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Light Shade. • Shade Tolerance: Tolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Medium • Minimum Precipitation: 60 • Maximum Precipitation: 100 • Moisture Use: High

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): 17 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 365 • Cold Hardiness: 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Coffea arabica forma abyssinica A. Chev.
2. Coffea arabica var. amarella A. Froehner
3. Coffea arabica var. angustifolia Cramer
4. Coffea arabica var. bourbon Rodr. Ex Choussy
5. Coffea arabica var. brevistipulata Cif.
6. Coffea arabica var. bullata Cramer
7. Coffea arabica var. columnaris Ottol. Ex Cramer
8. Coffea arabica var. culta A. Chev.
9. Coffea arabica var. cultoides A. Chev.
10. Coffea arabica var. erecta Ottol. Ex Cramer
11. Coffea arabica var. latifolia A. Chev.
12. Coffea arabica var. longistipulata Cif.
13. Coffea arabica var. maragogype A. Froehner
14. Coffea arabica var. mokka Cramer
15. Coffea arabica var. monosperma Ottol. and Cramer
16. Coffea arabica var. murta Lalière
17. Coffea arabica var. myrtifolia A. Chev.
18. Coffea arabica var. pendula Cramer
19. Coffea arabica var. polysperma Burck
20. Coffea arabica var. pubescens Cif.
21. Coffea arabica var. purpurascens Cramer
22. Coffea arabica var. rotundifolia Ottol. Ex Cramer
23. Coffea arabica var. straminea Miq. Ex A. Froehner
24. Coffea arabica var. sundana (Miq.) A. Chev.
25. Coffea arabica var. typica Cramer
26. Coffea arabica var. variegata Ottol. Ex Cramer
27. Coffea bourbonica Pharm. Ex Wehmer
28. Coffea corymbulosa Bertol.
29. Coffea laurifolia Salisb.
30. Coffea moka Heynh.
31. Coffea sundana Miq.
32. Coffea vulgaris Moench

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 1:172. 1753

Name verified on 04-Jun-1986 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 13-Apr-2007.

An accepted name in the RHS Horticultural Database.

Similar Species

Members of the genus Coffea

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 177 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

C. abbayesii · C. abeokutae · C. affinis · C. afzelii · C. alleizettei · C. alleizetti · C. alleizettii · C. amara · C. ambanjensis · C. andrambovatensis · C. angustifolia · C. ankaranensis · C. arabica (Arabian Coffee) · C. arabical · C. arabica 'Brasilian Bush' · C. arabica L. 'Catui' · C. arabica 'Catura' (Coffee) · C. arabica L. 'Caturra gelb' · C. arabica columnaris · C. arabica 'Kona' (Kona Coffee) · C. arabica laurina · C. arabica maragogipe · C. arabica L. 'Murta' · C. arabica L. 'Nana' · C. arabica var. xanthocarpa · C. arenesiana · C. arnoldiana · C. aruwimiensis · C. augagneuri · C. augagneurii · C. bakossii · C. baviensis · C. benghalensis (Bengal Coffee) · C. bertrandi · C. bertrandii · C. betamponensis · C. boiviniana · C. boiviniana boiviniana · C. bonnieri · C. brevipes · C. bridsoniae · C. bukobensis · C. buxifolia · C. camphora · C. canephora (Congo Coffeetree (Usa)) · C. canephora sankuruensis · C. canephora var. laurentii · C. carrissoi · C. charrieriana · C. chazalioides · C. clusiaefolia · C. commersoniana · C. congensis (Congo Coffee) · C. costatifructa · C. coursiana coursiana · C. crameri · C. dactylifera · C. decaryana · C. dewevrei · C. dongnaiensis · C. dubardi · C. dubardii · C. elongata · C. eugenioides · C. excelsa · C. fadenii · C. farafanganensis · C. fotsoana · C. fragilis · C. gallienii · C. grevei · C. heimii · C. heterocalyx · C. homollei · C. humbertii · C. humblotiana · C. humilis · C. indica · C. javanica · C. jumellei · C. kapakata · C. khasiana · C. kianjavatensis · C. kihansiensis · C. kimbozensis · C. kivuensis · C. lancifolia · C. lancifolia var. auriculata · C. lancifolia var. lancifolia · C. laurentii · C. lemblini · C. lemblinii · C. leonimontana · C. leroyi · C. liaudii · C. liberica (Liberian Coffee) · C. liberica f. bwambensis · C. liberica forma bwambensis · C. liberica var. dewevrei (Excelsa Coffee) · C. liberica var. liberica

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, by J. C. Willis. CambridgeThe University Press, 1919 ENG url p. 155.
• A glossary of botanic terms with their derivation and accent. By Benjamin Daydon Jackson London, Duckworth;[1928] ENG url p. 59.
• A manual of dangerous insects likely to be introduced in the United States through importations. Ed. by W. Dwight Pierce, entomologist, southern field crop insect investigations. Washington: Govt. print. off., 1918. ENG url p. 115, p. 61, p. 62, p. 63, p. 64.
