Interesting Facts
Common Names
Common Names in English:
Edible Thistle, Cardon
Description
Family Compositae
The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.
Genus Cirsium
Annuals
, biennials, or perennials
, 5-400 cm, spiny
. Stems (1-several) erect
, branched or simple
, sometimes narrowly spiny-winged. Leaves basal and cauline; finely bristly-dentate to coarsely dentate
or 1-3 times pinnately lobed
, teeth and lobes
bristly-tipped, faces
green and glabrous
or densely gray-canescent, usually eglandular
. Heads discoid
, borne singly, terminal
and in distal axils, or in racemiform
, spiciform
, subcapitate
, paniculiform
, or corymbiform
arrays. ( Peduncles with ± reduced leaflike bracts.) Involucres cylindric
to ovoid
or spheric, (1-6 ×) 1-8 cm. Phyllaries many in 5-20 series, subequal
or weakly to strongly, outer and middle
with bases
appressed
and apices spreading
to erect, usually spine-tipped, innermost usually with erect, flat, often twisted, entire or dentate, usually spineless apices (distal portion of phyllary
midveins
in many species with elongate
, glutinous
resin gland
, usually milky
in fresh material
but dark brown to black when dry) . Receptacles flat to convex
, epaleate, covered with tawny
to white bristles
or setiform
scales
. Florets 25-200+; corollas white to pink, red, yellow or purple, ± bilateral
, tubes
long, slender, distally bent, throats
short, abruptly expanded. cylindric, lobes linear
; (filaments
distinct
) anther
bases sharply short-tailed, apical appendages
linear-oblong; style tips
elongate (as measured in descriptions
including the slightly swollen nodes, long cylindric fused portions of style branches and very short distinct portions) . Cypselae ovoid, ± compressed
, with apical rims, smooth
, not ribbed
, glabrous, basal attachment scars
slightly angled
; pappi persistent
or falling in rings
, in 3-5 series of many flattened, plumose
bristles or plumose, setiform scales (longer
bristles shorter than corollas except in C. foliosum and C.
arvense) . x = 17.
Species ca. 200: North America, Eurasia
, n Africa.
Only three genera in Cynareae are represented by native species
in the New World, and of these Cirsium is by far the most widely distributed and diverse
. Native species of Cirsium range
from sea level to alpine
and from boreal regions of Canada to the tropics of Central America. Members
of the genus occur in a myriad of habitats
including swamps
, meadows, forests
, prairies, sand dunes, and deserts.
Preliminary molecular phylogenetic
studies by D. G. Kelch and B
. G. Baldwin (2003) indicated that this diversity
is the product of a rapid evolutionary diversification based upon a single initial
introduction from Eurasia. Relationships
among the North American species are apparently complex
, and molecular studies have only begun to provide an outline of phylogeny for these plants
. Although there has been a remarkable evolutionary and morphologic diversification in North American Cirsium, it has not been accompanied by very much divergence
in the base sequences of genes commonly used to elucidate phylogenetic relationships. This suggests either that the diversification has been very rapid or that genetic markers
in North American Cirsium mutate more slowly than in most other lineages
.
Chromosomal diversification has accompanied the morphologic radiation
of North American Cirsium. Many New World Cirsium species share the chromosomal base number
of x = 17 that also predominates in most Eurasian species. Among the North American thistles, however, is a mostly descending
dysploid
series with chromosome numbers ranging from n = 18 to n = 10. Very few instances of polyploidy are known among New World Cirsium.
Cirsium species of remarkably different morphologies often are able to hybridize
. Although in some hybrid combinations
fertility
is reduced, in others the formation of complex hybrid swarms
indicates a lack of breeding barriers
and the potential for emergence
of novel character combinations. In the absence of adequate sampling
and field
observations, hybrids may go unrecognized, treated as distinct taxa or as variants
of non-hybrid taxa, or left occupying the indeterminate folders of herbaria. In other cases hybridization has been invoked without much evidence as an explanation for Cirsium variants encountered in herbaria or in the field. Hybrid combinations are listed herein when evidence is convincing. Additional hybrids are likely to be found where the ranges of Cirsium species overlap. I have seen no documentation
of hybridization between native
American Cirsium species and introduced
Eurasian taxa.
