Chamaedaphne calyculata

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Family Ericaceae

Plants usually woody, or herbs, sometimes lacking chlorophyll. Leaves spiral , sometimes decussate, margin often toothed . Inflorescence racemose; bracteoles paired , basal. Flowers (4 or) 5-merous. Calyx imbricate. Corolla connate , imbricate. Stamens 10, sometimes with spurs or awns , dehiscing by pores , pollen in tetrads , rarely single. Ovary superior or inferior, placentation axile , rarely parietal , often many ovules per locule. Style ± as long as corolla, slender. Fruit a capsule or berry, rarely a drupe; calyx persistent.

About 125 genera and 4000 species: widely distributed in temperate and subarctic regions, also at high elevations in tropical regions ; 22 genera and 826 species (524 endemic) in China.

The Monotropoideae are here included in the Ericaceae; previously in FRPS (56: 157 216. 1990), they were treated as the Pyrolaceae. Chiogenes, recorded from China in FRPS (57(3) : 69 71. 1991), is here included in Gaultheria. Over the last half century, the Empetraceae have usually been separated from, but closely associated with, the Ericaceae. In their ecology, leaf morphology and insertion , rusts, embryology, stamen anatomy, etc. , they largely agree with that family . Molecular data place Empetrum and its relatives firmly within the Ericaceae, and in particular within the subfamily Ericoideae, in agreement with phytochemical and palynological data, and there they are best recognized as a separate tribe . There are distinctive features of the Empetreae that were responsible for their past familial status, e.g. , reduced perianth with separate members , low ovule number, enlarged stigmas, etc. However, these are likely to be derived features associated with wind pollination. See Kron et al. (Bot. Rev. 68: 335 423. 2002) and the recent treatment of the Ericaceae by Stevens et al. (in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 6: 145 194. 2004) .

Several genera and many species are ornamentals . Some fruits of Vaccinium in N China are sweet and edible, but of no particular value to humans. Some species of Chamaedaphne, Craibiodendron, Leucothoë, Lyonia, Pieris, and Rhododendron contain more or less toxic diterpenes, which are harmful to humans or domestic animals.[1]

Genus Chamaedaphne

Shrubs evergreen , lepidote . Stems arching . Leaf blade leathery, margin entire or inconspicuously denticulate . Inflorescences terminal , secund racemes ; bracts leaflike. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla urceolate to tubular . Stamens included ; filaments straight, subulate , lacking appendages , anthers dehiscing by terminal pores. Ovary superior, with many ovules per locule; stigma truncate . Capsule loculicidal; epicarp 5-valved, separating from 10-valved endocarp. Seeds many, small, wingless.

One species: China, N Japan, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia) ; NE Europe, North America.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,916 meters (0 to 9,567 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: Yes • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Space 18-24" apart.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: Low • Salinity Tolerance: Low • CaCO3 Tolerance: Low • Minimum pH: 5.0 • Maximum pH: 6.0 • Fertility Requirement: Low

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade. • Shade Tolerance: Intermediate

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Low • Minimum Precipitation: 35 • Maximum Precipitation: 70 • Moisture Use: High

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -28 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 110 • Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Andromeda calyculata L.
2. Andromeda calyculata Linnaeus
3. Cassandra calyculata (L.) D. Don

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Methodus 457. 1794

Name verified on 27-Nov-1998 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 27-Nov-1998

Similar Species

Members of the genus Chamaedaphne

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 14 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

C. angustifolia · C. caliculata · C. calyculata (Dwarf Cassandra) · C. calyculata nana (Leatherleaf) · C. calyculata 'Tiny Tom' · C. calyculata var. angustifolia (Leatherleaf) · C. calyculata var. latifolia (Leatherleaf) · C. calyculata var. nana (Leatherleaf) · C. calyculata 'Verdant' (Verdant Leatherleaf) · C. crispa · C. cuneata · C. glauca · C. hirsuta · C. latifolia (Leatherleaf)

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Further Reading

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• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. New York: C. Scribner's sons, 1913. ENG url p. 687.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 358.
• Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. ENG url p. 549.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/]. Access date: Nov 23, 2005
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 02, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
• European Environment Agency, EUNIS
• Institute of Nature Conservation PAS, National System of Proetcted Areas
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2649155
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-23637
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13742531
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327542-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 10105
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 23637
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 327542-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDERI08010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CACAL6 CHC
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 30003

Footnotes

1. Mingyuan Fang, Ruizheng Fang, Mingyou He, Linzheng Hu, Hanbi Yang, Haining Qin, Tianlu Min, David F. Chamberlain, Peter Stevens, Gary D. Wallace & Arne Anderberg "Ericaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 14 Page 242. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Fang Rhui-cheng, Peter F. Stevens "Chamaedaphne". in Flora of China Vol. 14 Page 464. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 278.540 meters (913.845 feet), Standard Deviation = 248.300 based on 466 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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