• A naturalist in Brazil; the record of a year's observation of her flora, her fauna, and her people, by Konrad Guenther translated by Bernard Miall Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1931. ENG url p. 380.
• A study of some characteristics of vegetable oils, by James B. McNair. Chicago, 1930. ENG url p. 60, p. 62.
• Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen. Bremen: Im Selbstverlag des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins, 1866- GER url p. 392, p. 393.
• Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsinki, Societas. ENG url p. 48.
• Agricultural news. Bridgetown, Barbados, Bowen & sons;1902-22. ENG url p. 419, p. 421.
• Allgemeine botanische Zeitschrift f�r Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie etc. Karlsruhe: J.J. Reiff, 1895-1928. GER url p. 162.
• An introduction to the chemistry of plant products by Paul Haas and T. G. Hill. London, Longmans, Green, 1928-1929. ENG url p. 185, p. 206, p. 519.
• An introduction to the embryology of angiosperms. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1950. ENG url p. 190, p. 191, p. 217, p. 81.
• An introduction to the natural system of botany: or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the art by J London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1830. ENG url p. 352.
• An outline of plant geography, by Douglas Houghton Campbell. New York, The Macmillan company, 1926. ENG url p. 177.
• Anales de la Sociedad Espa�ola de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, ENG url p. 191, p. 280.
• Annales de la Soci�t� entomologique de France. Paris: La Soci�t�, FRE url p. 647.
• Annales de la science agronomique franaise et trangre. Paris: Berger-Levrault1884-1930. FRE url p. 253.
• Annales des sciences naturelles. Paris: Fortin, Masson, 1834-1937. FRE url p. 283.
• Annales du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg. Leiden [etc.]E.J. Brill [etc.]. ENG url p. 10, p. 103, p. 119, p. 133, p. 148, p. 19, p. 34, p. 36, p. 38, p. 50, p. 52, p. 54, p. 70, p. 87, p. 98.
• Annales du Muse colonial de Marseille. Marseille: Muse colonial, 1907-1954. FRE url p. 109, p. 110, p. 139, p. 88.
• Annali di botanica. Roma, Tipografia F. Failli [etc.] ITA url p. 158.
• Annali di storia naturale. Bologna. url p. 438.
• Annals and magazine of natural history: including zoology, botany and geology London. url p. 346.
• Archiv f�r Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 179, p. 299, p. 73.
• Atti / Istituto botanico della Universit [e] Laboratorio crittogamico, Pavia. Pavia [etc.]: Tip. Fusi [etc.] ITA url p. 37, p. 41.
• Atti della Societtaliana di scienze naturali. Milano: 1860-1895. ITA url p. 190.
• Bastardierung als Ursache der Apogamie im Pflanzenreich. Eine Hypothese zur experimentellen Vererbungs- und Abstammungslehre. Jena, G. Fischer, 1918. GER url p. 437.
• Beitrge zur Biologie der Pflanzen. Berlin [etc.]Duncker & Humblot [etc.], 1870-2006. GER url p. 216.
• Beitr�ge zur Flora der Cap Verdischen Inseln: mit Ber�cksichtigung aller bis jetzt daselbst bekannten wildwachsenden und kultivirten Pflanzen: nach eigenen Untersuchungen und mit Benutzung der gewonnenen Resultate anderer Reisenden / dargestellt von Joh Heidelberg: E. Mohr, 1852. GER url p. 210, p. 211, p. 348, p. 53, p. 93.
• Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft. Berlin: Gebrder Borntrger, 1883-1987. GER url p. 114, p. 283.
• Billeder af nordens flora, ved A. Mentz og C.H. Ostenfeld. K�benhavn, G.E.C. Gad's forlag, 1917-1927. DAN url p. 446.
• Biochemie der Pflanzen / von Friedrich Czapek. Jena: G. Fischer, 1922-25. GER url p. 491.
• Biologisches Zentralblatt. Leipzig [etc.]VEB Georg Thieme [etc.] GER url p. 268, p. 269, p. 306, p. 779, p. 889.
• Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. 2 1881 Stuttgart [etc.] Schweizerbart [etc.] GER url p. 334.
• Botanische Untersuchungen ber einige in Java vorkommende Pilze, besonders ber Bltter bewohnende, parasitisch auftretende Arten / von S.H. Koorders. Amsterdam: J. Mller, 1907. GER url p. 130, p. 142, p. 151.
• Botanische Wanderungen in Brasilien. Reiseskizzen und Vegetationsbilder, von W. Detmer. Leipzig, Veit & Comp., 1897. GER url p. 101.