Much of the geographic range currently occupied by New World Cirsium species was greatly affected by the events of the Quaternary
. Large areas were glaciated and other areas were vastly different during glacial episodes. The ancestors
of thistles that currently occupy the high mountains of western North America were undoubtedly displaced elevationally and/or latitudinally during the recurrent glacial and interglacial
episodes of the Pleistocene
. Taxa that are currently isolated may have been in contact during glacial episodes with the opportunity for hybridization and genetic interchange. Episodes of prehistoric hybridization may have led to some of the character combinations found in modern American thistles, particularly in the western half of the continent. Current
isolation
and localized selection or genetic drift apparently have promoted differentiation
of populations separated on mountaintop islands.
One of the most challenging aspects
for a taxonomist studying New World Cirsium is the presence of species complexes that are apparently evolutionary works in progress. Some of the thistles, especially in the mountainous western part of North America, are frustratingly polymorphic
with much overlapping variability and intergradation of characters. Early taxonomists, basing their work on a limited sampling of the morphologic diversity, named many of the forms as species, and the literature is rife with species names
. The infilling that results from more collectors
visiting more localities within the ranges of these complexes has blurred the boundaries between many of the proposed species and often added forms that do not "fit" the characteristics of named species. As I faced the challenges
of preparing this treatment, I recognized that maintaining some of the named entities as species would, for consistency, require a further proliferation of species names. I have chosen to go the other way. Instead of proposing yet more ill-defined microspecies, I have chosen to recognize that the groups in question are rapidly evolving, only partially differentiated assemblages
of races that have not reached the level of stability
that is usually associated with the concept of species. Certainly much of such variation
within the genus deserves a level of taxonomic
recognition, or at least should be mentioned, but for those assemblages I think it much more prudent to recognize varieties -- entities that may be expected to freely intergrade
-- rather than species.
Many problems remain to be worked out in North American Cirsium. Further investigation will undoubtedly reveal the need for refinement or major revision
within some of the species groups. Studies that focus
on variation within and among populations and on the biological basis for the variations are much needed. The field is open and the challenges are many.
Preparation of a workable key
to Cirsium species has been frustratingly difficult. Extensive and overlapping ranges of variation in morphologic characteristics often require that a species be keyed two or more times. The resulting key is longer and more complex than I would prefer, and I have no doubt ignored, overlooked, or been completely unaware of variants that will not key out. Caveat clavitor!
The reputation of Cirsium has suffered greatly as a result of the introduction to North America of a few invasive weedy species from Eurasia. Cirsium vulgare (bull
thistle) and C. arvense (Canada thistle€”a misnomer) have long been despised as noxious weeds
. In recent years C. palustre (European swamp thistle) has joined their ranks
. Additionally, weedy Eurasian species of Carduus, Onopordum, Centaurea, etc.
, add to the public perception that all thistles are bad. Most North American native Cirsium are not at all weedy, and many are strikingly attractive plants. All are spiny plants that command respect, but they deserve a better reputation as one of North America€™s evolutionary success stories.
Native Cirsium species have come under threat
from biocontrol programs instituted to suppress populations of weedy introduced thistles. Beginning in 1968 the seedhead weevil Rhinocyllus conicus has been widely introduced in various areas of the United
States and Canada, primarily to control weedy species of Carduus. S. M.
Louda et al.
(1997) reported that R. conicus has crossed over to several native species of Cirsium. They observed that the number of viable cypselae in infested heads
was greatly reduced; e.g.
, heads of C. canescens infested by R. conicus produced
14.1 percent of the number of viable cypselae as in uninfested heads. Not all taxa are impacted as much as C. canescens, particularly those with later flowering phenology (Louda 1998) . R. W. Pemberton (2000) reported that 22 Cirsium taxa in North America are known hosts of R. conicus. I suspect that the number is higher. During my field work
I have observed that the heads of many Cirsium species are heavily parasitized, although I have not determined which of these are infested by R. conicus and which by native seedhead parasites. The long-term impacts
of R. conicus and other biocontrol agents on native thistles, particularly rare taxa, remain to be determined.[1]
Physical Description
Species Cirsium edule
Biennials or monocarpic
perennials, 20-350 cm; taprooted.
