Common Names
Common Names in English:
Lovely Clarkia, Red Ribbons
Description
Family Onagraceae
Annual
or perennial
herbs, or shrubs
, rarely trees
to 30 m
tall, often with epidermal oil cells
, usually with internal phloem
. Leaves simple
, spirally arranged
, opposite, or occasionally whorled
, entire or toothed
to pinnatifid
; stipules present and usually caducous
, or absent. Flowers perfect
and hermaphroditic
or occasionally unisexual
, actinomorphic
or zygomorphic, (2-) 4(-7) -merous, axillary
, in leafy spikes or racemes
or solitary, or occasionally in panicles, all but Ludwigia with distinct
floral tube
, nectariferous
within. Sepals green or colored
, valvate
. Petals as many as sepals or rarely absent, variously colored, imbricate or convolute and occasionally clawed. Stamens as many as sepals in one series or 2 × as many as sepals in 2 series [in Lopezia Cavanilles reduced to 2 or 1 plus 1 sterile
staminode]; anthers
versatile or basifixed
, dithecal
, sometimes cross-partitioned, opening by longitudinal
slits; pollen grains
almost always united
by viscin threads, shed as monads
, tetrads
, or polyads
. Ovary inferior, with as many carpels and locules as sepals, septa sometimes thin or absent at maturity; placentation axile
or parietal
, ovules 1 to many per locule, in 1 or several rows
or clustered, anatropous
, bitegmic; style 1; stigma with as many lobes
as sepals or clavate
to globose
. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or indehiscent nut or berry. Seeds small, smooth
or variously sculptured
, sometimes with a coma [or wing], with straight oily embryo, endosperm lacking.
Seventeen genera and ca.
650 species: widespread in temperate
and subtropical
areas, but best represented in W North America; six genera (two introduced
), 64 species (11 endemic, 11 introduced), and five natural hybrids (two endemic) in China.
Onagraceae are a well-defined, monophyletic family
in the order
Myrtales, with a sister relationship
to Lythraceae. Within the order Myrtales, the Onagraceae are distinguished by a number of features including (1) a distinctive 4-nucleate embryo sac; (2) abundant raphides
in vegetative cells
; (3) paracrystalline beaded pollen ektexine; and (4) pollen with viscin threads.
Some species of Oenothera are grown for the oil
in their seeds, which contains gamma linolenic acid (GLA), used for medicinal purposes. Several species of Onagraceae also are cultivated in China for their horticultural value, including species of Fuchsia Linnaeus (generally distinguished by having large, tubular
, red or orange flowers and fleshy
berries
) and Clarkia Pursh (distinguished by having stigmas with commissural
lobes with dry, unicellular papillae, and dry, elongate
capsules similar to those of Epilobium but lacking comas on the seeds) . The most commonly cultivated Fuchsia is F. ×hybrida Hort. and the related F. magellanica Lamarck in F. sect. Quelusia (Vandelli) Candolle from South America; F. triphylla Linnaeus, in F. sect. Fuchsia, from Hispaniola, is known from only one gathering in Fujian. Similarly, Clarkia amoena (Lehmann) A. Nelson & J. F. Macbride is widely cultivated in China, whereas C.
pulchella Pursh is known from only one gathering in Xizang; both species are native
to W North America. There are no naturalized
species of either Clarkia or Fuchsia in China.[1]
Physical Description
Habit: Forb/herb
Flowers: Bloom Period: March, April, May, June. • Flower Color: pink, red
Size/Age/Growth
Size: 12-18" tall.
Habitat
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,975 meters (0 to 6,480 feet).[2]
Biology
Reproduction
Duration: Annual
Growth
Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
)
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
)
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
)
- Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
)
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
)
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
(
)
- Brongniart, 1843
- Dicotyledons
- Subclass:
Rosidae
(
)
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder:
Myrtanae
(
)
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Order:
Myrtales
(
)
- Reichenbach, 1828
- Suborder:
Onagrineae
(
)
- Family:
Onagraceae
(
)
- Adans., 1763, Nom. Cons.