• Botanisches Taschenbuch fr die Anf�ger dieser Wissenschaft und der Apothekerkunst. Regensburg: Bey Montags Erben, [1790-1804] GER url p. 17, p. 217.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ f�r das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 123, p. 158, p. 16, p. 160, p. 162, p. 175, p. 207, p. 207, p. 215, p. 215, p. 23, p. 241, p. 246, p. 267, p. 28, p. 284, p. 286, p. 290, p. 305, p. 319, p. 327, p. 34, p. 341, p. 354, p. 356, p. 380, p. 383, p. 40, p. 417, p. 423, p. 461, p. 469, p. 487, p. 487, p. 507, p. 555, p. 602, p. 651, p. 67, p. 722, p. 87, p. 88, p. 89, p. 96, p. 996.
• Brehms Tierleben. Allgemeine kunde des Tierreichs. Mit etwa 2000 Abbildunge Leipzig, Bibliographisches Institut, 1911-19- GER url p. 376.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 122, p. 222, p. 61, p. 69.
• Bulletin / Chicago Natural History Museum. [Chicago, Ill.]: The Museum, [1944-1966] ENG url p. 12.
• Bulletin biologique de la France et de la Belgique. Montreuil [etc.]Gauther-Villars [etc.] FRE url p. 244, p. 46.
• Bulletin de la Fdration des socits d'horticulture de Belgique. Bruxelles [etc.]1861-1888. FRE url p. 15, p. 18, p. 71.
• Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France. 26 1879 Paris: La Société, 1854-1978. FRE url p. 18, p. 191.
• Bulletin de la Soci�t� Imperiale Zoologique d'Acclimatation. url p. 642.
• Bulletin de la Soci�t� entomologique de France. Paris: La Soci�t�, 1896- FRE url p. 110.
• Bulletin de la Soci�t� linn�enne de Normandie. Lons-le-Saunier [etc.]The Society. FRE url p. 76, p. 82.
• Bulletin de la Soci�t� royale de botanique de Belgique. [Bruxelles]: La Soci�t�, [1866]-1989. FRE url p. 120, p. 273, p. 327, p. 41, p. 53.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) ENG url p. 154, p. 162, p. 189, p. 196, p. 198, p. 202, p. 223, p. 224, p. 225, p. 229, p. 241, p. 258, p. 259, p. 279, p. 290, p. 352, p. 353, p. 356, p. 370, p. 371, p. 373, p. 374, p. 375, p. 376, p. 377, p. 379, p. 380, p. 56, p. 62.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, ENG url p. 309, p. 341, p. 384.
• Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Andover: Intercept. ENG url p. 192, p. 212, p. 221, p. 225, p. 225, p. 233.
• Bullettino. Florence. ITA url p. 55.
• Caroli Linnaei Opera. Editio prima critica, plena, ad editiones veras exacta, textum nullo rei detrimento contractum locosque editionum discrepantes exhibens. Vol. 2., Systema vegetabilium; libros diagnostico-botanicos co Lipsiae, Sumptum fecit O. Wigand, 1840. LAT url p. 185.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. ENG url p. 216, p. 955.
• Chloroplast pigments and chromatographic analysis. University Park, Pennsylvania State University[1958] ENG url p. 153.
• Coffee / by B. E. Dahlgren, Chief Curator, Dept. of Botany. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1938. ENG url p. 13, p. 2, p. 26.
• Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands / by Elbert L. Little, Jr., and Frank H. Wadsworth. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1964. ENG url p. 504, p. 506.
• Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s�ances de l'Acad�mie des sciences. Paris: publi�s avec le concours du Centre national de la recherche scientifique par MM. les secr�taires perp�tuels: -1965. FRE url p. 1094, p. 162, p. 163, p. 209, p. 211, p. 243.
• Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s�ances de l'Acad�mie des sciences. Paris: publi�s avec le concours du Centre national de la recherche scientifique par MM. les secr�taires perp�tuels: -1965. FRE url p. 209, p. 211, p. 232, p. 435.
• Davis, A. P. et al. 2006. An annotated taxonomic conspectus of the genus Coffea (Rubiaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 152:478 –479.
• Der Tropenpflanzer; zeitschrift fr tropische landwirtschaft. Berlin. GER url p. 103, p. 121, p. 152, p. 176, p. 232, p. 236, p. 238, p. 246, p. 263, p. 329, p. 358, p. 48, p. 51, p. 551, p. 560, p. 636.
• Descriptive catalogue of the Formosan fungi / by Kaneyoshi Sawoda. Taihoku, Formosa: Agricultural Experiment Station, 1919- ENG url p. 112, p. 135, p. 165, p. 176, p. 180, p. 251, p. 41, p. 62.
• Dictionnaire de physiologie / par Charles Richet; avec la collaboration de P. Langlois et L. Lapicque [et al.]. Paris: F. Alcan, 1895- FRE url p. 920, p. 921.
• Die Gartenwelt. Berlin: G. Schmidt, [1897- GER url p. 106, p. 19, p. 200, p. 286, p. 384, p. 444, p. 456, p. 457, p. 468, p. 66, p. 696, p. 74, p. 94.