Stems usually 1, erect
, simple
to openly branched in distal
1/2, ± villous
with jointed
trichomes
, sometimes finely arachnoid
,
sometimes ± glabrate
; branches 0-many, ascending
. Leaves:
blades
oblong
to elliptic
or oblanceolate
, 5-50 × 1-10 cm,
plane
to moderately undulate
, coarsely dentate
to deeply pinnatifid
,
lobes
5-10 well separated, linear
, narrowly to broadly triangular,
spinulose
to spiny-dentate or shallowly lobed
, main spines 3-10 mm,
abaxial
faces
thinly to densely villous along major veins with septate
trichomes, sometimes thinly arachnoid-tomentose, sometimes glabrescent
,
adaxial
glabrous
to sparsely villous or shaggy-tomentose along midveins
with septate trichomes; basal often absent at flowering, spiny
winged-petiolate
or sessile; principal cauline well distributed, only gradually reduced,
bases
auriculate-clasping
; distal moderately to strongly reduced,
thin, often spinier than the proximal
. Heads 1-many, erect,
often crowded and ± sessile in tight clusters
at stem tips
,
closely subtended by clusters of leafy bracts or not, collectively
forming corymbiform
or paniculiform
arrays. Peduncles 0-5(-30)
cm. Involucres narrowly ovoid
to hemispheric
or campanulate
,
1.5-3.5 × 1.5-4 cm (including spines), loosely to densely arachnoid
with fine, non-septate trichomes. Phyllaries in 4-8 series,
subequal
, green or often purplish, bodies short, appressed
, abaxial
faces without glutinous
ridge
, apices stiffly radiating to ascending,
straight or flexuous
, narrowly linear, plane to acicular
, spines
straight, slender, 1-10+ mm; outermost spiny-fringed or entire, mid
entire or minutely serrulate
; apices of inner straight, sometimes
expanded and erose, flat. Corollas purple (pink or white),
(15-) 18-22(-33) mm, tubes
7-11 mm, throats
(4-) 5-8.5(-13) mm, lobes
linear but not filiform
, not knobbed at tips, (2-) 4.5-7(-10) mm;
style tips 3-4(-5) mm, conspicuously exserted beyond corolla lobes.
Cypselae dark brown, 3.5-6.5 mm, apical collars
not differentiated;
pappi 9-19(-25) mm.
[source]
The edible thistle has had a convoluted
nomenclatural
history. The
labels on the type collection
(BM) bear the following information:
"Circium [sic
] * edule" and "R. Mountains
& plains
of Columbia." When Nuttall published the name
,
he listed the range
as "The plains of Oregon and the Blue Mountains."
The type specimen closely resembles plants
from western Oregon, but
plants of Cirsium edule are not known to occur in the Blue
Mountains. J. T. Howell (1943) noted that the name C. edule
had long been in use for two distinctly different species, one with
a long, slender corolla tube, short lobes, and a barely exserted
style and the other with a stouter corolla with a shorter tube, longer
lobes, and a long-exserted style. He applied the name C. edule
to the species with the slender corolla, and took up the name C.
macounii for the second species. After examining the type
of C.
edule, A. Cronquist (1953) pointed
out that Howell had
erred in applying that name to the short-styled species, and described
the latter as C. brevistylum. Cronquist expressed doubt as
to the collection
locality
of the type of C. edule,
focusing on the Blue Mountains and not noting the duality of the
location data on the specimen and in Nuttall™s publication
.
It is likely that the plants Nuttall observed in the Blue Mountains
were C. brevistylum. [source]
J. T. Howell (1960b) resurrected the name Cirsium hallii to
apply to a group of Oregon thistles growing west of the Cascade
Range,
attributing to it a type locality of Salem, Oregon. Howell (1943)
had noted that he had borrowed "the type" of C. hallii
from the Gray Herbarium
. This species had been described (as Cnicus
hallii) by Gray based upon three syntypes (one each cited from
California, Utah, and Oregon). The specimen examined by Howell was
apparently the Oregon collection by [Elihu] Hall that Gray cited.
The Utah and California specimens are different taxa. After examining
photographs of the holotype of C. edule and the Oregon specimen
of C. hallii, and various specimens collected in the area
that Howell described as the range of C. hallii, I have concluded
that C. hallii and C. edule are clearly conspecific
.