- Evening Primrose Family
- Subfamily:
Ranunculoideae
(
)
- Subfamily:
Ranunculoideae
(
- Family:
Onagraceae
(
- Suborder:
Onagrineae
(
- Order:
Myrtales
(
- Superorder:
Myrtanae
(
- Subclass:
Rosidae
(
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Unambiguous Synonyms
- Eucharidium Concinnum
Notes
Name
Status: Accepted Name
. Latest taxonomic
scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000
Place of publication
: Pittonia 1:140. 1887
Name verified on 10-Oct-1991 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 14-Mar-2001
Similar Species
Members of the genus Clarkia
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 151 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:
C. affinis (Chaparral Clarkia) · C. amoena (Farewell To Spring) · C. amoena amoena (Intermediate Enchanter's Nightshade) · C. amoena caurina (Farewell To Spring) · C. amoena 'Flamingo Red' (Farewell-To-Spring) · C. amoena 'Flamingo Rose Eye' (Farewell-To-Spring) · C. amoena 'Flamingo Salmon' (Farewell-To-Spring) · C. amoena 'Fruit Punch' · C. amoena huntiana (Farewell To Spring) · C. amoena lindleyi (Farewell-To-Spring) · C. amoena 'Rembrandt' · C. amoena subsp. caurina (Farewell To Spring) · C. amoena subsp. huntiana (Farewell To Spring) · C. amoena subsp. lindleyi (Lindley's Clarkia) · C. amoena subsp. whitneyi (Whitney's Clarkia) · C. amoena 'Sweeties' (Farewell-To-Spring) · C. amoena 'Thoroughly Modern Millie' · C. arcuata (Glandular Fairyfan) · C. arnottii · C. australis (Small's Southern Clarkia) · C. biloba (Two-Lobed Clarkia) · C. biloba australis (Whitney's Farewell-To-Spring) · C. biloba biloba (Twolobe Clarkia) · C. biloba brandegeeae (Brandegee's Clarkia) · C. biloba subsp. australis (Mariposa Clarkia) · C. biloba subsp. brandegeae · C. borealis (Northern Clarkia) · C. borealis arida (Shasta Clarkia) · C. borealis borealis · C. borealis subsp. arida (Shasta Clarkia) · C. bottae · C. bottae 'Amethyst Glow' · C. bottae 'Lady in Blue' (Farewell To Spring) · C. breweri (Brewer's Clarkia) · C. breweri 'Pink Ribbons' (Brewers Clarkia) · C. calientensis calientensis · C. concinna (Lovely Clarkia) · C. concinna automixa (Punch-Bowl Godetia) · C. concinna concinna (Red Ribbons) · C. concinna 'Pink Ribbons' · C. concinna subsp. automixa (Red Ribbons) · C. concinna subsp. raichei (Raiche's Clarkia) · C. cylindrica (Cylindrical Clarkia) · C. cylindrica clavicarpa (Raiche's Red-Ribbons) · C. cylindrica cylindrica · C. cylindrica subsp. clavicarpa (Speckled Clarkia) · C. davyi (Davy's Fairyfan) · C. decumbens · C. deflexa · C. delicata (Delicate Clarkia) · C. dudleyana (Dudley's Fairyfan) · C. eiseneana · C. elegans · C. elegans 'Apple Blossom' (Mountain Garland) · C. elegans 'Salmon Princess' (Mountain Garland) · C. elegans 'Salmon Queen' (Mountain Garland) · C. epilobioides (Willow-Herb Clarkia) · C. exilis (Kern River Fairyfan) · C. franciscana (Presidio Clarkia) · C. gauroides · C. gracilis (Farewelltospring) · C. gracilis albicaulis (White-Stemmed Clarkia) · C. gracilis gracilis (Slender Clarkia) · C. gracilis sonomensis (Sonoma Clarkia) · C. gracilis subsp. albicaulis (Whitestem Clarkia) · C. gracilis subsp. sonomensis (Sonoma Clarkia) · C. gracilis subsp. tracyi (Tracy's Clarkia) · C. grandiflora · C. heterandra (Mountain Clarkia) · C. imbricata (Vine Hill Clarkia) · C. jolonensis (Jolon Clarkia) · C. lassenensis (Mt. Lassen Clarkia) · C. lewisii (Lewis' Clarkia) · C. ligulata · C. lingulata (Merced Clarkia) · C. mildredae · C. mildrediae (Mildred's Clarkia) · C. mildrediae lutescens (Tracy's Clarkia) · C. mildrediae mildrediae · C. mildrediae subsp. lutescens (Mildred's Clarkia) · C. modesta (Waltham Creek Fairyfan) · C. mosquinii (Mosquins Fairy Fan) · C. mosquinii xerophila · C. neriifolia · C. nitens · C. nitens nitens · C. 'Orange Glow' · C. parviflora · C. prostrata (Prostrate Clarkia) · C. pulchella (Large-Flower Clarkia) · C. pulchella 'Confetti Mix' (Deerhorn Clarkia) · C. pulchella 'Passion for Purple' (Deerhorn Clarkia) · C. pulchella 'Snowflake' (Deerhorn Clarkia) · C. pulcherrima · C. purpurea (Winecup Fairyfan) · C. purpurea purpurea (Winecup Fairyfan) · C. purpurea quadrivulnera (Winecup Fairyfan) · C. purpurea subsp. quadrivulnera (Winecup Fairyfan) · C. purpurea subsp. viminea (Winecup Clarkia) · C. purpurea viminea (Winecup Fairyfan)
More Info
- Search for Pictures: images.google.com
- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
- Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- ENG url p. 575, p. 576.
- An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] ENG url p. 184, p. 186.
- Catalog of hymenoptera in America north of Mexico / prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein [et al.]. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979- ENG url p. 1792, p. 1985, p. 2015.
- Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 540.
- Lewis, H. & M. E. Lewis. 1955. The genus Clarkia. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 20:359.
- Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora. (F CalifMunz)
- Munz, P. A. 1965. Onagraceae. In: Britton, N. L. et al., eds. ser. 1; C. T. Rogerson, ed. ser. 2, North American flora ser. 1, 1905-1957; ser. 2, 1954-1972 (N Amer fl) ser. 2, 5:78.
- The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 400.
- Chen Chiajui, Lu Shangzhi & Li Yibin. 2000. Onagraceae. In: Chen Chiajui, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 53(2): 27-133.
Notes
Contributors
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 03, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 7 providers.
- USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 27, 2008)
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 03, 2008:
- Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
- Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University Herbaria
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
- UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
- USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2651471
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-524913
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13743335
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:611497-1
- GRIN Nomen Number: 314832
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 27590
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 59720-2
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDONA050A0
- U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CLCO
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 31421
Footnotes
- Jiarui Chen, Peter C. Hoch, Peter H. Raven, David E. Boufford & Warren L. Wagner "Onagraceae". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 274, 290, 400. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Mean = 343.250 meters (1,126.148 feet), Standard Deviation = 536.900 based on 76 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