• Die Lehre von der Pflanzenzelle / von Wilh. Hofmeister. Leipzig: Engelmann, 1867. GER url p. 244, p. 484.
• Die Nat�rlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten begr�ndet von A. Engler und K. Prantl, fortgesetzt von A. Engler Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1887-1909. GER url p. 451.
• Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs: versuch einer Technischen Rohstofflehre des Pflanzenreiches / Unter Mitwirkung von Max Bemberger, von Julius von Wiesner. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1914. GER url p. 652, p. 748.
• Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz Leipzig: E. Kummer, 1884-1966. GER url p. 796, p. 949.
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. (CRC MedHerbs ed2)
• Economic plants. An index to economic products of the vegetable kingdom in Jamaica. Comp. by William Fawcett Jamaica, Govt. Print. Establishment, 1891. ENG url p. 33.
• Einleitung in das nat�rliche System der Botanik; oder, Systematische Uebersicht der Organisation, nat�rlichen Verwandtschaften und geographischen Verbreitung des ganzen Pflanzenreichs, nebst Angabe des Nutzens der wichtigsten Arten in der Heilkunde, Weimar, Verlage des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, 1833. GER url p. 311.
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. ENG url p. 1060, p. 1098, p. 224, p. 272, p. 455, p. 540, p. 60, p. 760, p. 842, p. 843, p. 856, p. 942.
• Field Museum of Natural History bulletin. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, [1930]-c1990. ENG url p. 15, p. 16, p. 17, p. 23.
• Flora Capensis: sistens plantas promontorii Bon Spei Africes: secundum systema sexuale emendatum / Carol. Pet. Thunberg. Hafniae: Apud G. Bonnierum, 1818-1820. LAT url p. 19.
• Flora Costaricensis / William Burger, editor. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1993. ENG url p. 106, p. 107, p. 325.
• Flora Indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. Serampore: Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. ENG url p. 539.
• Flora of Bermuda by Nathaniel Lord Britton New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1918. ENG url p. 364.
• Flora of Costa Rica by Paul C. Standley Chicago, 1937. ENG url p. 773.
• Flora of Guatemala / by Paul C. Standley and Louis O. Williams. Chicago, ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1975. ENG url p. 251, p. 44, p. 48, p. vi.
• Flora of Peru / by J. Francis Macbride; B.E. Dahlgren, editor. Chicago, U.S.A.: Field Museum of Natural History, [1936] ENG url p. 124.
• Flora of Yucatan, by Paul C. Standley. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1930. ENG url p. 427.
• Flora of the Lancetilla Valley, Honduras, by Paul C. Standley. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1931. ENG url p. 369.
• Flora voor de Nederlandsch West-Indische eilanden, door I. Boldingh Amsterdam, Druk. van J. H. de Bussy, 1913. DUT url p. 376, p. 409, p. 430, p. 64.
• Flore analytique & descriptive des provinces de Namur et de Luxembourg (plantes indig�nes et cultiv�es) Accompagn�e d'une carte botanique, des �tymologies des noms, des propri�t�s des plantes, etc. Ouvrage illustr� de 341 figures. Namur, Ad. Wesmael-Charlier, 1902. FRE url p. 501.
• Flore pittoresque et mdicale des Antilles, ou, Histoire naturelle des plantes usuelles des colonies franaises, anglaises, espagnoles et portugaises; par M.E. Descourtilz. Peinte par J. Th. Descourtilz. ParisPichard, 1821-1829. FRE url p. 57.
• Gardening. Chicago, the Gardening Co., 1892-1925. ENG url p. 55, p. 58.
• Gartenflora. Erlangen: F. Enke, 1852-1940. GER url p. 256, p. 274, p. 296, p. 572.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 1237, p. 211, p. 216, p. 217, p. 800, p. 927.
• Hamburger Garten- und Blumenzeitung. Hamburg: R. Kittler, 1852-1890. GER url p. 163, p. 430, p. 441, p. 519.
• Handbuch der systematischen botanik, mit besonderer ber�cksichtigung der arzneipflanzen. Bd. 1. Leipzig, H. Haessel, 1879. GER url p. 1103.
• Handbuch der vergleichenden Physiologie / bearb. von E. Bab�k [et al.]. Jena: Fischer, 1910-24. GER url p. 2004, p. 2017.
• Handw�rterbuch der naturwissenschaften / hrsg. von prof. dr. E. Korschelt (zoologie) prof. dr. G. Linck (mineralogie und geologie) prof. dr. F. Oltmanns (botanik) prof. dr. K. Schaum (chemie) prof. dr. H. Th. Simon (physi Jena: G. Fischer, 1912-1915. GER url p. 19, p. 405, p. 420, p. 841, p. 860.
• Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12. (Weeds SAfr 2001)
• Herrn Bengt And. Euphrasns Reise nach der schwedisch-westindischen Insel St. Barthelemi und den inseln St. Estache und St. Christoph, oder, Beschreibung der Sitten, Lebensart der Einwohner, Lage, Besc aus dem Schwedischen von Joh. Georg Lud. Blumhof. Gttingen: Bey Johann Christian Dieterich, 1798. GER url p. 271.