[source]
Cirsium edule is a polymorphic
species much in need of an
in-depth field-based investigation. R. J. Moore and C. Frankton (1962)
noted that in the northern part of its range, C. edule occurs
mostly at elevations
from 300 to over 2100 m.
However, along the
Oregon coast the species occurs on sea bluffs
a few meters above
the surf
. Populations from montane
sites are often rather different
in appearance
from those of lowland areas, and coastal plants differ
from those of nearby more interior areas. Both montane and strictly
coastal plants tend to be compact
with heads
tightly crowded and
usually with very densely arachnoid involucres. Plants of non-montane
interior sites tend to be taller and more openly branched. Plants
of interior sites in southern Washington and Oregon have smaller
heads with less densely arachnoid involucres than those farther to
the north or along the seashore. The spiny tips of the phyllaries
may be ascending or may radiate
from the head forming a dense, spiny
ball
. [source]
Hybridization may have played a role in the diversification of Cirsium
edule. Hybrids between C. edule var. macounii
and C. brevistylum in southern Canada have been named as C.
×vancouveriense R. J. Moore & C. Frankton. Cirsium
edule and C. brevistylum overlap extensively in parts
of their ranges and hybrids may occur throughout their area of sympatry.
Some of the variation
in the southern part of the range of C.
edule may be a result of past introgression with various forms
of C. remotifolium. [source]
Habit: Forb/herb
Flowers: Bloom Period: March, April, May, June. • Flower Color: near white, purple, white
Size/Age/Growth
Size: 4-6' tall.
Habitat
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,968 meters (0 to 6,457 feet).[2]
Biology
Reproduction
Duration: Biennial , Perennial
Growth
Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .
Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
()
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
()
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
()
- Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
()
- Class:
Spermatopsida
()
- Brongniart, 1843
- Subclass:
Asteridae
()
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder:
Campanulanae
()
- Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
- Order:
Asterales
()
- Lindley, 1833
- Family:
Compositae
()
- Giseke, 1792, nom. cons., nom. alt.
- Subfamily:
Carduoideae
()
- Subfamily:
Carduoideae
(
- Family:
Compositae
(
- Order:
Asterales
(
- Superorder:
Campanulanae
(
- Subclass:
Asteridae
(
- Class:
Spermatopsida
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Synonyms
Carduus edulis (Nutt.) Greene • Carduus macounii Greene • Cirsium macounii (Greene) Rydb.
Notes
Name
Status: Accepted Name
.
Comment: Data Providers: New Zealand Plant Name Database, Govaerts
World Compositae Checklist
A-G, IPNI, Tropicos. GCC LSID: urn
:lsid:compositae.org:names:3B3391C3-C5FA-42B0-84A2-DA3738991022
Last scrutiny: 12-Aug-09
Similar Species
Members of the genus Cirsium
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 146 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:
C. altissimum (Roadside Thistle) · C. amblylepis (Mt. Tamalpais Thistle) · C. andersonii (Anderson's Thistle) · C. andrewsii (Franciscan Thistle) · C. araneans (Jeweled Thistle) · C. arcuum (Powderpuff Thistle) · C. aridum (Cedar Rim Thistle) · C. arizonicum (Arizona Thistle) · C. arizonicum var. arizonicum (Arizona Thistle) · C. arizonicum var. nidulum (Arizona Thistle) · C. arvense (Californian Thistle) · C. barnebyi (Barneby's Thistle) · C. brevifolium (Palouse Thistle) · C. brevistylum (Clustered Thistle) · C. calcareum (Cainville Thistle) · C. californicum var. californicum (California Thistle) · C. callilepis var. callilepis (Fringebract Thistle) · C. canalense (Canal Thistle) · C. canescens (Platte Thistle) · C. canovirens (Gray Green