• I giardini: giornale d'orticoltura / redatto da un Antofilo Colla cooperzione di insigni Botanici Amatori di piante e Orticultori italiani. Milano: Tipografia e Litografia degli ingegneri. ITA url p. 493.
• I parassiti vegetali delle piante coltivate od utili. Alba, Sineo & Bo, 1913. ITA url p. 949.
• Illustrierte Garten-Zeitung. Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart. GER url p. 104.
• Indian forest insects of economic importance. Coleoptera. By Edward Percy Stebbing. London, Printed by Eyre & Spottiswoode, ltd., 1914. ENG url p. 637.
• International catalogue of scientific literature. London: Published for the International Council by the Royal Society of London, 1902-1919. ENG url p. 170, p. 640.
• International review of the science and practice of agriculture. Rome: International Institute of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Intelligence and Plant Diseases, 1916-1926. ENG url p. 1061, p. 1244.
• Inventory of seeds and plants imported / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1914-1924. ENG url p. 20, p. 55, p. 87, p. 90.
• Irish gardening. [Dublin: Pub. Office, 1906-1922] ENG url p. 186.
• Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten. Hamburg: Lucas Gr��fe & Sillem, 1883-1916. GER url p. 213.
• Jahrbuch f�r Gartenkunde und Botanik. Bonn: E. Strauss., 1884-1890. GER url p. 13.
• Jahresbericht der K�nigl. Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften �ber die Fortschritte der Botanik Breslau:Konigl. Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1838-1847. GER url p. 128, p. 78.
• Jahresbericht �ber das Gebiet der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Berlin: P. Parey, 1907-1917. GER url p. 222, p. 238, p. 280, p. 280, p. 303.
• Jahresbericht �ber die Fortschritte auf dem Gesamtgebiete der Agrikultur-Chemie. Berlin: Julius Springer, 1866-1919. GER url p. 138, p. 199, p. 294, p. 364.
• Jahresbericht �ber die Neuerungen und Leistungen auf dem Gebiete der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Berlin: P. Parey, 1903-1905. GER url p. 217, p. 236, p. 239, p. 240, p. 260, p. 263, p. 279, p. 302, p. 339.
• Journal d'agriculture tropicale: agricole, scientifique et commercial. [Paris, Dubois et Bauer, etc.] FRE url p. 19, p. 317, p. 43, p. 81.
• Journal de botanique. Paris, Bureau de journaux. FRE url p. 171.
• Journal de la Soci�t� nationale d'horticulture de France. Paris: Au si�ge de la Soci�t�, 1886-1927. FRE url p. 818.
• Journal f�r die G�rtnerey: welches eigene Abhandlungen, Ausz�ge und Urtheile der neuesten Schriften, so vom Gartenwesen handeln, auch Erfahrungen und Nachrichten enth�lt. Stutgart: Bei Johann Benedict Mezler, 1786-1794. GER url p. 105.
• Journal of Hymenoptera research. Washington, D.C.: International Society of Hymenopterists, [1992- ENG url p. 105, p. 152.
• Journal of agricultural research. Washington, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1913-1949.. ENG url p. 105, p. 1050, p. 423, p. 442, p. 670, p. 893.
• Journal of economic entomology. [College Park, Md., etc.]Entomological Society of America [etc.] ENG url p. 308, p. 311, p. 472, p. 514.
• Journal of entomology and zoology. Claremont, Calif., U.S.A.: Pomona College Dept. of Zoology, [1913- ENG url p. 21.
• Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 38 1957 Cambridge, Mass.: Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University [etc.], 1919- ENG url p. 408.
• Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. Oxford [etc.]Royal Microscopical Society. ENG url p. 298, p. 342, p. 682.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller l�nder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 1012, p. 1019, p. 1022, p. 1040, p. 1118, p. 1161, p. 12, p. 1226, p. 1256, p. 126, p. 1267, p. 1269, p. 1389, p. 139, p. 14, p. 157, p. 1762, p. 181, p. 188, p. 195, p. 2, p. 22, p. 221, p. 281, p. 302, p. 309, p. 312, p. 323, p. 324, p. 338, p. 365, p. 365, p. 367, p. 386, p. 391, p. 394, p. 409, p. 422, p. 424, p. 43, p. 433, p. 443, p. 448, p. 450, p. 46, p. 460, p. 465, p. 475, p. 491, p. 50, p. 502, p. 523, p. 537, p. 56, p. 567, p. 592, p. 630, p. 650, p. 67, p. 676, p. 685, p. 686, p. 720, p. 728, p. 729, p. 740, p. 746, p. 747, p. 75, p. 76, p. 780, p. 8, p. 839, p. 844, p. 845, p. 878, p. 899, p. 93, p. 949, p. 974, p. 981, p. 984.
• L'Agricoltura coloniale. Firenze, Istituto agronomico per l'Africa italiana [etc.] ITA url p. 186, p. 239.
• L'Agriculture pratique des pays chauds. Paris: Augustin Challamel, [1901-1932] FRE url p. 174, p. 175, p. 176, p. 213, p. 35, p. 365, p. 374, p. 385, p. 450, p. 453, p. 508, p. 51, p. 511, p. 512, p. 521, p. 56, p. 57, p. 59, p. 630, p. 69, p. 99.
• L'Illustration horticole; journal international populaire de l'horticulture dans toutes ses branches. Ghent; FRE url p. 150.
• La Cellule. Lierre, Belgium [etc.]Van In [etc.] FRE url p. 410, p. 428.
• Le Jardin. Paris: Librairie horticole du Jardin, 1887-1921. FRE url p. 151, p. 188, p. 225.
• Le Naturaliste canadien. Neufch�tel, QC: �ditions, l'Ardoise [etc.] FRE url p. 210.
• Le Naturaliste: journal des �changes et des nouvelles. Paris: Bureaux � Paris, 1879-1910. FRE url p. 90.
• Leung, A. Y. and S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2. (Ency CNatIn)
• List of duplicate plants in the Government Botanic Gardens, November 1874. Port-of-Spain: G.P.O., 1874. ENG url p. 3.
• Lyon-horticole. Lyon: Impr. du Salut public, FRE url p. 317.
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2. (Food Feed Crops US)
• McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
• Me?moires /Socie?te? botanique de France. 1 1905 [Paris: La Socie?te?, 1905-1921. FRE url p. 346.
• Memorie della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. url p. 80.
• Mikrochemie der Pflanze. Jena, G. Fischer, 1921. GER url p. 119, p. 234, p. 306, p. 307.
• Monographie der fossilen Flora der Pithecanthropus-Schichten, von Julius Schuster. Vorgelegt am 4. M�rz 1911. M�nchen, Verlag der K�niglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1911. GER url p. 38.
• More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters, ed. by Francis Darwin and A.C. Seward London, J. Murray, 1903. ENG url p. 365, p. 460.
• Morphologie und Biologie der Algen, von Dr. Friedrich Oltmanns Jena, G. Fischer, 1922-23. GER url p. 479, p. 534.
• Morphologie und biologie der algen, von dr. Friedrich Oltmanns Jena, G. Fischer, 1904-05. GER url p. 322, p. 416.
• M�langes de Philosophie et de Math�matique de la Soci�t� Royale de Turin. url p. 56.
• M�moires de la Soci�t� d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. FRE url p. 168, p. 169.
• Natur und Museum. Frankfurt am Main. MUL url p. 131.
• Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau: w�chentliche Berichte �ber die Fortschritte auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Naturwissenschaften. Braunschweig: Druck und verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1886- GER url p. 123, p. 256, p. 284, p. 8, p. 88, p. 9.
• Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 186, p. 203, p. 286, p. 773.
• Neue allgemeine deutsche Garten- und Blumenzeitung. Hamburg: G. Heubel's Buch- und Kunsthandlung, 1845-1851. GER url p. 494.
• Novitates Zoologicae. London. url p. 400.
• On the micro-lepidoptera of the West Indies / by Lord Walsingham. [London]: Zoological Society of London, 1891. ENG url p. 142.
• Patterns and perspectives in environmental science: report prepared for the National Science Board, National Science Foundation. [Washington]: The Board: for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1972. ENG url p. 216.
• Pflanzenmikrochemie: ein Hilfsbuch beim mikrochemischen Studium pflanzlicher Objekte / von Dr. O. Tunmann. Berlin: Gebr�der Borntraeger, 1913. GER url p. 131, p. 186, p. 302, p. 309, p. 313, p. 344.
• Pflanzenphysiologie; ein Handbuch der Lehre vom Stoffwechsels und Kraftwechsels in der Pflanze, von Dr. W. Pfeffer... Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1897-1904. GER url p. 327.
• Physiologische pflanzenanatomie / von dr. G. Haberlandt. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1904. GER url p. 377.
• Phytochemie, von Friedrich Rochleder. Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1854. GER url p. 131, p. 132, p. 259, p. 326.
• Plant morphogenesis. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960. ENG url p. 471.
• Principles of plant physiology, by Oran Raber. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1938. ENG url p. 289.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia] ENG url p. 841.
• Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Sydney, Linnean Society of New South Wales. ENG url p. 759.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 587.
• Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington, Washington Academy of Sciences. ENG url p. 313.
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. (Dict Rehm)
• Rehm, S. and G. Espig. 1991. The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics. (CultTropS)
• Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76: under the command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N., F.R.S. and Captain Frank Turle Thomson, R.N. / prepared under the superintendence of Sir C. Wyville Thomson. Edinburgh: Neill, 1880-1895. ENG url p. 158, p. 38.