Thistle) · C. canum (Queen Anne's Thistle) · C. carolinianum (Carolina Thistle) · C. chellyense (Queen Thistle) · C. chuskaense (Monarch Thistle) · C. ciliolatum (Ashland Thistle) · C. clavatum (Fish Lake Thistle) · C. clokeyi (Charleston Mountain Thistle) · C. congdonii (Rosette Thistle) · C. crassicaule (Slough Thistle) · C. crassum (Thistle) · C. cymosum (Peregrine Thistle) · C. diacanthus (Ivory Thistle) · C. discolor (Field Thistle) · C. douglasii (Douglas Thistle) · C. douglasii var. breweri (Douglas' Thistle) · C. douglasii var. breweri (Petr.) Keil & C.Turner (Douglas' Thistle) · C. douglasii var. douglasii (Douglas' Thistle) · C. douglasii var. douglasii DC. (Douglas' Thistle) · C. drummondii (Drummond Thistle) · C. eatonii (Eaton Thistle) · C. eatonii var. eatonii (Eaton's Thistle) · C. edule (Edible Thistle) · C. engelmannii (Engelmann Thistle) · C. eriophorum (Woolly Thistle) · C. erosum (Glory Thistle) · C. flodmanii (Flodman Thistle) · C. foliosum (Drummond's Thistle) · C. fontinale (Fountain Thistle) · C. fontinale (Greene) Jeps. var. campylon (H.K.Sharsmith) Pilz ex Keil & C.Turner (Fountain Thistle) · C. fontinale var. campylon (Mt Hamilton Thistle) · C. fontinale var. fontinale (Fountain Thistle) · C. fontinale var. obispoense (Chorro Creek Bog Thistle) · C. gilense (Gila Thistle) · C. grahamii (Graham's Thistle) · C. griseum (Gray Thistle) · C. hallii (Hall's Thistle) · C. helenioides (Melancholy Thistle) · C. heterophyllum (Curly Head) · C. hillii (Hill's Thistle) · C. hookerianum (Hooker Thistle) · C. horridulum (Bristly Thistle) · C. horridulum Michx. var. vittatum (Small) R.W.Long (Yellow Thistle) · C. horridulum var. horridulum (Yellow Thistle) · C. horridulum var. vittatum (Yellow Thistle) · C. humboldtense (Humboldt County Thistle) · C. hydrophilum (Suisun Thistle) · C. hydrophilum var. hydrophilum (Suisun Thistle) · C. hydrophilum var. vaseyi (Vasey's Thistle) · C. inornatum (Cloudcroft Thistle) · C. iowense (Iowa Thistle) · C. japonicum (Japanese Thistle) · C. japonicum 'Pink Beauty' (Japanese Thistle) · C. kamtschaticum (Kamchatka Thistle) · C. laterifolium (Porcupine Thistle) · C. lecontei (Le Conte's Thistle) · C. loncholepis (La Graciosa Thistle) · C. longistylum (Long-Styled Thistle) · C. mendocinum (Mendocino Thistle) · C. mexicanum (Mexican Thistle) · C. modestum (Lacy Thistle) · C. mohavense (Mohave Thistle) · C. murdockii (Murdock's Thistle) · C. muticum (Swamp Thistle) · C. navajoense (Navajo Thistle) · C. neomexicanum (Lavender Thistle) · C. neomexicanum var. neomexicanum (New Mexico Thistle) · C. neomexicanum var. utahense (Utah Thistle) · C. nuttallii (Nutalls Thistle) · C. occidentale (Cobweb Thistle) · C. occidentale (Nutt.) Jeps. var. californicum (Gray) Keil and C.Turner (California Thistle) · C. occidentale var. californicum (Cobwebby Thistle) · C. occidentale var. compactum (Compact Cobwebby Thistle) · C. occidentale var. occidentale (Cobwebby Thistle) · C. occidentale var. venustum (Cobwebby Thistle) · C. ochrocentrum (Yellow-Spine Thistle) · C. olivescens (Summer Thistle) · C. oreophilum (Crow Thistle) · C. osterhoutii (Osterhout's Thistle) · C. ownbeyi (Ownbey's Thistle) · C. pallidum (Pale Thistle)
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Further Reading
- 1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants Cambridge: IUCN, World Conservation Union, 1998 url p. 162.
- A manual of the flora of northern Idaho /Carl Epling and Joe Ewan. 4 1941 1941. url p. 857.
- A preliminary list of the Uredinales of California, by Walter C. Blasdale. Berkeley: University of California press, 1919. url p. 136.
- Annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1897- url p. 479, p. 517, p. 520.
- Annual report. United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. 1st-12th, 1867-1878. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1867-83. url p. 478.
- Bartonia;proceedings of the Philadelphia botanical club. .. 62 2004 Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, Academy of Natural Sciences. url p. 73.
- Botany Cambridge, Mass., John Wilson and Son, 1880 url p. 420.
- Botany. By W. H. Brewer, Sereno Watson, and Asa Gray. Boston, Little, Brown, 1880. url p. 420.
- Botany. Cambridge, Mass.Welch, Bigelow, University Press, 1876-80. url p. 420, p. 420.
- Britton, N. L. (ed.). North American flora. 7 1922 [New York]New York Botanical Garden. url p. 510, p. 880.
- Compositae of southern California / by Harvey Monroe Hall. Berkeley, [Calif.]: The University Press, 1907. url p. 237.
- Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11 1906 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 609, p. 618.
- Dedication papers: scientific papers presented at the dedication of the laboratory building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1918. url p. 238.
- Flora of Los Angeles and vicinity / by LeRoy Abrams. Stanford University, Cal. 1917. url p. 403.
- Flora of southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho / by Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie. Lancaster, Pa.: New Era, 1914. url p. 259, p. 260.
- Flora of the Queen Charlotte Islands. [Ottawa: Queen's Printer], 1968-. url p. 627.
- Flora of the northwest coast, including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon. Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New Era Printing Company, 1915. url .
- Flora of the northwest coast: including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon / by Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie. Lancaster, Pa.: Press of the New era printing company, 1915. url p. 395.
- Flora of the southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho, Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New Era Printing Company, 1914. url , .
- Flora of the state of Washington / by Charles V. Piper. Washington: G.P.O., 1906 url p. 609.
- Flora of the state of Washington. By Charles V. Piper. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1906. url p. 609.
- Journal of ethnobiology. 12-13 1992-1993 Flagstaff, Ariz.: Center for Western Studies, 1981- url p. 181.
- Leaflets of western botany. San Fransisco:[J. T. Howell], 1932-1966. url , , p. 91.
- Memoirs / Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn, N.Y.: The Garden, 1918-1936. url p. 238.
- Mount Rainier: a record of exploration / edited by Edmond S. Meany. New York: Macmillan, 1916. url p. 259.
- Muhlenbergia. Chico, Calif. [etc] url p. 336.
- National list of scientific plant names. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1982- url p. 102.
- Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Boston: Metcalf and Co., 1846-1958 url p. 392, p. 47, p. 665.
- Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington url p. 132, p. 133, p. 793.
- Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 31 1888 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 399.
- Synoptical flora of North America. New York, Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor, and Co. [etc., etc.]1878-1884. url , p. 399.
- Synoptical flora of North America: the Gamopetalæ, being a second edition of vol. I, part II, and vol. II, part I, collected. London, Iverson, Blakeman, Taylor, and Company;1886. url .
- The American journal of science. 33 1862 New Haven, Kline Geology Laboratory, Yale University. url p. 238.
- The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 244, p. 343, p. 486.
- The Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. Des moines, Iowa: The Academy, [1889-1987] url p. 338, p. 342, p. 362.
- University of California publications in botany. Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press, 1902-2001. url p. 136.
- Hsi, Y.-T. 1960. Taxonomy, Distribution and Relationships of the Species of Cirsium Belonging to the Series Undulata. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Minnesota.
- Kelch, D. G. and B. G. Baldwin. 2003. Phylogeny and ecological radiation of New World thistles (Cirsium, Cardueae-Compositae) based on ITS and ETS rDNA sequence data. Molec. Ecol. 12: 141-151.
- Moore, R. J. and C. Frankton. 1969. Cytotaxonomy of some Cirsium species of the eastern United States, with a key to eastern species. Canad. J. Bot. 47: 1257-1275.
- Petrak, F. 1917. Die nordamerikanischen Arten der Gattung Cirsium. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2): 223-567.
Notes
Contributors
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal January 28, 2008:
- Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
- Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
- USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
- University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
- University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2657817
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Ast-21444
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:195297-1
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 36366
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAST2E110
- U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CIMA7
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 27887
Footnotes
- David J. Keil "Cirsium". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 57, 66, 82, 83, 93, 95, 96, 97, 100, 102, 1. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Mean = 367.960 meters (1,207.218 feet), Standard Deviation = 590.410 based on 98 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