• Schilderung der deutschen Pflanzenfamilien: vom botanisch- descriptiven und physiologisch-chemischen Standpunkte / von Hermann Hoffmann. Giessen: G.F. Hener's Verlag, 1846. GER url p. 126.
• Schlesiens Pflanzenwelt. Eine pflanzengeographische Schilderung der Provinz. Jena, G. Fischer, 1915. GER url p. 290.
• Science in Africa; a review of scientific research relating to tropical and southern Africa, by E.B. Worthington issued by the Committee of the African research survey under the auspices of the Royal institute of international affairs. London, Oxford university press, 1938. ENG url p. 362, p. 674.
• Scientific memoirs London. url p. 297.
• Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands / New York Academy of Sciences. New York, N.Y.: The Academy, 1919- url p. 119, p. 216, p. 221, p. 242, p. 26, p. 85, p. 93.
• Seeds and plants imported / U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1903-1913. ENG url p. 12, p. 58, p. 76, p. 84.
• Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde. GER url p. 27.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. ENG url p. 322, p. 61.
• St. Croix's flora / af H.F.A. Baron Eggers. [Kjbenhavn: s.n., 1876] DAN url p. 124, p. 72, p. 84.
• Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Digessit P. A. Saccardo. Patavii, sumptibus auctoris, 1882-1931. LAT url p. 270, p. 334, p. 335.
• Symbolae ad floram Argentinam. Zweite Bearbeitung argentinischer Pflanzen. G�ttingen, Dieterich'sche Verlags-Buchhandlung, 1879. GER url p. 155.
• Textbook of theoretical botany, by R. C. McLean and W. R. Ivimey-Cook. London, Longmans, Green[1951- ENG url p. 1937.
• The Entomologist's monthly magazine. Oxford [etc.]Entomologist's Monthly Magazine Ltd. [etc.] ENG url p. 205, p. 71.
• The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. ENG url p. 321, p. 340, p. 344, p. 404, p. 459.
• The Journal of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture. San Juan: [Board of Commissioners of Agriculture, 1917]. ENG url p. 166, p. 230, p. 9.
• The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay: The Society, ENG url p. 191.
• The Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Victoria. [Melbourne]:Dept. of Agriculture, Victoria, 1902-1955. ENG url p. 794.
• The Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club. [London: Quekett Microscopical Club, 1868]-1966. ENG url p. 243.
• The Leguminosae of Porto Rico. By J. Perkins. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1907. ENG url p. 168, p. 188.
• The Review of applied entomology. Farnham Royal, Eng. [etc.]: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux [etc.] ENG url p. 129, p. 259, p. 307, p. 384, p. 412, p. 508, p. 51, p. 587, p. 597, p. 600, p. 644, p. 679.
• The Rubiaceae of Bolivia, by Paul C. Standley. Chicago, 1931. ENG url p. 296.
• The Rubiaceae of Colombia, by Paul C. Standley. Chicago, 1930. ENG url p. 68.
• The Rubiaceae of Ecuador, by Paul C. Standley. Chicago, 1931. ENG url p. 217.
• The Rubiaceae of Venezuela, by Paul C. Standley. Chicago, 1931. ENG url p. 412.
• The anthocyanin pigments of plants. By Muriel Wheldale. Cambridge, University Press, 1916. ENG url p. 239, p. 32.
• The flora homoeopathica: or, illustrations and descriptions of the medicinal plants used as homoeopathic remedies /by Edward Hamilton. 1 1852 London: Leath & Ross, 1852-1853. url p. 190, p. 191, p. 193, p. 195, p. 197.
• The flora of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands, by Baron H.F.A. Eggers. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1879. ENG url p. 122, p. 61.
• The flowering process. New York, Macmillan, 1963. ENG url p. 211.
• The forests and flora of British Honduras / by Paul C. Standley and Samuel J. Record; in cooperation with the Conservator of Forests and the Agricultural Officer of the Colony. Chicago: [Field Museum of Natural History], 1936. ENG url p. 378.
• The gardens' bulletin, Straits Settlements. Singapore: Straits Times Press, 1913-1941. ENG url p. 204, p. 365.
• The mutation theory; experiments and observations on the origin of species in the vegetable kingdom, by Hugo de Vries tr. by Prof. J. B. Farmer and A. D. Darbishire Chicago, Open Court Publishing Company; [etc., etc.]1909-10. ENG url p. 367, p. 369.
• The natural productions of Burmah: or, notes on the fauna, flora, and minerals of the Tenasserim provinces and the Burman empire / by Francis Mason. Maulmain: American Mission Press, 1850. ENG url p. 177.
• The organic constituents of higher plants: their chemistry and interrelationships. With contributions by Ernest Sondheimer. Minneapolis, Burgess Pub. Co.[1963] ENG url p. 235, p. 243.
• The physiology of flowering. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston[1962] ENG url p. 129.
• The physiology of plants; a treatise upon the metabolism and sources of energy in plants, by Dr. W. Pfeffer 2d fully rev. ed., translated and edited by Alfred J. Ewart. Oxford, Clarendon press, 1900-06. ENG url p. 254, p. 279.
• The trees of America; native and foreign, pictorially and botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described, illustrated by numerous engravings. By D. J. Browne. New York, Harper & brothers, 1857. ENG url p. 353.
• The tropical agriculturist. Colombo, Ceylon: A.M. & J. Ferguson, 1882- ENG url p. 185, p. 212, p. 473.
• The vegetable kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system / by John Lindley. London: Bradbury and Evans, 1846. ENG url p. 764, p. 816.
• The water relations of plants: a symposium of the British Ecological Society, London, 5-8 April 1961 / Edited by A. J. Rutter and F. H. Whitehead. New York: Wiley, [1963] ENG url p. 185, p. 386.
• Thesaurus litteraturae mycologicae et lichenologicae ratione habita praecipue omnium quae adhuc scripta sunt de mycologia applicata quem congesserunt G. Lindau et P. Sydow. Lipsiis, Fratres Borntraeger, 1908-1917. LAT url p. 390.
• Tijdschrift voor entomologie. [Amsterdam]: Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging. MUL url p. 20, p. 320, p. 38, p. 385, p. 39, p. 40, p. 62, p. 74, p. 94.
• To the River Plate and back: the narrative of a scientific mission to South America, with observations upon things seen and suggested / by W.J. Holland; with eight plates in color from drawings by the author and 78 other illustrations. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1913. ENG url p. 376, p. 84.
• Trace elements in plants and animals, by Walter Stiles Cambridge [Eng.]The University Press;1946. ENG url p. 17.
• Trait de botanique mdicale cryptogamique, suivi du tableau du droguier de la Facult de mdecine de Paris, par H. Baillon. Avec 370 figures dans le texte, dessins de A. Faguet. Paris, O. Doin, 1889. FRE url p. 336.
• Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952 –. Flora of tropical East Africa. (F TE Afr)
• Untersuchungen aus dem Botanischen Institut zu Tbingen. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1881-1888. GER url p. 601, p. 632.
• Useful plants of the Siona and Secoya Indians of eastern Ecuador / William T. Vickers, Timothy Plowman. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1984. ENG url p. 27, p. 61.
• Verhandlungen des Vereins zur Befrderung des Gartenbaues in den Kniglich Preussischen Staaten. Berlin, Auf Kosten des Vereins, 1824-1860. GER url p. 107, p. 115, p. 195, p. 233, p. 285.
• Verzamelde geschriften van M. W. Beijerinck ter gelegenheid van zijn 70sten verjaardag, met medewerking der Nederlandsche regeering uitgegeven door zijne vrienden en vereerders. Delft: [s. n.], 1921- DUT url p. 113.
• Videnskabelige meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske forening i Kj�benhavn. Kj�benhavn: Selskabets Bestyrelse, [1849]-1912. DAN url p. 40.
• Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Z�rich. Z�rich: F�si & Beer, GER url p. 317, p. 358.
• Vossen, H. A. M. van der and M. Wessel, eds. 2000. Stimulants. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). (Pl Res SEAs) 16:66.
• Water in the physiology of plants, by A. S. Crafts, H. B. Currier and C. R. Stocking. Waltham, Mass., Chronica Botanica Co., 1949. ENG url p. 157, p. 209.
• Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer "Valdivia" 1898-1899. Im Auftrage des Reichsamtes des Innern hrsg. von Carl Chun [et al.] Jena, G. Fischer, 1902-40. GER url p. 405.
• Wochenschrift des Vereines zur Befrderung des Gartenbaues in den Kniglich Preussischen Staaten fr Grtnerei und Pflanzenkunde. Berlin, Wiegandt & Hempel [etc.] GER url p. 156, p. 417.
• Woods of northeastern Peru, by Llewelyn Williams. Chicago, 1936. ENG url p. 451, p. 462, p. 540, p. 59.
• Zeitschrift fr Pflanzenzchtung. Berlin: Paul Parey, 1913-1929. GER url p. 521, p. 89.
• Zeitschrift fr wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und fr mikroskopische Technik. Stuttgart [etc.]S. Hirzel [etc.] GER url p. 109.
• Zeitschrift f�r wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und mikroskopische Technik. Stuttgart [etc.]S. Hirzel [etc.] GER url p. 320.
• Zoologische Jahrb�cher. Jena [Germany]: G. Fischer, GER url p. 267.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed October 5, 2006.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 13, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 19 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 27, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 13, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Banco Nacional de Germoplasma Vegetal, México
• Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Herbarium of New South Wales, NSW herbarium collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
• SysTax, SysTax
• Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facility, Magnoliophyta
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2657102
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-35190
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14249483
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:85303-3
• GRIN Nomen Number: 300141
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 35190
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDRUB0D010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: COAR2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 31813

Footnotes

1. Mean = 363.470 meters (1,192.487 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,199.090 based on 313 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.